Pearl details.

Pearl Pearl Pearl is an organic gemstone, since ancient times has been regarded as a curiosity, according to geological and archaeological research has proved that in 200 million years ago, the earth already has a pearl. China is one of the earliest countries in the world to utilize pearls, as early as four thousand years ago, "Shangshu Yugong" in the mussels can produce pearl records, "Poetry," "Classic of the Mountain and the Sea," "Erya," "Zhouyi" are also recorded in the content of the pearl. Pearls are divided into natural pearls and artificially cultured pearls according to the cause of two kinds of pearls, natural pearls mainly refers to the shells, mussels in the body of the natural formation of pearls; customary people to the pearl is divided into seawater beads, freshwater beads, man-made beads of three types of freshwater pearls refers to the output of the river, the river pearl. China's natural freshwater pearls are mainly produced in the lakes of South China provinces, Zhejiang Zhuji is a famous pearl town. Pearls are white, red, yellow, dark and miscellaneous color system of five kinds, most opaque. Pearls in the form of round for the best, people in ancient times the natural round pearls known as walking disk beads. Pearls and agate, crystals, jade together and called China's ancient traditional "four treasures". At present, China's pearl culture technology has been very mature, pearl prices are also corresponding to the public. Huang Xiang Jewelry strive to promote pearl necklaces to our fellow women across the country, maximize the value of pearls. The history of pearls The latest scientific research that the earliest pearls on earth, about 200 million years ago in ancient times, round and crystal pearl is the crystallization of the life of shellfish and mussels. China is the world's earliest discovery, one of the countries using the pearl. After the history of the sea, there is a record of "Yu Di Di Di set the South China Sea fish grass, pearls and big shells" as a tribute, which may be 4,000 years ago, China's use of pearls as evidence. Lv's Spring and Autumn Period, Han Dynasty Liu An's Huainanzi, Liang Liu's Wenxin Diao Long, Ming Song Yingxing's Tian Gong Kai Wu and other canonical records about pearls, reflecting the ancient people's understanding of pearls. The Shangshu Yugong records that "the pearl of Huaiyi concubines". Erya bar pearl and jade and known as "the beauty of the West with also" Chu Qu Yuan Li Sao, Han Lefu Stranger and other canonical records about pearls reflect the custom of the first people to wear pearls. Compendium of Materia Medica wrote pearl "treatment of eyes moist muscle", "safe soul, fixed palpitations" and other effects, Shennong Materia Medica, the sea medicine Materia Medica and other famous medical books have pearl medicinal exposition. [Edit Paragraph] Source The English name of pearl is Pearl, which evolved from the Latin word Pernulo. Its other name, Margarite, is derived from an ancient Persian Sanskrit word meaning "son of the sea". As early as in ancient times, primitive man foraging for food on the seashore, found with the color halo light white pearl, and was attracted by its crystal beauty, since then the pearl has become a favorite accessory, and has been handed down to the present day. Pearl is an ancient organic gemstone, produced in the pearl shellfish and mother-of-pearl mollusks, due to the endocrine role of the mineral containing calcium carbonate (aragonite) beads, by a large number of tiny aragonite crystals collection. The chemical composition of the pearl: CaCO391.6%, H2O and organic matter 4%, 0.4%. The principle of pearl formation: 1. peripheral clam coat membrane by foreign objects (sand, parasites) invasive stimuli, stimulated by the epidermal cells at the foreign body for the nucleus, plunged into the connective tissue of the coat membrane, into the part of the coat membrane epidermal cells split to form their own pearl capsule, the pearl capsule cells secretion of perlite, layer after layer of the nucleus encapsulated in the pearl. Foreign matter as the nucleus is called "nucleated pearl". 2, internal cause of the outer coat membrane epidermis by pathological stimuli, part of the cell division, separation, then encapsulated in their own secretion of organic material, while gradually into the outer coat membrane connective tissue, the formation of pearl capsule, the formation of pearls. Since there is no foreign body as the nucleus, it is called "nucleusless pearl". Now artificial cultured pearls, is based on the above principle, with artificial methods, from the pearl mussel coat membrane cut live epithelial cells (referred to as celllets), and mussel shells prepared with the artificial nucleus, implanted with the mussel's coat membrane connective tissue, implanted celllets, relying on the connective tissue to provide nutrients around the artificial nucleus proliferates rapidly, the formation of the pearl capsule, the secretion of pearl mass, thus generating artificial nucleated pearls. Artificial non-nucleated pearls, is the outer coat membrane surgery, only implanted small pieces of cells, through cell proliferation to form the pearl capsule, and to the capsule secretion of nacreous pearl, the generation of pearls. The main pearl-producing shellfish: pearl oyster Pteria martensii (Dunker), or mussel family animals triangular sail mussel Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea), pleated crown mussel Cristaria plicata (Leach) and other bivalves. 