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Ludwig van Beethoven (1770- 1827) is the most famous German musician in the world since the late 8th century. 1770 65438+Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany on February 26th. His grandfather was originally from the Netherlands, and after moving to Germany, he was a local court musician. My father is a tenor and my mother is the daughter of a court chef. Beethoven grew up in the period of "enlightened autocracy" in Joseph II, and the rulers in Bonn also implemented some improvement measures. Bonn became one of the centers of the Enlightenment in Germany at that time. Beethoven grew up in such an environment in his childhood. However, Beethoven's childhood was not happy, and his alcoholic father ruined his family business. He tried to turn four-year-old Beethoven into a cash cow and hoped that his son would become a Mozart-style prodigy. Therefore, he not only forced his children to practice the piano, but also often dragged them out of their deep sleep to play the piano when they came home from drinking in the middle of the night. Beethoven, who was under eight, was forced to perform and sell in front of Cohen's audience. At the age of eleven, Beethoven began to work in a theater band. This hard childhood life made Beethoven embark on an independent road of making a living by music very early, and at the same time developed his stubborn character.

Starting from 178 1, Beethoven studied Bach's Piano Music with Equal Rhythm and its composition method while working in the theater. Naif is a very cultivated composer and conductor, and he tends to the Enlightenment. He contributed to the development of German national operas and oratorios. Beethoven learned from this teacher and realized the importance of learning German folk music traditions. Under the naive guidance, he also accepted the influence of the Enlightenment and became interested in German progressive literature at that time.

After 1787, Beethoven shouldered the economic burden of family life. However, Beethoven did not give in to suffering. He managed to attend a philosophy class at Bonn University. He is fascinated by reading and studying ancient myths, Greek and Latin classical literature, and he likes the works of Shakespeare, Schiller and Goethe. Although he didn't have Mozart's precocious talent or Mozart's excellent learning conditions, he made great achievements through his tireless self-study.

1789 The French bourgeois revolution and the progressive anti-feudal movement in the Rhine valley played a great role in Beethoven's ideological growth, and he gradually took the pursuit of "freedom, equality and fraternity" as his political ideal. 1790, his chorus "The Death of Yue Se II" praised Joseph II as the savior of the people, which showed his pursuit of * * * and ideals, and also reflected Beethoven's unrealistic fantasy of reformism in his early years. This work is also Beethoven's earliest attempt to integrate vocal music and symphony.

1792, Beethoven lived in Vienna with Haydn's encouragement and support. At first, he was a talented young pianist, who went in and out of aristocratic families in Vienna and was warmly received and protected by nobles. He once had illusions about the upper class. But Beethoven lived in a different era from Haydn and Mozart, which gave Beethoven a more mature bourgeois consciousness and personal confidence and self-esteem. So he didn't want to be a slave to the aristocratic family from the beginning, but wanted to have an equal position with the nobility. Later, Beethoven gradually found that his bourgeois ideal was in great contradiction with the feudal society at that time, and 1796 began to face the threat of deafness, which made Beethoven grow rapidly in an ideological mood of dissatisfaction with reality and resistance to personal destiny.

After 1797, Beethoven became deaf and his condition deteriorated year by year. For a musician, there is nothing worse than this blow! The devil restricted the composer's communication with the outside world and hindered his piano performance, so he had to give up playing and live in seclusion in the countryside of Vienna for a long time.

Starting from 1800, Beethoven naturally gradually broke away from the influence of Haydn and Mozart in his creation, and strived to create his own artistic style and pursue new ideals. His third symphony (Hero Symphony), which was completed in 1803, marked that his creation entered a new stage of development-maturity. His creativity in this period was extremely strong, which showed the working ability of giants and produced many excellent works. The basic ideological logic of Beethoven's mature works-"victory in struggle" was gradually established during this period, forming a new style of heroism and mass symphony. Revolutionary content, dramatic symphony development skills and various major innovations in form have been further developed during this period. Beethoven's most outstanding works were almost all created in his later years when he was deaf.

