What is the real old Beijing dialect

What is the real Old Beijing dialect

2016-10-31 16:57 Old Beijing Si Jiucheng

Old Beijing dialect

The so-called dialect is simply understood as the local language, which must be regional, and at the same time, historical, and with strong regional characteristics, and after a long period of development, and generally recognized by the people of the region in order to be called dialect! Speaking of Beijing dialect, now you can search the Internet, you can find a lot of posts, which lists a lot of words, called the old Beijing dialect, or Beijing dialect, which most of them are, but there are some can not be called the old Beijing dialect, because no matter whether it is called "Beijing dialect" or "old Beijing dialect". The reason is that no matter whether it is called "Beijing dialect" or "Old Beijing dialect", it should be inherited and have a history, or at least it should be passed down from the real "old" Beijing, so that it can be called "dialect dialect dialect" or "Old Beijing dialect". I personally think that those popularized in the new society should be called "old Beijing dialect" or "old Beijing dialect". Personally, I think those new words that have become popular in the new society, although they are also very popular in Beijing, some of them have been popular for decades, but they can't be regarded as "old" Beijing dialect! So how old is old? Let's take a look at the history of Beijing dialect!

Beijing has a long history, dating back to the Western Zhou Dynasty in Northern Yan, but the history of Beijing dialect is not that long, only about 400 years.

Beijing, the thousand-year-old capital, was founded by the Han Chinese and the northern minorities*** together. Since the Sui and Tang dynasties, Beijing has been a border town, and until the Liao era, various ethnic minorities have continuously occupied the Beijing area. Therefore, throughout history, Beijing dialect has been in constant communication with the languages of ethnic minorities, mainly those of the Altaic language family, and has had frequent contact with the Chinese dialects of various places; the language, like the society, develops slower when it is more closed; and faster when it is more open. For more than a thousand years, Beijing dialect has always been in such a very open environment. Comparing modern Beijing dialect with Chinese dialects of other regions, it can be said that it is the most rapidly developing Chinese dialect.

During the Yuan Dynasty, when Beijing became the capital, although it was ruled by the Mongols, the accent used in official occasions was still that of the Central Plains, but it was combined with the local dialect to form the Metropolitan dialect. It is the prototype and basis of modern Mandarin.

After Zhu Yuanzhang's destruction of the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of immigrants from all over the world came to Beijing, and Metropolitan dialect was developed again. Beijing's folk dialect was dominated by the Hebei accent, while the official use of the "YaYan" that had been produced 4,000 years ago in China was used, and because the YaYan of various eras was different, the YaYan of the beginning of the Ming Dynasty was the official dialect of Henan Province. When Zhu Di moved the capital to Beijing, a large number of senior officials and their families moved to Beijing from Nanjing, together with a large number of troops who stayed in Beijing and craftsmen who were recruited from all over the country, the number of which was also considerable, so what had the most frequent contact with the Beijing dialect was no longer the language of the ethnic minorities such as Qidan and Jurchen, but the dialects of the Chinese language from the Central Plains and the south of the Yangtze River. As a result, the Jianghuai Guanhua (江淮官話), which is based on the Hongwu Zhengyun (洪武正韵), and other Chinese dialects, also had some influence on the Beijing dialect. By this time, the Metropolitan dialect had gradually developed and matured, and was already not very different from the modern Beijing dialect. This is confirmed by the fact that the phonetic system recorded in Ming Xu Xiao's "Re-arranging Sima Wengong's Equal Rhyme Tujing" represents the Beijing dialect of the Ming Wanli period.

Toward the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Beijing dialect was used for all court meetings in the Qing Palace, and Manchu remained the national language, but no longer served as the official language. The Yongzheng period had also set up a "correct sound library", the national implementation of the Beijing dialect, the provisions of the readers do not understand the Beijing dialect can not participate in the Imperial Examination, and even children shall not be examined Xiu Cai. The official language of the Qing Dynasty was a bilingual system of Manchu and Chinese. After the Manchu people entered Beijing, they learned to speak Chinese Beijing official language, and brought their own Manchu phonetics and pronunciation ** habit, characteristic cultural vocabulary into their own Manchu Chinese, and formed a fusion of Manchu-Chinese linguistic components of the Beijing accent in the late Qing Dynasty, which became the modern standard Beijing dialect, the predecessor of Mandarin pronunciation. 1902, Zhang Zhidong and Zhang Baixi submitted a petition to advocate for the national use of a unified language, and the Qing government in 1909, when the House of Senior Government met, Councilor Jiang Qian, who was a member of the Council of Senior Government, was asked to speak Beijing dialect in a meeting. In 1909, the Qing government held a meeting of the senior government council, the councilor Jiang Qian formally put forward the "official language" is named "national language".

