Research on the Innovative Application of the Formal Elements of China's Shang and Zhou Tripods in Contemporary Visual Design Art

Handicrafts

Section I Bronze Casting

I. Basic Condition

Bronze casting is a very important handicraft of Baiyue nation, about the early Shang Dynasty, some areas of the Yue people have begun to smelt and casting activities. After the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Yue people basically have smelting and casting industry all over the world. Of course, due to the ore raw materials and technology and many other reasons, until the Qin and Han Dynasties, the level of the Yue people's bronze smelting and casting is not consistent, there are high and low. Nevertheless, as a very important part of the socio-economic field of the Hundred Yue ethnic group, the bronze smelting and casting industry of the Yue people in various places still had a significant impact in history.

Located in Jiangsu and southern Anhui Province and other areas of the State of Wu, its bronze smelting and casting activities as early as in the early and middle of the Shang Dynasty has begun. Archaeological excavations show that the equivalent of the "Hushu culture" early some sites such as Nanjing north yinyang camp, lock gold village, Zhenjiang Mashoushan, Jiangning Tangshan point of the generals of the site, etc., were unearthed small bronze such as bronze arrowheads, knives, axes, cones, fishhooks, go, battle-axe, and a small refining of the copper crucible, pouring the copper with copper ladle, etc., and some sites have found the copper slag and other relics. These artifacts show that in the early and middle Shang Dynasty, the Yue people in the Wu region have begun to carry out bronze smelting and casting activities. Of course, due to the initial stage, these smelting and casting scale is relatively small, not many types of smelting and casting artifacts, the shape of the vessel by the central plains of the Shang culture has more influence, the casting is also relatively rough. But with small crucible and pouring copper liquid copper spoon and other tools show (North Yin Yang Ying site unearthed copper crucible diameter of only 17 cm), when the Yue people's copper smelting technology and the Central Plains Zhengzhou early Shang Dynasty smelting tools with large mouth Zun and Anyang late Shang Dynasty "general helmet" type of refining pot is not the same to crucible copper refining primitive technology with the characteristics of the Yue Yue culture of the Jiangnan and the same period of the Central Plains smelting technology, style, although this technology is still relatively backward. Although this technology is still backward.