1815-1819 is a four-year crisis period that Beethoven experienced. At that time, Europe fell into the reactionary feudal restoration period, the bourgeois revolutionary forces were stifled, and darkness enveloped the European continent. Beethoven's thoughts in this period were complicated, and his confidence and firmness were disturbed by disappointment and vacillation. The heroic style of creation has changed to lyrical style; There are not many works, and most of the time is spent collecting, excavating and adapting the folk songs of European countries. This fully shows that the * * * pacifists in the rising period of the bourgeoisie have their historical limitations. However, Beethoven finally struggled out of silence and survived the crisis. From 18 19, Beethoven paid attention to the struggle against feudalism. At this time, his five piano sonatas and five string quartets are of far-reaching significance, even the greatest ninth symphony (chorus symphony). However, Beethoven's last years were the most miserable and painful years in his life. The threat of loneliness and poverty made him poor and lonely, and he died in Vienna on March 26th, 1827. It is said that at the last moment of Beethoven's life, it rained heavily and thunder rumbled. He raised his withered arm and made a final hard blow to the sky. This spirit of endless fighting is all concentrated in his immortal masterpiece.

Beethoven is one of the greatest creators in human art. On the one hand, he has outstanding music, fiery rebellious temperament and strong personality like a giant. On the other hand, his indomitable will and lofty thoughts derived from social responsibility form his special qualities as a musician. Through his own creation, especially in his nine symphonies, he reflected the great people's movement and the most progressive ideas of that era. He wrote a series of symphonies with the theme of times and personal destiny, combining profound philosophy with touching artistic images, showing the spiritual course from struggle to victory, from darkness to light, from suffering to happiness in the rising period of the bourgeoisie. His nine symphonies are always shining like pearls.

Through the research and analysis of Beethoven's nine symphonies, especially four of them (namely, the third, fifth, sixth and ninth symphonies), we can not only understand the basic characteristics of Beethoven's overall creation and his great and pure thoughts, but also understand the major innovations in symphony creation and see how symphonies have transitioned from Haydn and Mozart to a new development period represented by Schubert and Mendelssohn. As early as when Beethoven was alive, he was recognized as a musician of world significance. He is a great classical composer and a pioneer of romanticism.

Life works

Symphony No.1 in C major, Symphony No.2 in D major, Symphony No.3 in E major (Hero), Symphony No.4 in B flat major, Symphony No.5 in C minor (Destiny), Symphony No.6 in F major (Pastoral), Symphony No.7 in A major, Symphony No.8 in F major, Symphony of War (Victory in Wellington), Symphony No.9 in D minor (Chorus)

Orchestral violin in g minor and violin in f major

String Quartet No.12 in E-flat major, String Quartet No.15 in A minor, String Quartet No.15 in B-flat major (big fugue), String Quartet No.13 in C-flat major, String Quartet No.14 in F-flat major, and Song of the Sixteenth Century.

Religious music in d major (solemn mass)

Alice's Piano Works

Federio opera house

Chorus fantasia

Sonata for violin and piano in F major (Spring), sonata in C minor and sonata in G major (Croce).

Concerto No.1 in C major, Piano Concerto No.2 in B major, Piano Concerto No.3 in C minor, Piano Concerto No.4 in G major, Violin Concerto No.1 in D major and Piano Concerto No.5 in E major (Emperor)

Prelude Leonora Prelude Coriolan Prelude Egmont Prelude Athens Ruins Prelude Stephenson Prelude Name Day Celebration Prelude

Variations in C Minor Piano Sonata in C Minor (Sorrow) Piano Sonata in C Minor (Moonlight) Piano Sonata in D Major (Pastoral) Piano Sonata in E Major (Walstam) Piano Sonata in E Major (Farewell) Piano Sonata in E Major Piano Sonata in B Major (Hammar Lavia) Diaby Variations.

moonlight

Founded in 180 1 year. Although there are many examples in the past that a piece of music has become very popular because of its common name, it has never become a world-famous song like this sonata because of its common name "Moonlight". The name "moonlight" is said to come from the poet Stub (1799- 1860), who thinks that the first movement reminds people of "swaying like a canoe on the moonlight lake in Lucerne, Switzerland". Judging from the year of Stub's birth, the common name "Moonlight" became generalized, which happened quite some time after its publication. However, this piece seems to be quite famous from the beginning, which makes Beethoven feel a little uneasy. The reason is undeniable, not only because this piece contains a very strong daydream element that is easy to attract literature, but also because it has become famous. In addition to "moonlight", there are various original explanations and far-fetched legends. In fact, Beethoven's own naming of this sonata is the same as Op. 27' s 1. In the first movement, we abandon sonata-style fantasy and improvisation, change the atmosphere in the second movement, and then reach the third movement which belongs to the center of gravity of this sonata. The third movement is a surge of enthusiasm, which is not only extremely rare among all sonatas in this period, but also a sonata form with excellent structure. If the imagination of the first movement and the passion of the third movement are closely linked with a series of tragedies such as Beethoven's love affair, ear disease and Heiligen's suicide note in 1802, it seems to make sense. Unfortunately, there is no specific data to confirm these connections. Play time: about fifteen minutes.