1. mother-of-pearl AKA: true pearl oyster. Warm benthic shellfish, shells of different sizes, often the left shell is larger than the right shell, the length and width of the shell is slightly equal. Erosari (Ravitrona) caputserpentis (L.)-Mollusca, Lamellibranchia, Pseudolamellibranchia, Pteriidae is a warm seabed shellfish with two mesoshells, the left and right shells are equal, and the length and width of the shells are slightly equal. The left shell is slightly larger than the right shell, and the depression is deeper than the right shell. The length and height of the shells are almost equal, usually about 6-7 centimeters in length and height, and larger ones can be more than 10 centimeters. The anterior auricle is large and short, and the posterior auricle is long. The surface of the shell is yellowish brown with black radial stripes. The growth class is obvious. With dense scales, easily broken, smoother near the top of the shell. Inside the shell is white or yellowish, pearly. Shell margins thin, yellowish brown, hinged with 1 or 2 main teeth flat. The ligament is slender and brown. Closed-shell muscle scar is large, slightly auriculate, almost in the center of the shell. Shell apex located anteriorly, close together. Foot small, capable of producing foot filaments, protruding from a small aperture in front of the right shell. Attached to the reef sand. When mother-of-pearl and mussels grow in the water, if by chance a tiny grain of sand or a hard organism penetrates into the outer coat membrane of the shell, the outer coat membrane is stimulated and feels uncomfortable, so it secretes the true pearl quality and gradually surrounds the sand or organisms that penetrate into the shell from the outside and grows bigger and bigger to become a pearl. Cultivated pearls also utilize this principle, generally selecting about 3-year-old individuals, performing nuclear insertion surgery, and consciously putting in grains of sand, so that the coat membrane will feel uncomfortable and secrete a lot of true pearl quality to encapsulate these grains of sand, thus forming an artificial pearl, and even artificially making the inputs into a variety of shapes, and as a result, the resulting cultured pearls are also varied. It is produced in the warm sea at a depth of 1 to 10 meters. Juvenile habitat area is shallow, grow up gradually to the deep sea area to move. Mainly distributed in Hainan Island and other coastal areas of Guangdong. 2. Pleated crown mussel Freshwater benthic shellfish. The shell is nearly triangular. The anterior part is short and low, the anterior dorsal edge of the crown is not obvious, and the posterior dorsal edge extends upward obliquely... for a large shaped crown. Several ribbed veins at the top of the shell Cristaria plicata Leach - Mussels Unionidae Freshwater benthic shellfish. The shell is thick and large, slightly resembling an unequal triangle in shape. The anterior part is short and low, the anterior dorsal margin crown is inconspicuous, the posterior part is long and high, the posterior dorsal margin extends upward obliquely into a large crown. The posterior dorsum of the shell has a series of progressively thicker longitudinal ribs from the top of the shell backward. Posterior margin rounded. Ventral margin long nearly straight. Shell apex located about 1/6 of shell length from anterior end, with several ribbed veins at the apex of the shell. The crown of the adult is often only vestigial, and the shell of the juvenile is generally complete. The shell surface is dark yellowish-green to blackish-brown, and the top of the shell is often eroded and loses its surface color. The articulation is strong, with a robust ligament located at the base of the crown. The left and right shells each have a tall posterior lateral tooth. The anterior lateral tooth is weak, and the posterior lateral tooth has several longitudinal projections and grooves below and corresponding to the outside. The anterior closed-shell muscle scar is large and cuneate, the extensor muscle scar is rounded, the anterior retractor muscle scar is small and deep, the posterior closed-shell muscle scar is large and shallow, the coat muscle scar is wide, and the true bead layer is glossy. It lives in the muddy bottom of rivers and lakes, and moves slowly. Distributed throughout the country, jingbo lake in Heilongjiang province and the Songhua river, ningguo in anhui province, wujin in jiangsu province, Beijing and other places, are found. This species of mussel can be used to produce genuine pearls, and the shells are raw materials for the manufacture of buttons. Note: Most of the substances that make up pearls and shells are calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate forms calcite, aragonite, etc., with the different conditions of crystallization; the pearl is composed of aragonite, while the