The status of Beijing dialect was disputed during the Republican period, when the Ministry of Education, headed by Cai Yuanpei, set up the Preparatory Office of the Pronunciation Unification Association in 1912, with Wu Jingheng as the director, and formulated eight articles of regulations for the Association. It was stipulated that the duty of the Pronunciation Unification Association was to finalize the standard pronunciation of every word, which was called the "National Pronunciation". During the meeting, there were heated arguments, mainly over the turbid tones and incoming tones, and the final result was to use Beijing phonetics as the "basis" while absorbing phonological features of other dialects, such as distinguishing between the sharp tones and retaining the incoming tones. The pronunciation of the Chinese characters finalized at this meeting was called the "Old National Phonetics" by later generations. It was implemented in 1918. In 1920, less than two years after its implementation, a great debate broke out, which was then called the "Beijing-Guo dispute" (referring to the Beijing pronunciation and the Guoyin pronunciation). The cause of the problem was the standardized pronunciation of the national language. Those in favor of the Guoyin and those in favor of the Jingyin were divided into two groups. The Guoyin was mainly "based on the Peking accent, taking into account the North and the South". The Peking accent was "to use Beijing dialect as the standard". The two factions quarreled very much. The final result was that the national pronunciation formulated by the "Pronunciation Unification Association" in 1913 was changed to the Beijing pronunciation, and the "Compendium of Commonly Used Characters for the National Pronunciation" compiled on the basis of the new pronunciation was published by the Ministry of Education of the Republican Government in 1932, with the meaning of the Beijing pronunciation as the standard for the national pronunciation being further explained in the preface to the Compendium of Commonly Used Characters.

In 1949, when the new China was established, in order to develop the culture and education of the new China, it was necessary to promote the national ****same language to overcome the gap caused by the language differences, and after in-depth study, in order to emphasize the equality of the languages and scripts of the various nationalities, it was decided not to adopt the name of the "national language" during the period of the history of the Republic of China for fear that it would be misinterpreted. In order to emphasize the equality of the languages of all ethnic groups, it was decided not to adopt the name "Mandarin" from the Republican period, fearing that it might be misunderstood. On October 26, 1955, People's Daily published an editorial titled "Efforts to Promote the Reform of Chinese Characters, Promote Putonghua, and Standardize the Chinese Language", and on February 6, 1956, the State Council issued a directive on the promotion of Putonghua, which added the definition of Putonghua as "modern Chinese language that is based on the Beijing dialect as its standard pronunciation, the Northern dialect as its basic dialect, and the modern vernacular writings as its grammatical norms". The State Council issued instructions on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua as "a modern Chinese national language with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, Northern dialect as the base dialect, and exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norm." In other words, Putonghua is Putonghua, and Beijing dialect is Beijing dialect, and Putonghua is based on the Beijing sound, which is understood by people all over the country. Beijing dialect, on the other hand, is not necessarily understood by people everywhere, and the real old Beijing dialect can only be called the dialect and native language of Beijing.

You see, the real Beijing dialect or the old Beijing dialect, the prototype is DaDuShi, and the gradual development of maturity, probably Ming WanLiYi years, so far about four hundred years, after the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China period of long-term development, and gradually formed a strong regional characteristics, 1956, the national promotion of the common language, after so many years, can be said that the common language is very popular, but at the same time also inevitably lost some dialects. After so many years, it can be said that Putonghua has become very popular, but at the same time, it has inevitably lost some dialects. Therefore, it can be "narrowly" considered that only Beijing dialects and dialects that have been passed down from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to before the liberation, or at least before the 1950s, can be called Beijing dialect or old Beijing dialect, such as "颠儿了", "撒丫子", "撒丫子" and "撒丫子", which are the most popular dialects in the world, "to be in a hurry", "to fall down", "to be in hysterics", "to fall off". "five ridges and six beasts", "no start" ...... This kind of, no need to explain, we all know what it means. And such as "shoot granny", "sniff honey", "porcelain", "set of porcelain", "big money", "evening pointed child" ......

This kind of words, strictly speaking, can not be called the old Beijing words, because these words are probably formed and popular in the 1960s and 1970s, or even the 1980s, and some of them are still more popular among the Beijing tenants at that time,

To this day, the old Beijingers who are really old are still not quite recognized!