hero

Beethoven yearned for the ideals of freedom, equality and universal love, and was an enthusiastic supporter of 1789 French bourgeois revolution. 1798, General Bernadotte (1763-1844) became the French ambassador to Vienna. Beethoven often visited his home and kept close contact with people around him. 1902, inspired by Bernadotte, Beethoven began to compose the third symphony dedicated to Napoleon. In his mind, Napoleon was a hero who destroyed the autocratic system and realized his ideal. 1904, Beethoven completed the third symphony and prepared to dedicate it to Napoleon. Just then, the news that Napoleon proclaimed himself reached Vienna. When Beethoven learned the news from the student Lisi (1784- 1838), he shouted angrily, "He is just an ordinary man. Now he will trample on human rights to show his personal ambition. He will ride on everyone's head and become a tyrant. " With that, he went to the table, tore the gift for Napoleon in half and threw it on the floor. Nobody is allowed to pick it up.

It was many days before Beethoven's anger subsided and he was allowed to make this work public. 1804 65438+February, this symphony was first performed in the court of Prince Rob Kovitz in Vienna. 1The first public performance in Vienna Theatre in April, 805 was conducted by Beethoven himself. The program reads: "A new symphony in D major by Mr. Ludwig van Beethoven is dedicated to His Royal Highness Prince Robert Kovitz." Strangely, Beethoven said that it was not in E flat major, but in D flat major. When1806 published its music score in June, it was printed on the title page: Heroic Symphony, written in memory of a great man. Since then, the third symphony has been called "Hero Symphony".

Symphony of destiny

The first four notes of Beethoven's Symphony in C minor (Op.67) are as strong and heavy as the knock of fate. This work is therefore called "Symphony of Destiny".

The symphony of destiny was written from 1805 to 1808. Beethoven wrote a letter to his friend Wegele (1765- 1808) in June of12000. He had already said, "I'm going to hold my destiny by the throat, and it will never overwhelm me completely." The knock of fate appeared in the third movement of Piano Sonata in C minor (Op. 10) written by 1798, and later in the third movement of String Quartet in D major (Op. 18 3) and Sonata for Passion (Op. 57

The passion for struggle shown in the Symphony of Destiny has a strong appeal. Mary Boland, a Spanish alto, was scared to death when she first listened to the Symphony of Destiny and had to leave. An old guard of Napoleon, hearing the theme at the beginning of the fourth movement, jumped up and shouted, "This is the emperor!" " "

Berlioz regarded the thrilling image of struggle in the Symphony of Destiny as "Othello's terrible rage when he listened to the slanderers of the ego and mistakenly thought Desdemona was having an affair."

Schumann thinks: "Although you often hear this symphony, it always has a constant power for you;" Just like natural phenomena happen from time to time, it always makes people feel scared. "

1830 In May and June, Mendelssohn stayed in Weimar for two weeks, and saw Goethe for the last time, and played masterpieces of ancient and modern times for him on the piano. Goethe was very excited after listening to the first movement of the symphony of destiny. He said: "This is magnificent and thrilling, and it almost collapses the house. I don't know what will happen if many people play together. "

184 1 March, Engels listened to the performance of Symphony of Destiny. In a letter to his sister, he praised the work and said, "If you don't know this wonderful thing, you have never heard anything in your life." In the first movement, he heard "the sadness of complete despair, the pain of sadness"; In the second movement, I heard "tender sorrow of love"; The third and fourth movements, "the joy of strength, youth and freedom expressed by the trumpet" are so inspiring. Engels summed up the Symphony of Destiny in a few short sentences.

Symphony no.7 in e minor

Wagner called Beethoven's Seventh Symphony (Op.92) "the ultimate in dance", "the highest form of dance" and "the most wonderful embodiment of body movement in an ideal form." It is said that once he wanted to play the seventh symphony with Liszt's piano accompaniment. Wagner's ideal was later realized by Russian choreographer Ma Xin. 1938, he made this symphony into a ballet, showing a fable story-the creation and destruction of the world:

The first movement: creation-under the guidance of creative spirit, the chaotic world has become an orderly residence for animals and plants. There are men and women, and dangerous snakes.