Western Zhou period, with the rapid development of social and economic development of the Yue people in the Wu area, the local bronze smelting and casting industry also had a very obvious development progress. To the end of the Spring and Autumn period before and after the destruction of the state of Wu, this area of the Yue people's bronze casting industry has been developed to the point of pure fire, the peak of excellence, with the same period in the Yue of the bronze casting industry together, can be called the model of the ancient Baiyue bronze casting handicrafts. During this period, in the tombs, ruins and cellars all over Wu, a large number of bronze objects of various types and qualities have been found. Some important and fine bronzes were found in large numbers in the tombs of the nobles of the Wu state. The main sites and tombs discovered by archaeology in various places include Dantu Yihou Tomb, Muzidun Tomb, Yizheng Broken Mountain Pass, Anhui Tunxi Western Zhou Tomb, Nanjing Pukou Changshanzi, Dantu Mopan Dun, Lishui Kuanguang Dun, Jurong Maoshan, Jintan Turtle Dun, Dantu Beishanting Spring and Autumn Tomb, Wujin Drowning City, Lihe Chengqiao No. 1 and No. 2 Tomb, Weren Dongzhou Tomb, and Dantu Jianbi Grain Hill Tomb, and so on. From these important sites, tombs, cellars and other remains unearthed in the main types of bronze ware bronze tripod, iron, gui, plate, zun, tiliang halo, pots, goblets, three wheeled plate, plain, fork, knife, axe, chipped, spade, sickle, hoe, shovel, hoe, hammer, go, sword, spear, arrowheads, halberd, vector, turtledick, sentence Zhai, biscuits in, bells, dingning, vehicle components decorative parts, and so on, related to the production, life, war, worship, entertainment, and so on! The following are some of the most popular items in the world. According to the category, there are containers, cooking utensils, wine vessels, weapons, agricultural tools, tools, rituals, musical instruments, vehicle and so on nearly ten kinds. As for the number, due to the universal discovery around the world, the number of many, it is difficult to count, but can be individual typical tombs as an example to analyze. Such as jiangsu dantu county dagang to zhanbi area along the Yangtze river mountain range of the nearby hills, scattered with large and small mound tombs, these tombs, such as yi hou tomb, double dun, west smoky dun hill, the north hilltop, etc. are wu nobles of the burial place, where unearthed bronzes are both fine and more. For example, the Spring and Autumn Tomb at the top of the North Hill excavated in 1984 is considered to be the tomb of Yu Mai, the king of Wu, and 376 pieces of bronzes were unearthed from this tomb. Since this tomb was stolen in the early years, its actual number is obviously more than that. 17 pieces of bronze tripods were unearthed from the Western Zhou tomb in Dantu Dagang Muzidun in 1982, in addition to some carriages and horses and more than a hundred arrowheads, as well as bronze forks, headers and other artifacts, totaling more than a hundred pieces (Figures 5-1 and 5-2). Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, bronzes from the Wu region have shown strong local cultural characteristics, whether in terms of smelting and casting techniques or modeling and decoration. Such as copper and iron formulas, sub-casting embedded, welded and misplaced gold and other technology are at a very high level. After the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the casting of bronzes around the excellent texture, there is no lack of novelty of the shape of the device. For example, the three rounds of copper plate, three-footed ill, ?2 ill, Lishui Guangguangdun unearthed rice sieve pattern skeleton plate, Anhui Qingyang unearthed double dragon ear Zun and sheep Zun and other objects, are only in Jiangnan, unique style of novelty objects. As for the vertical ear, shallow belly, high hoof feet flared tripod and well-cast, sharp and incomparable swords, spears and other artifacts, it is the representative work of the local Yue people. Various bird-shaped knobs, mandarin duck-shaped zun, etc., strongly showing the Wu-Yue culture of the Chong bird characteristics. The geometric patterns on various objects are also a reflection of local cultural characteristics. As for the misprinted bird seal scripts on the bodies of some swords and spears, it is one of the famous features of Wu-Yue bronze wares. The bronze smelting and casting industry of Wu had a great social impact at that time, and some ancient books also have a lot of wonderful descriptions about it. When commenting on the swords of Wu and Yue, "The sword of Wu Gan (Yue) breaks oxen and horses when tested with meat, and cuts off plates when tested with gold." Zhuangzi. Carved" said: "the dry (Wu) Yue's sword, scabbard and hide, do not dare to use also, the treasure of the most also." With the famous sword craftsmen in Yue Ou Yezi, Wu dry general, "all can be a sword", "Yang for the tortoise text, Yin for the diffuse Li, a, its casting of the "dry general", "Moxie" copper sword for the world's treasures and famous all over the world. At the end of the spring and autumn period, "wu division are all text rhinoceros long shield, flat Zhu of the sword, square array and line, bronze sword and other weapons casting technology has reached its peak. In short, since the middle and late Shang Dynasty, the Yue people in Wu bronze smelting and casting industry developed very quickly. In terms of quantity, quality, shape, decoration, smelting and casting technology, to the Spring and Autumn period has reached the highest level in the same period. Belongs to the Yue's present zhejiang area, the shang dynasty and the early west has bronze bells, tripods, shimmering, goblet and other bronzes, such as in yuhang shise, wuxing dei xi, haiyan and anji and other places have sporadic discovery. These vessels are similar to those in the Central Plains during the same period, and were influenced by the culture of the Central Plains. However, the decoration has some local characteristics, such as the cloud pattern on the copper cymbals in Shise, Yuhang, which is very similar to the cloud pattern on the printed hard pottery before the Spring and Autumn Period in Zhejiang, and the decoration on the copper tripods unearthed in Anji, which has a similar situation. These wares may have been produced locally. