Introduce the 24 solar terms in detail!

The origin of the twenty-four solar terms

Twenty-four solar terms originated in the Yellow River Basin. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period, four solar terms were set, namely, mid-spring, mid-summer, mid-autumn and mid-winter. After continuous improvement and perfection, by the Qin and Han Dynasties, the 24 solar terms had been completely established. In BC 104, the taichu calendar written by Deng Ping officially set 24 solar terms in the calendar, and defined the astronomical position of the 24 solar terms.

The time when the sun runs along the longitude of the Yellow River from zero 15 degrees is called "a solar term". It runs 360 degrees every year, and * * * experiences 24 solar terms, twice a month. Among them, the first solar term of each month is "solar term", that is, beginning of spring, Jingzhe, Qingming, Changxia, Mangzhong, Xiaoshu, beginning of autumn, Bailu, Hanlu, beginning of winter, Heavy Snow, Xiaohan, etc. 12 solar terms; The second solar term of each month is "Zhongqi", that is, there are 12 solar terms such as rain, vernal equinox, Grain Rain, Xiaoman, summer solstice, summer heat, summer heat, autumn equinox, first frost, light snow, winter solstice and great cold. "Solar term" and "neutral qi" appear alternately, each lasting 15 days. Now people have called "solar terms" and "neutral gas" solar terms.

Twenty-four solar terms reflect the apparent movement of the sun in one year, so the dates of solar terms are basically fixed in the current Gregorian calendar, with the first half of the year being 6 days and 2 1, and the second half being 8 days and 23 days, with a difference of 1 ~ 2 days.

In order to facilitate memory, people compiled 24 solar terms songs:

Twenty-four solar term song

The spring rain shakes the spring and the valley days, and the summer is full of mountains and summers.

Autumn dew, autumn frost, little snow in winter and cold in winter.

Seven-character poem of twenty-four solar terms

The earth goes around the sun, and it takes a year to complete a circle.

A year is divided into December, and the 24 solar terms are closely linked.

According to the Gregorian calendar, these two gases will not change every month.

The first half of the year is Saturday and Monday, and the second half is every eight days and every Wednesday.

These are festivals, and the difference is only one or two days.

There are 24 verses in succession, and the following formula is kept in mind:

A slight cold in January was followed by a severe cold, and it rained in the spring of February;

The vernal equinox is in March and Qingming Grain Rain is in April.

Long summer and full summer in May, full summer solstice in June;

July is hot and slightly hot, and August is long summer, beginning of autumn;

In September, the Millennium meets the autumnal equinox, and the first frost and cold dew are all in October;

There is a light snow in 1 1 month in beginning of winter, and a heavy snow in winter solstice to welcome the New Year.

Grasp the season and busy production, sow and harvest in time to ensure a bumper harvest.

With the spread of China calendar, the 24 solar terms have spread to many parts of the world.

Beginning of spring: beginning of spring is standing, and beginning of spring is beginning of spring.

Rain: It began to rain and gradually increased.

Sting: Sting means hiding. Sting refers to the sudden movement of spring thunder, which awakens the hibernating animals in the soil.

Equinox: Equinox means equal share. The vernal equinox means that day and night are equally divided.

Qingming: sunny and lush.

Grain Rain: Rain makes a hundred valleys. With sufficient and timely rainfall, cereal crops can thrive.

Long summer: the beginning of summer.

Xiaoman: Summer crops such as wheat are full of seeds.

Miscanthus species: Miscanthus crops such as wheat are mature.

Summer solstice: The hot summer is coming.

Summer heat: Summer heat means heat. Slight summer heat refers to when the climate begins to get hot.

Big institutions: the hottest time of the year.

Beginning of autumn: The beginning of autumn.

Summer heat: place means stop and hide. Summer is the end of hot summer.

White dew: The weather turns cold and the dew condenses into white.

Autumnal equinox: divided equally between day and night.

Cold dew: Dew is cold and will freeze.

First frost: it's getting colder and colder, frosty.