The second movement: the earth-hatred and rape appear on the earth. A group of men and women mourned the murdered teenager.

The third movement: the sky-the gods and goddesses in the sky are indifferent to the riots on the ground and still enjoy themselves.

The fourth movement: debauchery and destruction-people are immersed in debauchery. God saw them clumsily imitate the joy of the upper world and destroy the world with fire because of anger. 1938 In May, this ballet was first performed by the Brazilian Ballet of Russia in Monte Carlo, Monaco.

Beethoven's chronology

1770 12 17 Ludwig, the second child of court singer John van Beethoven and his wife Maria Magdalena, was baptized in St. Remigis Church in Bonn.

On March 26th, 1778, "Six-year-old Child Star" made its debut.

1779 10 In October, Christian Gottrobenev came to Bonn to be Beethoven's teacher.

1782, I met the Feng Boning family through Flantz gay Hald Wegele. Nine variations based on a March by Driss Lehrer were published in Mannheim.

1784 February 15, Archbishop and Elector of Cologne maximilian Friedrich passed away; Maximilian Flantz, the youngest son of Queen Maria Teresa, succeeded to the throne. On 27th, 2006, he became a full member of Boscott Band.

1787 From March to April, I traveled to Vienna for the first time and met Mozart. 17 In July, my mother died of tuberculosis.

Beethoven's later friend and patron, Count Wahlstam, came to Bain. 65438+February 65438+April, Karl Philippe Emanuel Bach died in Hamburg.

1789 In July, the French Revolution broke out.

1790 On February 20th, the Austrian emperor Joseph II passed away. Seeing pigeons suffering from lower abdominal pain. On February 25th, 65438, joseph haydn passed Bonn on his journey.

On March 6th 179 1, a knight ballet was staged. ? On February 5th, 65438, Wolfgang Armada Oz Mozart died in Vienna. 1792165438+1October 2, and started the second trip to Vienna. That was from 1793 to the end of the year, and I studied under Haydn. 18 February 18, my father died in Bonn.

1793? 1794 At the end or the beginning of the year, at the family gathering held by Prince Lisinovsky, he performed three trios for the first time.

1794 lives in the home of Prince Novsky in Li Xi.

On March 29th, 1795, it was first performed in Shoyena.

From February to June, 1796, I went to the Prussian Palace in Prague, Dresden, Leipzig and Berlin. Bonaparte attacked Italy with his army.

1October 3 1 day, franz schubert was born in Lichenthal near Vienna. On April 6th, he played his quintet (Op. 16) for the first time at a concert held by violinist and friend Schupan Tsech. In May, I got to know Mr. and Mrs. Therese Ni Feng Brunswick.

The initial symptoms of ear diseases appeared in 1798.

On April 2nd 1800, the first recital was held at the Palace Theatre in Hufubao, and the first symphony and orchestral septet were staged for the first time.

180 1 year, I loved Juliet Gitchadi. In June 1 day and June165438+1October of L6, I wrote to my friends Amante and Wegele and told them the fact that I was hard of hearing.

1802 101October 6 and10, I wrote a close-up of my will in Heiligenstadt.

1On April 5th, 803, the Vienna Opera House held a concert, and the second symphony and the third piano concerto were staged for the first time. In summer, I wrote the Hero Symphony in Baden and Deplin. He began to teach piano playing skills and music theory to Rudolf, the archduke of Austria.

1804? From autumn to the end of 1807, I fell in love with Joseffi Ni Feng Dem; Her maiden name is Brunswick. On May 20th, Bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor and was declared Napoleon I. On August 1 1, Franz I became emperor of Austria.

On April 7th, 1805, the third symphony (Hero) premiered for the first time. 165438+ 10/3, the French army occupied Vienna. 165438+1On October 20th, Fidelio was first staged.

1March 29th, 806, the second edition of Fidelio premiered. In June 5438+00, he broke off diplomatic relations with Prince Li Xi Novsky and met with Count Rasumovsky. 65438+On February 23rd, the violin concerto (Op. 6 1) was first performed.