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, with the socio-economic development of Yu Yue and the political and military rise of Yue, the local Yue people's bronze smelting and casting industry had a rapid development. In recent decades, in the former capital of the State of Yue now Shaoxing Xishi Mountain and other places found a large number of bronze. The main types of bronze sickle, shovel, chipping, hoe, trowel, plowshare, arrowheads, swords, spears, chisels and so on. Shaoxing city and the outskirts of 15 townships in the past ten years **** unearthed all kinds of weapons and agricultural tools nearly a hundred pieces. It is worth noting that the Xishi Mountain smelting crucible, confirming that this place is a bronze and even iron smelting and casting place. Some bronzes were also found in Shangyu, Zhuji, Shengxian and other neighboring places of Shaoxing. Besides, in Changxing, Xianju, Zhoushan, Hangzhou and other places in Zhejiang Province, some bronzes belonging to the Yue period have been found in recent decades. For example, in a cellar of Qiu Shan Township, Xianju County, during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, bronze plows, battle-axes, shovels, spades, chippers, chisels, saws, spears, arrowheads, crossbows, tripods, kettles and other artifacts were found. Zhoushan Island in recent years out of the Spring and Autumn period before and after the bronze spade, hoe and other agricultural tools, these agricultural tools for the double Fan co-cast, sharp edge. In addition, it is worth mentioning that the Shaoxing 306th Warring States Tomb unearthed bronze. The tomb **** out 17 pieces of bronze, including several pieces of Xu-style ware, the rest for the Yue-style ware. The bronze house model among the Yue-style wares is the most characteristic. The model is 17 centimeters high, the plane as a rectangle, 13 centimeters wide, 11.5 centimeters deep, the house depth of three rooms, the depth of each room is equal, the south side of the open, no windows and doors, the east and west sides of the rectangular lattice floor standing wall. Roof for the four slope type save cusp, the top also erected a totem pole, the top of the column molded a large tailed turtledove. The whole totem pole decorated with S-shaped pattern, gilt brilliant. Inside the house were molded with drummers, musicians and singers and so on several people, hair buns, clothing, expression face, etc. Lifelike, the characters and the proportion of the house structure is appropriate. This is a rare treasure, reflecting the high level of bronze smelting and casting craftsmanship of the Yue people at that time. Of course, as the Spring and Autumn Period Yue proud of the bronze sword casting, in the archaeological excavations have also been found accordingly. Hubei Jiangling Wangshan, vine store and other places unearthed Yue Wang Goujian sword, Yue Wang state sentence sword and the Shanghai Museum collection of Yue Wang sword, although buried in the ground two thousand ornaments have a similar situation. These artifacts may be locally produced. Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, with the social and economic development of the Yue and the political and military rise of the Yue, the local Yue people's bronze smelting and casting industry has made rapid progress. In recent decades, in the former capital of the State of Yue now Shaoxing Xishi Mountain and other places found a large number of bronze. The main types of bronze sickle, shovel, chipping, hoe, trowel, plowshare, arrowheads, swords, spears, chisels and so on. Shaoxing city and the suburbs of 15 townships in the past decade asked **** unearthed nearly 100 pieces of various types of weapons and agricultural tools. It is worth noting that the Xishi Mountain smelting crucible, confirming that this place is a bronze and even iron smelting and casting place. Some bronzes were also found in Shangyu, Zhuji, Shengxian and other neighboring places of Shaoxing. Besides, in Changxing, Xianju, Zhoushan, Hangzhou and other places in Zhejiang Province, some bronzes belonging to the Yue period have been found in recent decades. For example, in a cellar of Qiu Shan Township, Xianju County, during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, bronze plows, battle-axes, shovels, spades, chippers, chisels, saws, spears, arrowheads, crossbows, tripods, kettles and other artifacts were found. Zhoushan Island in recent years out of the Spring and Autumn period before and after the bronze spade, hoe and other agricultural tools, these agricultural tools for the double Fan co-cast, sharp edge. In addition, it is worth mentioning that the Shaoxing 306th Warring States Tomb unearthed bronze. The tomb **** out 17 pieces of bronze, including several pieces of Xu-style ware, the rest for the Yue-style ware. The bronze house model among the Yue-style wares is the most characteristic. The model is 17 centimeters high, the plane as a rectangle, 13 centimeters wide, 11.5 centimeters deep, the house depth of three rooms, the depth of each room is equal, the south side of the open, no windows and doors, the east and west sides of the rectangular lattice floor standing wall. Roof for the four slope type save cusp, the top also erected a totem pole, the top of the column molded a large tailed turtledove. The whole totem pole decorated with S-shaped pattern, gilt brilliant. Inside the house were molded with drummers, musicians and singers and so on several people, hair buns, clothing, expression face, etc. Lifelike, the characters and the proportion of the house structure is appropriate. This is a rare treasure, reflecting the high level of bronze smelting and casting craftsmanship of the Yue people at that time. Of course, as the Spring and Autumn Period Yue proud of the bronze sword casting, in the archaeological excavations have also been found accordingly. Jiangling, Hubei, Wangshan, Fujidian and other places unearthed Yue Wang Goujian sword, Yue Wang Zhoujiu sword and the Shanghai Museum collection of Yue Wang sword, although buried underground for more than 2,000 years, but still reveals the truth of its exquisite splendor, sharpness and incomparable. Changxing County found nearly ten pieces of copper sword, although unearthed in acidic soil, in addition to the appearance of a layer of water rust, are well-preserved, and some also glossy as new, sharp, shining with the year "sharp eagle, to stab is into, to hit is broken" invincible afterglow. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, Yue was a strong military and prosperous country, so the casting of weapons at that time occupies an important position. At the end of the Spring and Autumn period, Yue's military armed forces up to tens of thousands of people, if each person to a go (weighing about 0.25 kilograms) and ten arrowheads (weighing about 0.1 kilograms) calculated that the amount of bronze required by these military weaponry will be up to several tons and even dozens of tons of more.

