How did ceramics develop?

Pottery pieces and pots unearthed from Yin Ruins in Shang Dynasty include many styles, including gray pottery, black pottery, red pottery, painted pottery, white pottery and glazed hard pottery. The decorative patterns, symbols and characters on these pottery are closely related to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Shang celadon. The cost of celadon is so high that only the nobles can enjoy it, and the general public can only use pottery for their daily necessities. Therefore, it can be understood that the pottery-making technology of the Shang Dynasty has also been generally developed. During this period, hard pottery with glaze appeared, with green glaze, brownish yellow, hard fetal quality and gray white.

At this time, pottery is no longer limited to containers, but has a wide range of applications, which can be roughly divided into daily necessities, buildings, martyrs and sacrificial vessels. The imperial court also attached great importance to pottery making.

Qin and Han dynasties

During the Qin and Han dynasties, most ancient buildings were wooden structures, which were difficult to preserve for a long time. Therefore, some great buildings, such as Afang Palace in Qin Dynasty and Weiyang Palace in Han Dynasty, can not be completely preserved, but they can still be found in the remaining relics, such as tiles and Han bricks, so as to get a glimpse of the scale of ancient buildings.

Sui and Tang Dynasties

In 589 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty usurped the Northern Zhou Dynasty, annexed Nanchen, unified the Central Plains and changed the name of Sui. Although the Sui Dynasty was short-lived, there was a new breakthrough in porcelain firing, not only celadon firing, but also white porcelain developed well. At this time, there was an innovation in decorative techniques, such as another piece of clay sculpture-the decal on the vessel, which is an example.

the Tang Dynasty

Only in the Tang Dynasty can porcelain-making be transformed into a mature state and enter the real porcelain-making era. Because the distinction between ceramics depends on whether it is white, hard or translucent, and the biggest key is the firing temperature. Although there were porcelains in the Han Dynasty, the temperature was not high and the texture was fragile, so they could only be regarded as original porcelains. But in the Tang Dynasty, not only the glaze color was mature, but also the firing temperature could reach 1000 degrees Celsius, so we say that the Tang Dynasty was the era when porcelain really entered. The most famous kilns in Tang Dynasty are Yue Kiln and Xing Kiln.

Five Dynasties and Ten States

After this period, the famous firewood kiln in Zhou Shizong was dominated by azure, and Sejong evaluated it as "the clouds break after the rain, and the future is like other people's color", so it has the reputation of "sunny after the rain". It is recorded on the road that "the sky is blue, the mirror is bright, the paper is thin, and the bells are ringing", which shows that its production is exquisite.

In the Five Dynasties, Yue Kiln once became the imperial vessel of Wang Qian, and officials were not allowed to enjoy it, so it was also called "Secret Color Kiln" at that time, which belonged to the manufacture of celadon.

Song dynasty

In the late Zhou Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin seized power and established the Bianliang, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty in history. Porcelain in Song Dynasty was the heyday of China, and "Song Porcelain" was also famous all over the world. Ding Kiln, Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln and Jun Kiln are five famous kilns, which are beautiful in shape, elegant and dignified, not only surpassing the achievements of predecessors, but even the imitations of later generations are hard to reach.

the Yuan Dynasty

In 9 1 year after the Yuan Dynasty entered the Central Plains, the porcelain industry declined compared with the Song Dynasty. However, there were also new developments in this period, such as the rise of blue and white and glaze red, the popularity of a large number of colored porcelain, and white porcelain became the mainstream of porcelain, which promoted the development of porcelain in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and made great achievements.

tomorrow

China's ceramic art entered a new journey in the Ming Dynasty. Before the Ming Dynasty, celadon was the main product, and after the Ming Dynasty, white porcelain, especially blue and white porcelain, became the main kiln factory with the largest scale, which lasted for five or six hundred years. Describe the grand occasion at that time as "white smoke covers the sky during the day and red flame burns the sky at night".

Yongle Xuande period is the early stage of blue-and-white porcelain, although it is not as delicate as sweet and white, but the blue-and-white porcelain in this period shines brilliantly because of the investment and use of Su Ni Bo Qing Co material. The painter's artistic accomplishment is very high, and the faint green material is used as the brushwork of bone-end flowers, which produces the interest of ink painting; Some use different shades on the lines to produce vivid changes, which are more vivid and powerful. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the introduction of Islam has also brought rich patterns to this era. Coupled with the application of China's paintings, the layout content is clear and clear, giving people a sense of grandeur and simplicity.

Chenghua and Zhengde were in the middle period of blue and white porcelain, when Suniboqing had run out and used Ping Dengqing instead. The color is not as rich as that of Su Qing, and there is no faint ink effect. Therefore, it is developing in the direction of adding color or meticulous expression, with fine, fine and even painting techniques, and adding thin white porcelain to achieve the purpose of exquisiteness.

Jiajing and Wanli years were the late period of blue and white porcelain, and the use of Hui Qing brought a grand occasion to Jiajing kiln with rich colors. At this time, the output is large, and it is shipped to Europe by Dutch.

The famous colorful fighting colors in Wanli period became the basis for the development of colored porcelain in later generations. Even the ancient porcelain in Imari was developed according to the colorful battles in this period, and "Wanli Color" became famous in history. At the same time, there are various colored magnets such as rehmannia glutinosa, blue yellow flowers, red and blue flowers, yellow and blue flowers and red paintings, as well as the achievements of the former kiln.

Since the Ming Dynasty, kiln sites have often been concentrated in Jingdezhen. Both official kilns and folk kilns tend to paint porcelain. Song porcelain used to be dominated by monochromatic glaze. After the Ming Dynasty, porcelain tires became thinner and whiter. From then on, we began to write down the style in the blank. With the age, the hall number and the name, the research evidence is more reliable.

Ching Dynasty

China porcelain reached its peak in the Qing Dynasty. Thousands of years' experience, together with Jingdezhen's natural raw materials and the management of pottery officials, as well as the three generations of Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong in the early Qing Dynasty, due to political stability and economic prosperity, the emperor's attention to porcelain, the emperor's hobbies and advocacy, made the porcelain in the early Qing Dynasty superb in craftsmanship, exquisite decoration and extraordinary achievements, which was the most brilliant in the long history of China ceramics.

In the Qing Dynasty, except the official kilns in Jingdezhen, the local folk kilns were extremely prosperous and made great achievements, especially the introduction of western raw materials and technology, which made the ceramic industry more colorful. In addition, due to mass production and imitation, the Painting Academy pursues exquisiteness. Although it has amazing works, it has little creativity and has become a mere craftsman.