Beginning of winter: The beginning of winter.

Xiaoxue: It's starting to snow.

Heavy snow: the snowfall is increasing, and there may be snow on the ground.

Solstice of winter: the cold winter is coming.

Slight cold: The climate began to get cold.

Great cold: the coldest time of the year.

Beginning of Spring

One of the 24 solar terms. The solar term that begins in spring. On February 4th or 5th every year, when the sun reaches 3 15 degrees, it is beginning of spring. "Twenty-four solar terms": "The first month festival, the beginning, the beginning ... long summer, autumn and winter are the same." The ancient "Li Si" refers to the beginning of spring, summer, autumn and winter, and its agricultural meaning is "planting in spring, growing in summer, harvesting in autumn and storing in winter", which summarizes the whole process of the relationship between agricultural production and climate in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. China has a vast territory, complicated geographical conditions, great climate difference and different seasons. Therefore, although "Li Si" can reflect the climate characteristics of the four seasons in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the specific climate significance of "Li Si" is not significant and cannot be applied to all parts of the country.

The time of soil thawing in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began in early spring. The first weather in beginning of spring should be "easterly thaw", which is basically the case, but as a symbol of beginning of spring, it is too early.

In China's climatology, beginning of spring is usually defined as a day when the daily average temperature is stable above 10℃ every five days, which is inconsistent with the meaning of beginning of spring in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. In late February, only South China really entered the spring. But this division method is more practical. After beginning of spring, the temperature rose, and most parts of the country began a busy spring ploughing season.

Rain Water

Every February 19 or so, the sun reaches 330 degrees of the yellow meridian, which is the solar term of "rain". Rain has two meanings, one is that the weather gets warmer and the precipitation increases gradually, and the other is that there is less snow and more rain. "Twenty-four solar terms" said: "In the first month, water is in the sky. Spring belongs to wood, but there must be water for those who grow wood, so there is rain in beginning of spring. If the east wind melts, it will disperse into rain. "

After the "rain", the temperature in most parts of China rose to above 0℃, the daily average temperature in Huanghuai Plain reached about 3℃, the average temperature in Jiangnan was about 5℃, the temperature in South China was above 10℃, and the average temperature in North China was still below 0℃. Before and after rainfall, rape and winter wheat generally turn green and grow, which requires high water content. "Spring rain is as expensive as oil", so proper precipitation is particularly important for crop growth. At this time, the precipitation in North China, Northwest China and Huanghuai areas is generally less, which often cannot meet the needs of agricultural production. If there is little rain in early spring, the best economic benefit can be obtained by timely spring irrigation before and after the rain. In the area south of Huaihe River, it is mainly to strengthen intertillage and hoeing, and at the same time, do a good job in clearing ditches and draining water in the field to prevent excessive spring rain from causing wet damage and rotten roots. As the saying goes, "Water the flowers with wheat, water the flowers with vegetables", and the coated rape should be topdressing with moss fertilizer in time to compete for more pods. South China's double-cropping early rice seedling cultivation has begun, so we should pay attention to "cold tail and warm head", and strive to sow all the seedlings at once.

The rainy season is changeable, which is one of the seasons with the most cold wave processes in the whole year. This kind of hot and cold weather is very harmful to the growth of crops, forests and fruits that have sprouted and turned green and people's health. While paying attention to the cold and antifreeze work of crops, greenhouse vegetables and industrial and commercial departments, we should also pay attention to personal health care to prevent some epidemics that are prone to occur in late winter and early spring.

Awakening of Insects

On March 5th and 6th, every year, when the sun reaches 345 degrees, it is "in a daze". Sting means that when the weather gets warmer, the spring thunder begins to sound, awakening the insects that are dormant and hibernating underground. "Twenty-four solar terms" said: "February Festival, everything vibrates, and when it vibrates, it thunders, so it is called thunder. It's an escaped cockroach. Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Jin Dynasty, said in a poem: "In the spring rain, thunder began in the east corner, and everyone was lurking, and everything was suitable. "In fact, insects can't hear thunder. Spring is back, and the warmer weather is the reason why they end their hibernation and "run away in surprise". In China, the time when the spring thunder begins to ring varies from place to place. On the average for many years, thunder can be heard in southern Yunnan around the end of 1, and the first thunder day in Beijing is in late April. The saying that "thunder begins with you" is consistent with the climate law in Jiangnan.