From the documentary point of view, the relevant ancient books on the Spring and Autumn period before and after the Yuezhou bronze casting technology is also given a high evaluation.

From the documentary records, the relevant ancient books also gave a very high evaluation to the bronze smelting and casting technology of Yue before and after the Spring and Autumn Period. For example, "the mountain of red coral, broken out of the copper; Ruoye valley, dry out of the copper", and so on. Jin Wang Jia "Gleanings" said Fan Li phase Yue, "copper and iron and so on, accumulation of mountains and foo". The famous sword maker Ou Yezi cast all kinds of famous swords, more attention and praise. For example, "Gouzi" said, "Duke Huan's onion, Duke Taigong's record, Duke Zhuang's cold, and Helu's dry generals, Moxie, Juque, and Piezhuang, all of which are good swords of the ancient times." At that time, the famous sword Xue Candle praised Ou Yezi casting "fish intestines", "giant que" and other famous swords, said: "Look at its sheet metal, rotten as the line of stars, look at its light, muddy as the water overflowing in the pond." Therefore, "even though the amount of gold in the city, jade and pearls exhausted river, but can not get" one of the sword of the king of Yue. A generation of master craftsmen Ou Yezi therefore also became a typical symbol of the developed bronze smelting and casting industry in Yue, the ancients issued a "ten sharp sword, not as clever as the Ou Yezi" exclamation. In short, the development level of the bronze smelting and casting industry in Yue during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties was very high, and it could be compared with the bronze smelting and casting level of Yue people in Wu during the same period. Of course, due to the reasons that there are not many underground deposits or archaeological excavations, it is slightly inferior to Wu in terms of quantity and variety. However, this is not enough to deny the high level of bronze smelting and casting in Yue. Because to a certain extent, the mark of the level of smelting and casting lies in the smelting and casting process but not in the number. During the Spring and Autumn period in Yue's bronze smelting and casting technology level to a generation of master craftsmen such as Ou Yezi as a representative, enough to be comparable with Wu's dry generals such as Moxie, this fact whether in the archaeological discovery or documentary records have been fully affirmed.