shell is composed of prismatic layers of calcite. Therefore, although they are the same calcium carbonate crystals, they form different substances-pearls and shells-because of the difference in the crystallization system. Pearl industry in China (1) During the Han Dynasty, pearls were categorized into South Pearls and North Pearls according to their geographical location. (2) The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of China's pearl mining industry, Hongzhi years (1488~1505 years) the annual output of pearls up to 28,000 taels, exported to the international market. (3) Due to indiscriminate harvesting, pearls were eventually depleted in the late Qing Dynasty. (4) From the Qing Dynasty to the Nationalist period, the natural resources of pearls were increasingly destroyed, and the pearl industry deteriorated and was almost on the verge of extinction. (5)After the founding of the People's Republic of China*** and the State of China, a pearl farm was established in Hepu Bailong in 1958. (6)The largest freshwater pearl market in China was established in Zhuji, Zhejiang in 1985 . (7)At present, China's freshwater pearl production accounted for more than 95% of the world's production, cultured pearls to high-quality direction. History China is one of the world's first countries to utilize the pearl. As early as 4000 years ago, pearl is the treasures of China's court. Wei and Jin period of the "famous doctors," the pearl as the treatment of disease as an important medicinal material, and clarified the efficacy of the pearl. In the "Rihuazi Materia Medica", pearl "peace of mind, bright eyes." Derivation of the Materia Medica said: "In addition to pediatric fever." The Compendium of Materia Medica says, "Tranquilizes the heart, calms the mind, settles the soul, resolves knotted poisons, transforms evil sores, and collects internal ulcers and rags." More than 2,000 years ago in the Han Dynasty, Liu An, "Huainanzi" recorded: "the pearl of the bright moon, screws and mussels of the disease and the benefit of me." It shows that our country at this time has recognized the cause of the pearl. In the thirteenth century, our country to lead to make nuclei, implanted in the Wu Bei, successfully nurtured the nucleated pearl. [edit paragraph] Ecological environment Ma's pearl shells live in nutrient-rich salts, plankton, fertile seawater. Generally inhabits in the low tide line near to the water depth of more than 20 meters of the local area, to the water depth of 10 meters for more. Mussels are benthic mollusks that generally live in freshwater environments such as rivers, streams, lakes, marshes, creeks or paddy fields. [edit]Biological characteristics The pearl mussel of Ma is generally dioecious, but there is a transsexual phenomenon, so the phenomenon of hermaphroditism is sometimes seen. The temperature range of the pearl oyster is 15～30℃, and the specific gravity of the seawater in the sea area is 1.0150～1.0280. The pearl oyster born in the first year has the ability to reproduce in the breeding period of the second year. The breeding period is concentrated in May to October every year. ①Animal [编辑本段]珍珠其它名称 真朱,真珠,蚌珠,珠子,濂珠 [编辑本段]采制 All year round, usually more in December, dive to the bottom of the sea, from the water plants or rocks to take down the sea mussels, from which the pearls are taken out. The meat is edible. [Edit Paragraph] Concocting Wrapped in a cloth, put into the tofu syrup, boiled for about 3 hours, removed and washed, and then powdered into a very fine powder. I. Pure Preparation Wash (Pharmacopoeia 77). Second, cut the system of powder 1. Take the net pearl, add the right amount of water *** research fine, and then add a lot of water, stirring, pouring out the suspension, the sinking part of the above method and then repeat the operation a few times to remove impurities, combined with the mixture of the liquid, after standing, take the precipitation, drying, and made into the finest powder ("Pharmacopoeia 85"). 2. take pearl, wash dirt, wrapped in cloth, add tofu and water **** cook for about 2 hours, remove, wash with water, mashed, add a little water into a very fine powder, drying that is obtained ("Pharmacopoeia 63"). 3. take the net pearl powder, placed in the mantle, add the amount of water to finely transported, and then add more stars of the water, stirring, pouring out of the suspension, drying, research dispersion. Or take the net pearl, crushed, and research into very fine powder ("norms"). Third, the roast 1. tofu system (1) net take products, put into a cloth bag or gauze package, and tofu or soy milk with cooking for 2-3 hours, removed, washed, crushed, water flight into a very fine powder. For every 1kg of pearls, use 2kg of tofu or 5kg of soymilk ("Ningxia"). (2) Take the pearl wrapped in cloth, hold it in the tofu block, steam it for about 3 hours, take it out, wash it, dry it, and grind it into very fine powder ("Inner Mongolia"). 2. Calcined Take the net pearl, the size of the separation, placed in an iron pot, the top buckle a bowl, calcined with medium heat until the sound of the explosion is exhausted, removed, cooled, water flight or research into very fine powder, dry ("Shandong").