"Spring thunder rings, everything grows", and it is a fine sunny day in September, with the temperature rising and the rain increasing. In addition to the winter scenes in which the northeast and northwest regions are still covered in white, the average temperature in most parts of China has risen to above 0℃, the average daily temperature in North China is 3-6℃, the temperature in the south of the Yangtze River is above 8℃, and the temperature in Southwest China and South China has reached 10- 15℃, which is already a harmonious spring. Therefore, the working people in our country have attached great importance to this solar term since ancient times and regarded it as the beginning of spring ploughing. There is a cloud in the Tang poetry: "A light rain brings new flowers, and a thunder starts. Tian Jia was idle for a few days, and farming began. " Agricultural proverbs also say, "Spring ploughing can't stop, after the Scare Festival", "Let a hundred flowers blossom and farm work come together." Winter wheat in North China began to turn green, and the soil was still frozen and thawed alternately. Raking the ground in time is an important measure to reduce water evaporation. "Shocking without harrowing is like steaming steamed bread", which is a valuable experience for local people to fight drought and conserve moisture. Wheat in the south of the Yangtze River has been jointing and rape has begun to blossom. There is a high demand for water and fertilizer, so topdressing should be done in time, and proper irrigation should be done in dry and rainy places. Rain in the south can generally meet the needs of vegetables, wheat and green manure crops in spring, and it is most important to prevent wet damage. As the saying goes, "It's better to dump manure than to plow wheat with three pipes" and "If you want to harvest rapeseed, you must manage plowing diligently". We should continue to do a good job in ditch cleaning and drainage. We should pay close attention to sowing early rice in South China, and at the same time do a good job in cold prevention in rice fields. As the temperature rises, tea trees gradually germinate, so it is necessary to prune and apply "germination accelerating fertilizer" in time to promote more branches and leaves and increase tea yield. Fruit trees such as peaches, pears and apples should be fertilized before flowering.

"Spring thunder scares thousands of insects", and the warm climate conditions are conducive to the occurrence and spread of many diseases and insect pests, and weeds in the fields sprout one after another. It is necessary to do a good job in pest control and intertillage weeding in time. "Peach blossoms come, swine fever comes", and we should also pay attention to the epidemic prevention of poultry and livestock.

Spring Equinox

The vernal equinox, also known as the "day-to-day" and "day-to-night equinox" in ancient times, the sun reaches 0 on March 20th or 2 1 day every year. According to the "Twenty-four solar terms": "In mid-February, it is divided into half, which is half of ninety days, so it is called minutes." Another article, Spring and Autumn Stories, Yin and Yang in and out, said: "At the vernal equinox, Yin and Yang are also half-phase, so day and night are cold and summer." Therefore, the significance of the vernal equinox, first, refers to the equal division of day and night, each of which is 12 hours; Second, in ancient times, it was spring from beginning of spring to long summer, and the vernal equinox happened to be in the three months of spring, and spring was equally divided.

During the vernal equinox, the daily average temperature in all parts of the country rose steadily to above 0℃, except in the mountainous areas and areas north of 45 north latitude all the year round. The severe cold has passed, and the temperature rises rapidly, especially in North China and Huanghuai Plain. The daily average temperature rises to above 10℃ almost at the same time as the rainy areas along the Yangtze River and the south of the Yangtze River, and it enters a beautiful spring. On the vast land, the willows are green on the shore, the grass is growing in Fei Ying, the wheat is jointing, the rape is fragrant, the peach blossom is red, Li Bai is welcoming the spring, and the yellow is yellow. South China is a scene of late spring. According to the climate law, the precipitation in Jiangnan increased rapidly at this time, and it entered the period of "peach blossom flooding" in spring; In the northeast, north and northwest regions where "spring rain is as expensive as oil", precipitation is still very little, so resisting the threat of spring drought is the main problem of agricultural production.