1in March, 807, a special concert was held in the womb of King Gebkovitz, and the Symphony No.4, Coriolan Overture and Piano Concerto No.4 were first played.

1808 10, Guillaume Bonaparte's royal family hired Beethoven to go to Kassel. On February 22nd, 65438, a concert was held in Vienna Opera House, and the fifth symphony, sixth symphony and chorus fantasia were performed for the first time.

1809 On February 26th, Archduke Rudolf, Prince Lobkowitz and Prince kinski promised to pay Beethoven an annuity. On April 9, Austria declared war on France. On may 10, the French army occupied Vienna again. On May 3rd, Kloc-0, Joseph Hailian passed away. The movement against Napoleon broke out in Tyrol, Austria and Germany.

18 10 spring, I fell in love with Therese von Malfati.

1811March 15, Is the financial patent pen in full swing? On August 1, I went to Prietz, Thailand and met Amarier Sebald. 165438+1October 28th, the first performance of Piano Concerto No.5 was held in Leipzig.

On June 24th, 2002, Napoleon sent troops to attack Russia. On July 6th and 7th, I wrote the book Forever Lovers. 19 From July to July 23rd, I met Goethe many times in Tapritz. 10 10 19, the French army began to retreat.

18 13 summer, I stayed in Baden. On June 2 1 day, Wellington defeated the French army in Victoria. The national liberation war against French rule has broken out. On February 8, 65438, a concert was held in the auditorium of Vienna University, and the Seventh Symphony and the War Symphony were first performed.

1865438+On February 27th, 2004, the eighth symphony premiered. On April 6th, Nabil abdicated in Feng Dan. In April, I met Anton Sindel. On April 65438, 2005, Prince Karl Li Xi Novsky passed away. May 23rd? What's wrong with the paint On September 18, the Vienna Conference opened. 165438+1On October 29th, a grand concert was held for the participants of the Vienna Conference.

1815 65438+1October 25th, the last performance as a piano player. 1 In March, Napoleon left the exile area of Elba and returned to the mainland. In summer, stay in Baden and Deplin. 165438+ 10 month 15, brother Carl died, Beethoven became the guardian of nephew Carl.

1865438+On February 2nd, 2006, my nephew Carl was expelled from the Schopencexi Quartet by the juvenile reformatory run by Giannatacio Delrio. Xia, stay in Baden. Since June 10, various diseases caused by colds have been cured for a long time. 1Feb16th, Joseph Flantz Lobkowi was awarded the death of the Crown Prince.

18 17 summer, I stayed in Heiligenstadt and Nudov.

18 18 summer, I stayed in Medellin.

Anton Schindler became Beethoven's assistant. Start talking with people with a "talk book"

18 became the sole guardian of nephew Carl on April 8, 2020. ? Xia, stay in Medellin.

182 1 in summer, I stayed in Deplin and Baden. Suffer from jaundice.

In the summer of 1822, I stayed in Deplin and Baden. 165438+1On October 9th, Prince Nikolai Galerkin of Russia invited Beethoven to compose three string quartets.

On May 4th, 1823, Shupan Zexi returned from Russia. In summer, stay in herzen, Dover and Baden.

1824 In February, Vienna art lovers wrote to Beethoven, asking him to stage a new work in Vienna. On April 18, the solemn mass was first staged in Petersburg. On May 7th, a concert was held in Costento Theatre, and the ninth symphony was played for the first time. In summer, I stayed in Sandee and Gutenberg near Vienna.

1825 On March 6th, Shupan Zexi QuartetNo. 127 performed for the first time. Maybe, suffering from severe enteritis. Summer, stay in Gutenberg. 10, moved into an apartment in Spain.

1826 suffered heavy physical and mental damage. On March 2 1 day, I played QuartetNo. 130 for the first time. The last movement of this piece is "Da Fugue". On July 30th, nephew Carl attempted suicide. On September 29th, I went to Gneksondorf, where my brother John lived. On February 2, 65438, he returned to Vienna. Beethoven was very ill, suffering from pneumonia, cirrhosis and ascites. 65438+February 20th, the first abdominal puncture.

1827 1.3, write down the will. 65438+ 10 8, the second puncture. On February 2, the third puncture. In late February, Beethoven was critically ill. On February 27, the fourth abdominal puncture. On March 24th, I lost consciousness. At 5: 45 pm on March 26th, Beethoven passed away. It's time for the wind to roar and lightning.

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