The origin, structure, classification and development of guitar?

Piano, known as the king of musical instruments, has a wide range, clear timbre, mature playing technology and rich expressive force.

Violin is known as the queen of musical instruments, with noble and imaginative timbre. Playing many violins together is more attractive and expressive.

The classical guitar, known as the prince of musical instruments, has a melancholy and charming tone, strong controllability and rich expressive force.

The violin is the only instrument in the orchestra of these three instruments. The other two instruments are not used in orchestras because they can make perfect harmony by themselves, but a large number of works are played with orchestras.

It is almost impossible to trace the origin of guitar accurately. First of all, because the early days of human musical instruments are far away from now, most wooden musical instruments are prone to decay under natural conditions, and music itself is more difficult to preserve than musical instruments. If you don't use perfect notation and recording technology, music will always disappear with time, and the development of musical instruments and musicology is only a modern thing. So it is difficult for us to know the exact structure of ancient musical instruments and how they were played at that time, and it is impossible to know what ancient concerts were like. The study of musical instrument history can only be inferred through fragmentary historical documents or archaeological discoveries such as sculpture and painting.

Nevertheless, people are quite clear about the general process of musical instruments: from imitating birds and beasts to shouting with the change of pitch and rhythm, vocal music is definitely earlier than the development of human instrumental music. Among instrumental music, rhythm instrument, that is, percussion instrument, is the earliest instrument developed and attracted people's attention. Such as stones, wood, shells, bones and even drums, percussion instruments are abundant in all primitive peoples. The chime in ancient China was an advanced percussion instrument with varying pitch. Secondly, wind instruments, that is, wind instruments, are also easily developed from the performance of bone pipes, bamboo pipes, reed pipes and snail shells. China's ancient "Yi" is one of them. What is truly epoch-making in the development of human music is the appearance of stringed instruments. The earliest stringed instrument was a bow developed from hunting weapons, and now some primitive tribes in Africa still have bows. In practical use, people often attach fruit shells and tortoise shells to the bow rods of musical bows to increase the sound and volume. In the later development, due to people's higher and higher requirements for music, the musical bow began to develop in two directions. One is to increase the number of strings to expand the range, such as the harp, Xiao Yu in ancient China and the famous Greek lyre. The music emblem, the symbol of our music now, is composed of the image of lira. Others, such as guzheng and dulcimer, and even modern piano are the crystallization of this stringed instrument and mechanical technology, which shows how far-reaching the influence of stringed instruments in human music life. Another musical instrument evolved from a musical bow to a stringed instrument with several strings and a neck. When playing, press a limited number of strings on the neck with your fingers to change the length of strings to expand the range. There are many kinds of musical instruments, including guitar, lute, mandolin and violin, as well as China's pipa, guqin, sanxian and Ruan. The above instruments are divided into bowstring instruments and plucked instruments according to different playing methods.

The ancestors of guitar, a plucked instrument with a neck, can be traced back to various ancient plucked instruments in ancient Egypt, Babylon (Sumerian culture in the two river basins) and ancient Persia two or three thousand years ago BC. The oldest musical instrument similar to a modern guitar (with the same bent body) discovered by archaeologists is the Hittite Guitar, which lived in the ruins of the ancient Hittite city gate in Asia Minor and northern Syria 1400 years ago. The 8-shaped curved body determines the unique sound and instrument characteristics of the guitar, which is also the most remarkable feature of the guitar and other plucked instruments (for example, the body is a semi-pear-shaped root instrument).

In Spain in the13rd century, the word "Spanish guitar" gradually evolved from Persian, and "Moorish guitar" and "Latin guitar" appeared in various musical instruments at that time. Among them, Moore's guitar body is oval, with a back drum and metal strings, and its playing style is relatively rough; Latin guitar body is an 8-shaped flat-bottomed structure similar to modern guitar, with narrow strings and elegant style.

The Renaissance was the heyday of guitar. /kloc-the four-pair multi-string guitar and its close relative, Bivera, reached a high level in both performance and creation. Guitar and viola are not only deeply loved by people, but also often become court instruments. At that time, the guitars and Bevera masters were Louis Milan, Louis de Weiss and alonso Mudala respectively, as well as five groups of baroque guitars, including Gaspar Sans, Cole Beta and Vichy17th century. Many of their works are still immortal wealth in modern classical guitar repertoire. At that time, the notation used by guitars, violins and other musical instruments was not the staff now, but a graphic notation with horizontal lines representing each string and numbers or letters representing phonemes and fingering, similar to the staff used by folk guitars now.