"Wheat rises at the vernal equinox, and every moment is worth 1000 yuan." In the northern areas with little rain in spring, we should pay close attention to spring irrigation, water saving and jointing fertilization, and pay attention to preventing late frost and freezing injury. South China still needs to continue to do a good job in drainage and flood prevention. Early rice seedling raising in Jiangnan and Jianghuai areas has started, and the weather changes frequently in early spring. Attention should be paid to soaking seeds to accelerate germination when cold air comes, and sowing in sunny days when cold air ends. The experience of the masses says, "A cold tail warms the head, so there is no need to worry about seedlings." According to the weather conditions, strive for 3-5 sunny days after sowing to ensure that all seedlings are sown at one time. Spring tea has begun to sprout, so it is necessary to apply quick-acting fertilizer to control pests and diseases in time and strive for high yield and high quality tea.

"February is the vernal equinox, and planting trees and fertilizing farmland is deep." The vernal equinox is also a good opportunity to plant trees. In ancient poems, there is a saying that "Niu Jiao girls started planting trees in the middle of the night, and it was the vernal equinox in the Ming Dynasty". In the hot busy farming season, we should continue to use our hands to green the mountains and rivers of the motherland and beautify our environment.

Qingming Festival

Every April 5th or 6th, when the sun reaches15th degree, it is Tomb-Sweeping Day Qi. "Twenty-four solar terms" said: "March Festival, ... at this time everything is clean and clear." Therefore, "Qingming" means the melting of snow and ice, lush vegetation, sunny weather and prosperity of everything. Famous sentences such as "the willow shoots are green and smoky, and the February sky is clear", "the solar terms are clear and the peaches and plums are smiling" and "the original vegetation in the suburbs is soft after the rain" are vivid descriptions of the phenology of heaven and earth in the Qingming season.

"Before and after the Qingming Festival, plant melons and beans". During the Qingming period, the average daily temperature in most parts of China has risen to above 12℃ except the northeast and northwest regions. From north to south to the inside and outside of the Great Wall, there is a busy scene of spring ploughing everywhere. "In the Qingming period, the wheat grows in the third section." Wheat in the southern part of Huanghuai is about to start heading, rape has blossomed, and wheat in the northeast and northwest regions has also entered the jointing stage. In the later stage, we should pay close attention to fertilizer and water management and pest control. Dry farming in the north, early and middle rice in the south of the Yangtze River is in a suitable season for mass sowing, so we should seize the opportunity, seize the sunny day and sow early. Pear blossoms are getting clearer and clearer. At this time, when many kinds of fruit trees enter the flowering stage, attention should be paid to artificial pollination to improve the fruit setting rate. Early rice planting in South China should be cleaned up and fertilized in time. Corn, sorghum and cotton will also be planted everywhere. "Before tomorrow's tea, there will be two buds", and the new buds of tea trees will grow vigorously, so attention should be paid to pest control; Famous tea producing areas are mined one after another, and strict scientific mining is needed to ensure the yield and quality. At this time, the cold air in the north still has a certain influence and the weather is changeable. Attention should be paid to prevent the harm of low temperature and late frost weather to spring sowing crops such as wheat, rice seedlings and flowering fruit trees.

"It rains in succession during the Qingming Festival" refers to the climate characteristics of the south of the Yangtze River. At this time, it is often cloudy and sunny, and abundant water can generally meet the needs of crop growth. What is annoying and can't be ignored is the harm of wet stains and insufficient light caused by too much rain. However, in the vast area north of the Huanghuai Plain, there is still little precipitation during the Qingming period. Water is often in short supply for crops and spring sowing. At this time, rain is very precious. These areas should do a good job in spring irrigation while storing water and preserving soil moisture to prevent the threat of spring drought.

Qingming is not only an extremely important busy farming season, but also a 24? D