Belonging to the scope of the Yang Yue now Jiangxi region, since the middle and late Shang Dynasty since the beginning of the emergence of bronze smelting and casting activities. Discovered a few years ago Ruichang ancient copper mine site, the earliest age can be traced back to the middle of the Shang Dynasty, which is so far known to China's earliest copper mining and metallurgical sites. Because of this ancient copper mine site mining surface is large, the output is also more, reflecting the early Yang Yue people bronze smelting and casting level is not low. The main archaeological remains marking the bronze smelting and casting activities of the Yang Yue people in Jiangxi region during the Shang Dynasty include the Wucheng site and the bronze artifacts unearthed from a large Shang tomb discovered in Dayangzhou, Xingan County, Jiangxi Province at the end of 1989. Qingjiang County, Wucheng culture site unearthed copper adzes, axes, chisels, go, spears, Pei and other small bronze, accompanied by some of the stone molds and ceramic molds, confirming that these bronzes are indeed the local Yue people casting. Jiangxi Xin Gan County Oceania found in the Shang dynasty tomb, is one of the Jiangnan region in the past 20 years important archaeological discoveries, its significance is very significant. According to reports, the tomb is located in the center of the towering sand dunes, the interior has a coffin, a coffin, a variety of artifacts in the chamber are regularly distributed. Among them, 485 pieces of bronze, 754 pieces of jade (pieces), 356 pieces of pottery were unearthed. The number of bronzes, more categories, the shape of the strange, fine decoration, high level of casting, known as the crown of the Shang tombs in Jiangnan, in the country is still rare. Bronze has the style of the middle and late Shang Dynasty, ware type has square tripod, round belly tripod, false belly beans, four sheep base, Tiliang halo, straight within the go,觑, li, ampoule, cymbal, knife, hoe, goblet, short sword, single-winged arrowheads, boots, plowshares, and so on, many of these types of Shang graves unearthed in the country is unprecedented. Artifact patterns and decorative accessories on the tiger's sculptural animal images are extremely prevalent, unique band swallow-shaped pattern is also very common. Analyzing from the fact that many of the objects are densely covered with geometric cloud and thunder patterns and other common patterns of Yuezhi, and that the casting was made by using ceramic molds and stone molds, these bronzes should be a part of the bronze culture of Wucheng, which is a remnant of the indigenous bronze culture of southern China that was closely related to the Yinshang culture.

Some of these bronzes unearthed from the Shang tombs in Xingan are similar to their counterparts in the Central Plains, reflecting the influence and infiltration of the Central Plains Shang culture on the Yue culture in the south. In addition, there are also quite a number of objects belonging to the Yue culture system, such as the cymbal with upturned tail of cloud pattern, scraper, arrowheads with two wing blades of one long and one short, ploughheads, and boot-shaped vessels, flat-footed tripods with standing ears decorated with tiger carvings, etc., which are all in unique styles. The discovery of this batch of bronze Xin Gan Shang tomb, strongly confirms the ancient part of the Yue people in the middle and late Shang Dynasty already have a relatively high level of bronze smelting and casting technology, the Yang Yue people's bronze smelting and casting industry at this time has been more developed, the level of casting of certain bronze, and even more than the same period of the central plains of the level of Shang culture.

The late Western Zhou to the Warring States period, this area of the Yue people's bronze smelting and casting level is still a certain development progress. Ruichang copper ridge ancient mining and metallurgy at this time is still mining smelting, this period around the main types of bronze knives, arrowheads, spears, chisels, bells, identification, hooks, tripods, disks and so on. From the shape of the artifacts, qingjiang wucheng a unearthed a phoenix and bird-shaped catching hand bronze cover phoenix and bird shape and the body of the variant animal face pattern have strong local characteristics. Bronzes from the Spring and Autumn period, such as those unearthed in Qingjiang and Jing'an, are clearly influenced by the Wu-Yue culture. Qingjiang Linjiang town also has "work fishing" that is "hook Wu" and other inscriptions of the bronze bell 11 pieces, the obvious Department of Wu passes on. In short, belonging to the Yang Yue land of Jiangxi area, in the Baiyue national system, the beginning of its bronze metallurgy and casting industry earlier, the development level is also higher, in the Baiyue bronze metallurgy and casting history occupies an important position. As for the important Ruichang Ancient Mining and Metallurgy in this area, the mining and smelting condition of this copper mine will be further introduced below.