Other instruments that were popular at that time were the clavichord and the lute. The lute used to be Ude (UD Arabic (UD originally meant wood). China's pipa and huqin were also introduced from the Arab countries at that time, that is, the Western Regions, in the Han Dynasty. At that time, the works of Tao Ran and Weiss, the famous lute masters, were adapted by later generations and also played an important role in today's classical guitar repertoire. The immortal works created by Bach, the master of baroque music, such as cello, violin suite, sonata guitar arrangement, etc., occupy an important position in the classical guitar repertoire. Although some scholars question whether Bach has ever created radical works, his four lute suites and several radical works handed down from generation to generation have immortal value in the first capital. Other composers in the Baroque period, such as Vivaldi's lute, mandolin concerto, and guitar arrangement of D. scarlatti's clavichord sonata, all occupy an important position in classical guitar music. /kloc-In the late 8th century, the lute and the viola gradually withdrew from the historical stage, and the five pairs of polyphonic guitars and six pairs of polyphonic guitars followed gradually completed their historical missions. Around 1800 years ago, the brand-new lyre was quickly favored by almost all of Europe for its clear harmony and convenient tuning, and the golden age of classical guitar finally came.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the most famous guitarists active in Paris, Vienna and London were Sol, aguado, Giuliani, Carulli and carcassi. Among them, Sol and Giuliani are not only great guitarists, but also excellent musicians. They created the first batch of large-scale tracks including concertos for the six-string classical guitar with outstanding talents, which laid the foundation for the future development of the six-string guitar. In particular, Saul inherited the classical music traditions of Haydn and Mozart in his creation. In addition to composing opera and ballet music, he also created a lot of excellent works for guitar, including systematic etudes and tutorials, which was called "Beethoven of guitar music" by music critics. The important works of aguado, Caroli and carcassi, as well as a large number of etudes and guitar lessons they made, are still classics in classical guitars. In the19th century, many musicians liked and played the guitar, such as Schubert, Weber and Berlioz. The devil violinist Paganini is not only good at playing the guitar, but also gave up playing the violin and devoted himself to the guitar for three years, creating a lot of works for the guitar.

/kloc-In the late 20th century, famous guitarists included Kauste, Merz, Cano, Regondi, etc. Many excellent works they created for guitar became the classics of guitar music in19th century. But inevitably, under the great impact of the development of piano, orchestral music and opera music, the guitar gradually lost its former glory after the middle of the nineteenth century, and its performance and creation were at a low ebb until the end of the nineteenth century.

/kloc-The vitality of guitar revival at the end of 0/9th century was gained in Spain. Guitar can flourish and achieve unprecedented glory in the 20th century, which is largely attributed to Tarrega, the "father of modern guitar", who made in-depth research and innovation in guitar making, musical instrument playing, playing techniques and repertoire. Tarrega and his teacher Arcaz have been cooperating with guitarist Torres, and finally produced a modern classical guitar. The piano body is enlarged, the volume is increased, and the performance of the instrument is significantly improved. Tarrega, a graduate of the Madrid Conservatory of Music majoring in harmony and composition, is an excellent pianist. Although he didn't perform much in public, he devoted his life to studying guitar, created a brand-new playing method, created a lot of mature and scientific etudes and immortal songs, and gave full play to the performance of guitar instruments. He also chose to adapt many famous classical music songs suitable for guitar performance to expand the scope of guitar music. Tarrega's outstanding contribution and the unremitting efforts of his students and successors, such as Llobert and Puyol, finally revived the classical guitar at the turn of19th century and 20th century, laying a solid foundation for the brilliance of guitar in the 20th century.

The great vitality of the 20th century classical guitar is attributed to the great guitar master-segovia (&; 127; Andre seqovia1893-1987), with its nearly 70 years of achievements and exploration, has reached a climax step by step. With his extraordinary talent, firm belief and unremitting efforts, segovia finally got rid of the fate of being a folk instrument in hotels and cafes, and made the charm of classical guitar as a concert solo instrument recognized by the music industry and the world. Finally, the guitar overcame all kinds of prejudices and became an elegant instrument as popular as piano and violin. Segovia's frequent performances around the world not only made the world know about classical guitars, but also made guitars popular all over the world, attracting many professional composers to create a large number of high-level music works for guitars. The most famous of these composers is Brazilian composer Villa Lobos, who composed five preludes and twelve advanced etudes for guitar, and Rodrigo, the author of the guitar concerto of Alain Juez's cultural landscape. Segovia also adapted a large number of famous music works for guitar, such as Bach's unaccompanied violin work "Seven Holes", which greatly enriched the repertoire of classical guitar, and finally made the repertoire of classical guitar reach the same level as other important instruments in the 20th century in quantity and quality. At the beginning of this century, few conservatories offered guitar majors. Segovia not only actively engaged in teaching, trained a large number of young guitarists, but also encouraged major conservatories in the world to offer guitar majors and let his students engage in teaching. So far, few famous conservatories in the world have not listed classical guitar as an important major. This is another great contribution of segovia to the classical guitar. There are countless excellent guitarists active in the world music stage, and almost no one has not been directly or indirectly taught or influenced by segovia. Although the master has passed away, whenever we play guitar, learn guitar, watch guitar playing, listen to guitar music, or even just talk about classical guitar, we are actually advancing on the broad road and immortal glory paved by the master with his lifelong achievements, although we will always realize this; The fascinating music of classical guitars sounded from time to time in the world is the best commemoration and praise for the master.

Agustin barrios mangore (1885- 1944) is particularly worth mentioning among other musicians who had a great influence on guitar music in the 20th century. Barrios, who is of Indian descent, calls himself "Paganini in the guitar", which is no exaggeration. Besides being an excellent guitarist and composer, he is also a philosopher, painter, religious scholar and poet. In addition to successfully touring around the world, he was the first guitarist to record a classical guitar. Barrios's outstanding artistic talent was not recognized by the world for most of the 20th century. A large number of colorful guitars with different styles created by barrios were gradually discovered in the later part of this century, becoming one of the most important and favorite tracks in classical guitar music.