Chaoshan traditional dwellings

Traditional folk houses in Chaoshan rural areas have various styles, all of which are named after vivid names, such as "Four Horses Trailer", "Four Golden Points", "Shanglugen" and "Climbing the Lion". One, four cents "four cents" is a unique village residence, which can only be built by wealthy families in the old society. The architectural pattern of "Golden Four Points" is a bit like quadrangles in Beijing. Generally, there are walls around, where Yang Cheng and water wells are drilled. There are "wall bellies" on the left and right sides of the gate; The entrance is the front hall, and the rooms on both sides are called the front hall; Then there is an empty patio, one on each side and a kitchen, called "eight-foot room"; The other room, as a woodshed, is generally called a "hand room"; Behind the patio is the hall with a big room on each side. There are many kinds of "four-cent gold" buildings: there are only four main rooms before and after, no hand room and eight-foot room, and the four halls are facing the patio, which is called "four-hall meeting"; If the front and rear rooms are equipped with eight-foot rooms and hand-held rooms, it is called "four-water spray" and the eight rooms are changed into ten rooms. If you build a house around "four cents", it is called "four cents plus one bag". Secondly, the construction of "Shanglugen" houses in Shanglugen is more common in Chaoshan rural areas. The architectural pattern is simpler than the "four-cent gold", with two anterior chambers missing, and the rest are basically the same. "Shanglugen" has the difference between opening the main entrance and the side door because of its different access. Usually, the door is not opened in the middle, and only the two sides are called "Dragon Humen", and some front doors are opened on both sides. Three, four-horse trailer "four-horse trailer" is also called "three falls, two fires and one backpack", which is the complexity of "four cents". Cai Zemin's Chaozhou Custom Records describes in detail the pattern and function of "three falls, two fires, one lane and one backpack": "fall" is Chaoshan dialect, which means to enter immediately. The first entrance has a concave doorway, commonly known as the "gatehouse belly". Entering the gate, there is a transition hall in the middle and a' reflection' in the middle. There is a house on the left and right, called' Front Hall'. Between the first entrance and the second entrance, there are patios and left and right corridors. There is a fire lane at the front end of the corridor. The door of the left corridor is called Qinglong Gate, and the door of the right corridor is called Baihumen, commonly known as Longhumen. After the patio, there is the second entrance. The second entrance is a hall two rooms wide, with a house called' Big Room' on each side. The front and back of the main hall are separated by eight Zen doors. There is also a patio between the second entrance and the third entrance. There is a north-south hall on the left and right sides of the patio, and there is a' hand room' at the front and rear ends of the north-south hall to connect the front and rear large rooms. The structure of Sanjin is the same as that of the binary system, except that there is a long and narrow dark room behind the Sanjin Hall, which is called' Houku'. There are doors on the left and right sides of the back bin to connect the back bag. On both sides of the main building, there is a row of parallel houses called Huoxiang, which is connected with the main building through the internal and external descendant doors between Longhumen and Cuohou. The back bag refers to a row of houses behind three entrances. The whole building pattern is like a four-horse carriage, hence the name' four-horse trailer' ". Each part of the "four-horse trailer" building has its special function. The first' reflection' is to block the sight of passers-by and guests and prevent the room from being unobstructed. The corridor is where the host and visiting guests park. North and South halls are usually used to receive guests, while important meetings and discussions of elders are held in Erjin and Sanjin halls. The Sanjin Hall also set up an ancestral shrine to worship the ancestors. On holidays, when ancestors die and family members want to go abroad, they should open a niche door to worship or "say goodbye" to their ancestors. Family members who have done immoral things should be brought to justice, and they should also open shrines to burn incense so that they can repent their sins in front of their ancestors. The back garage is a place where coffins can be parked at funerals. The big room in the main building is occupied by the elders, the highest elder generally lives in Sanjinfu, and the other rooms are occupied by the younger generation. The living rooms such as the mill, kitchen, bathroom and toilet are all concentrated in the fire lane on the left. When there is a happy event at home, everyone enters the Zen cave in the hall. The funeral is more grand, not only to unload the "reflection", but also to unload the Zen gate at each entrance. All the patios are paved on the floor, and tents are put on the patios. In this way, the 123 has formed a spacious space, which is convenient for all kinds of activities. Generally speaking, the front of the main building is low and the back is high, and three stone steps are added every floor, which is convenient to highlight the main hall. More importantly, it is necessary to prevent the front cover from being covered and ensure the lighting after. The back package is designed to protect the main building and prevent theft. Of course, a large-scale house like this is out of the interest of ordinary people. The existing relatively complete "four-horse trailer" can be seen in the "former residence of Lord Cifu" in Longdu Town, Chenghai County. Whether it is the "Four Golden Points" or the "Shanglugen", Chaoshan dwellings have a prominent feature that they pay great attention to decoration, so they are called "the palace of Beijing and the home of Chaoshan people". Purlins should be painted red and rafters should be painted blue, so they are called "red truss blue rafters". There are five different shapes of gold, wood, water, earth and fire at the ridge end of the gable alone. Graceful five-star ridge ornaments, gables and eaves are inlaid with porcelain. Porcelain inlay is a Chaoshan folk craft. Various stereoscopic images, such as flowers, birds, animals, insects, fish and people, are pasted on some main parts of the roof with tiles of various colors. The shape is vivid and vivid. In addition to inlaying porcelain, there are sculptures, and various images are carved on some wooden structures of the building, which makes the whole building full of artistic flavor and antique, just like a palace building. Also worth mentioning is Rao Ping's Bamboo Measures. This kind of house is a long and tall house in a straight row, just like a bamboo pole lying flat. According to the needs of the family, the house can be divided into several compartments for use. Raoping has a lot of land near the sea, and the sea breeze is very strong, so many houses are made of stone and very strong. The architectural orientation of Chaoshan folk houses is generally south to east and south. This can block the cold north wind in winter and accept the cool south wind in summer. Folk houses also have the custom of planting trees, which is called "town house tree". Longan and guava are the most common. Longan is also called longan, which means good luck. Guava has many children, which means to have more children. Avoid planting neem and bitter words, for fear of misfortune; Also avoid planting peach trees. It is said that peach trees are easy to refine, confuse men and cause disasters.