Belonging to the MinYue's present-day Fujian, Taiwan and southeast Zhejiang part of the region, the Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties also have some bronze smelting and casting activities. See in Fuqing DongZhang site of three pieces of bronze and Taiwan Yuanshan culture site of the upper layer of bronze biplane arrowheads and rings and other small pieces of bronze, when the MinYue region so far found the earliest age of the bronze, it is about when the Shang dynasty or a little bit later time. 1978 from the chongan county to take down the body of a WuYiShan ship coffins, you can obviously see axe chisel chopping and planing traces, indicating that the end of the Shang dynasty at the beginning of the early Zhou dynasty, local yueyue may also have been manufactured and utilized part of the small bronze tools used for and use part of the small bronze tools for wood manufacturing. Western Zhou to Qin and Han period of bronze in Fujian gloss, Chong'an, Pucheng, Zhenghe, Datian, Jian'ou, Fu'an, Minhou, Fuzhou, Nan'an, Zhangpu, Wuping and other places have sporadic discovery, the main type of adze, axe, spear, chipping, swords, daggers, arrowheads, trowels, bells and so on. Most of these artifacts are small and few in number, totaling about 30 or 40 pieces. Batches of unearthed bronzes can only be found in a batch of artifacts discovered in 1974 in Daying Village, Nan'an County, with 5 pieces of go, 2 pieces of chi, 1 piece of spear, 2 pieces of dagger, 2 pieces of adze, 8 pieces of bell, and a few pieces of jade go, Juan and other artifacts. These copper has a strong local color, such as two pieces of copper adze are made of long strip with a section, and the Neolithic period with a section of the stone adze is very similar. Near the inner wall of the copper chi is decorated with net-like pattern, the surface of the copper bell is decorated with zigzag pattern and wave pattern, which are similar to the local Indian hard pottery pattern. Therefore, we can be sure that this batch of copper for the local Yue people casting, the era when the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period. At the time of Qin and Han, Chongan Seoul has some iron smelting remains, but the bronze is rare, in recent years, archaeological excavations have only seen a few bells wash car decorative remnants, etc., and pottery, iron disproportionate. South East Zhejiang Linhai County Anyang, Luojiang and Taiwan Yizhou Yue people, to the Three Kingdoms period, according to "Linhai water and soil records": "its land is also out of copper and iron, the only use of antler spears to fight ear." However, the local Yue people's production tools and weapons, still mostly bone, stone tools, copper and iron is rare. From the above analysis, it can be seen that the business weeks, Qin and Han Min Yue region of the bronze smelting and casting industry in more than a thousand years is always underdeveloped, their smelting and casting activities are still largely in the casting of a small number of small artifacts on the level of casting objects are also more rough and unrefined, and the Yue Yue and Wu Yue and other places of the Yue people's bronze smelting and casting industry is not comparable to the.

Located in the southeast of zhejiang, dongou, and minyue belong to the east yue ethnic group. In the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period before Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty sealed the king of Dong'ou, there were also some Yue people living and breathing in the area. Linhai city on the mountain Feng spring and autumn and warring states site found in two cellar, out of bronze sword, spear, shovel, hoe, shovel, saw, plow-shaped ware, kettle, tripod, pier and cake copper nearly 50 kilograms. Yuhuan County, Sanhetan upper site out of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of bronze swords, spears, spade, hoe, shovel, arrowheads, chisels, fish spikes, fish hooks, axes, battle-axes, adzes and other artifacts. These artifacts may be related to the spring and autumn period of yu yue, but the continued existence of these bronzes, the bronze smelting and casting industry of the dong ou people will also have a certain positive impact, so up to the three kingdoms, lin hai county of an yang, luojiang and other places of "anjia zhimin" will be "its land is also out of the copper and iron," although the smelting and casting industry in these areas is not very developed.

Belonging to the Yang Yue's Hunan, Hubei part of the region, the Shang and Zhou period, although the local mixed with some Pu, Yue nationality, but some of the Yue people living in this place in the bronze casting activities are still more retained the cultural style of the nation, the two areas of Yue bronze still have a lot of the number. For example, at the Western Zhou site of Lingjiaotang in Zuling, Hunan Province, there are typical Yue-style tripods with standing ears, shallow bellies and bar-shaped feet. In Zixing and other places in the Yue people's tombs have also been unearthed. In addition, the two sites also produced artifacts such as silkworm-type zuns, geometric jugs, Yue king's swords, spears, and other artifacts. The middle ridge of the spear is often decorated with a deformed shovel coin-like pattern, on which is decorated with a "king" shape, or inscribed with the word "Yue Wang", so it is called "Yue Wang Spear". This kind of spear in changsha liucheng bridge, yiyang xinqiao, ningxiang, hengyang zhoujia graveyard mountain and so on are found, modeling and decoration and the south yueyue and other places of the same kind of ware is basically the same. Boot-shaped copper axe in Hengshan, Jianghua Tuogang, Leiyang and other places have been found, which graphic decorations of the figure of the axe and battle-axe, wearing a ring head knife, out of the thorn bushes. Vietnamese shovels in Xiangxiang, Zuoling, Qiyang, Changde, Shaoyang, Wugang and other places have been found, indicating that the distribution of the Yue people as far as the Yuan River Basin. The copper drum excavated in Chongyang, Hubei, and Fujian Minhou Huangtulun Shang Zhou site excavated pottery drum model shape is almost the same, and Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, 306th Warring States Tomb excavated in the model of the copper drum in the copper house is also more similar to them are a horizontal olive-shaped drum body, under the drum frame, and the West Ou Luoyue and other excavated copper drums are different, belongs to a different kind of Yue-style drums. Hubei Daye tonglushan site after many archaeological excavations, unearthed a lot of ancient mining and metallurgical site relics, including copper refining vertical furnace and copper and ironware, etc. In 1985, southeast E's Yangxin County, rich pool town and found under the port of the ancient copper mine site, cleaned out the shaft, flat lane and copper adzes, chipping and other relics and relics. Southeast E region of the earliest age of ancient copper mine may be as early as the late Western Zhou Dynasty, and this period active in this area is the inhabitants of the Yang Yue people rather than the Chu people, so some scholars believe that the Tonglushan copper mine is the first by the Yue people mining and then change hands in the Chu people.

From the general situation, the Shang and Zhou period is located in Hunan, Hubei part of the Yang Yue people, there has been a certain scale of bronze smelting and casting industry, ware and manufacturing style has obvious Yue cultural characteristics. In the number of Wu, Yue region can not be comparable, but also not a few. Such as 1978 excavation of Zixing old city of spring and autumn tombs, 20 with burial goods in the tomb *** out of 60 pieces of bronze, ware type tripod, spear, go, arrowheads, upsetting, sword, adze, axe, cut, battle-axe, copper bar, copper sheet, etc., copper accounted for the total number of unearthed objects 52%. Of course, from the existing archaeological data, Yang Yue people's bronze metallurgy casting industry's greatest achievement when the mining of copper, this aspect of the situation will be introduced below.

South Vietnam is about today's Guangdong and part of the border with Guangxi, since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the local Yue people in the Central Plains and the Chu culture under the direct and indirect influence of the bronze smelting and casting industry began to start, to the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States, Qin and Han, to reach a very high level. It is known that the earliest age of the South Vietnam region when the earliest bronze Rao Ping unearthed a copper go, its casting rough, modeling style is different from the Central Plains mainland, when the local products, the age of about the end of the Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty, indicating that at this time there has been a bronze smelting and casting activities. During the spring and autumn period, the south yueyang region of the bronze smelting and casting industry began to have a great development, at this time the bronze whether in quality, quantity, have reached a new height. Qingyuan Matougang had successively discovered two tombs from the late Spring and Autumn period to the early Warring States period, both of which had bronze ware as the main burial object. Since then, 38 tombs of the same period have been found in Zhaoqing, Sihui, Longchuan, Luoding, Foshan, Huaji, etc., *** out of 879 pieces of cultural relics, of which 719 pieces of bronze, accounting for more than 80% of the total. These artifacts are tripods, sins, Jian, yi, pots, plates, fou, chimes, gongs, swords, spears, arrowheads, battle-axes, axes, chisels, sharpening knives, daggers, heads of columnar apparatus and so on up to more than 50 kinds of, of which the majority of weaponry and tools, up to as many as 593 pieces. With guangdong near neighboring guangxi, hunan and other parts of the junction area, also out of some of the bronze, such as guanyang, hexian, kongcheng and other places unearthed hoe, rao, zun, head of the column shaped ware, and so on. Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of the South Vietnam region of the bronze component is more complex, these artifacts have for the Central Plains, Chu and even the Yangtze River Basin region of the flow of people, some with the West Ou, Locke Yue and even Southwest Yunnan Pu nationality has a certain relationship. But from the mainstream point of view, should see the local Yue cultural factors in the bronze still occupies an important position. Such as around the excavation of the knife, with ear tube, round spherical ware, the head of the column-shaped ware, Yue Ding, "king" spear, etc., are very local characteristics. The "Wang" spears, the human head-shaped columns with tattooed faces and ears, and the ear tubes decorated with hooked thunder patterns and S-shaped circular swirls unearthed from the tombs of Luoding, Sihui Bird's Nest, Ma Tougang of Qingyuan, and Songshan of Beiling of Zhaoqing, etc., can be said to be representative of the Yue-style bronzes of the South Vietnamese region at this time (Figs. 5-3, 5-4, and 5-5). Of course, on the whole, at this time, the bronze smelting and casting industry in South Vietnam is still in its infancy, and the pace of development is relatively slow. Because by the central plains, chu land, west ou luo yue and southwestern hundred pu and other nationalities of the influence of multiple, its bronze smelting and casting of the cultural connotation of the complexity of some special, which is wu, yue, min yue and other places did not happen.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, although the bronze smelting and casting industry in South Vietnam was challenged by the emerging iron, its level of development did not stagnate, and to a certain extent, there was still some developmental progress. Among the 182 tombs discovered in Guangzhou in recent decades during the early Western Han period, 90 of them produced bronze wares, including containers, containers, cooking wares, daily wares, weapons, cutting wares, car decorations, musical instruments, costumes, coins, and so on. Among them, there are about six to seven hundred pieces, including ampoules, pots, flat pots, garlic-mouth vases, franciums, bottles, goblets, tipples, helmets, kettles, cauldrons, pots, pans, squints, silkworms, tripods, washings, smokers, swords, gorges, spears, headers, crossbows, arrowheads, chippings, adzes, all kinds of vehicle ornaments, bells, raisers, chicken-shaped buttons, bronze medals, figurines, strap hooks, finger rings, seals, mirrors, beads, half-twos, brass hats and bars, etc. In the tomb of the King of the Southern Yue Dynasty in Guangzhou, which was discovered in 1983, numerous bronze objects were discovered, making us realize that the tomb of the King of the Southern Yue Dynasty is the most famous one in China. The discovery of the tomb of the South Vietnamese King in Guangzhou in 1983 unearthed a large number of bronzes, giving us a new understanding of the bronze smelting and casting industry in the South Vietnamese period. According to reports, the tomb of the king of South Vietnam unearthed bronze mirror, smoker, tube, basin, beads, arrowheads, swords, crossbows, projectiles, frames, lamps, hooks, tripods, identify, square furnace, ill, goblet, spoon, car ornaments, account hooks, button bell, bells, cymbals, hammers, franciscus, ampoule, pots, pots, helmets, washes, saws, pestles, mortar, gong-shaped, upsetting the shape of the device, the card ornaments and so on three or four, excluding arrowheads and other small pieces of equipment is not counted, but also a good few hundred pieces. This batch of bronze in addition to a small part of the chu and the central plains mainland production, most of the local casting. For example, many tripods, francium, etc. engraved with "Fanyu Shao Nei", "Fanyu" and other inscriptions. A set of 8 pieces of copper cymbals, engraved with "Emperor Wendi nine years of Lefu Gongzuo" inscription. Emperor Wendi that is, Emperor Wendi of South Vietnam, nine years that is, Han Yuan Guang six years (129 BC). Large square furnace plate length 61 centimeters, width 52.5 centimeters, circumference cast coiled dragon pattern, each side of the pave the head to mention the ring, the bottom of the furnace has four activities of the copper wheel, can be pushed. With the small square furnace unearthed together, the furnace stuffed with loess mud model, indicating that these furnaces without going to the model to deal with the human burial, apparently for the local casting. South Yue Wang Tomb unearthed this batch of copper, many objects with distinctive local characteristics, such as the tube, Yue-style tripod, etc., for the pre-Qin Lingnan and other traditional Yue ware. Many of the bronze ware is very large, complex casting technology, a wide range of components. Such as the Vietnamese tripod, 55 cm high, caliber 51.7 cm. The bottom of the furnace with a copper wheel to promote the large square furnace, the complex structure of the copper support lamp, screen frame, etc., all reflecting the Han Dynasty, the South Vietnamese people's bronze smelting and casting technology has reached a high level (Figure 5-6, Figure 5-7, Figure 5-8)