What are the literati?

Pingming, regular characters, Chu people in the Warring States period. It is said that he is from Zigui, Hubei. He was born into a noble family and used to be a leftist and a doctor in San Lv. When he was pregnant with the king, he advocated joining the Qin Dynasty, selecting talents and appointing talents. However, it was rejected by nobles, slandered by Shanxi merchants and others, and exiled to northern Han, so Li Sao was written to show loyalty. Xiang Xiang was recalled when she became king, and exiled to Jiangnan after being slandered by Shangguan doctor. Finally, because he couldn't bear to watch the country fall, Shi Huai sank into the Guluo River and died. The anniversary of his death became a traditional festival to commemorate him-"Dragon Boat Festival". His important works include Li Sao, Nine Chapters and Tian Wen, which have great influence on later literature.

Li Sao is the representative work of Qu Yuan and the longest lyric poem in ancient China, with more than 2,400 words. This is a romantic work. Vivid metaphor, magnificent language, exaggeration and boldness, and a large number of myths and legends and stories of historical figures are integrated into the poem, which makes the poem ups and downs, ever-changing and magnificent. Qu Yuan created the Sao style, that is, "Chu Ci", which opened up infinite space for the creation of later poets.

Li Bai (70 1-762)

"The son of the article, Li Jieren. When the earth opens, clouds evaporate and rain falls. Sowing everything is great. Ingenious nature, manpower and application? Another example is the long river, which is boundless. Ten thousand diarrhea, especially at the end. As for words, as for this. In high spirits, carry forward the lofty "Song" generation Li interpersonal ".

Almost no one in China does not know about Li Bai, because Li Bai was a great poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and had an important position and far-reaching influence in the history of China's poetry development. He was the first poet in China.

The word "Li Bai" is "Taibai" and is called "Qinglian layman". He was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (northwest of Qin 'an, Gansu), and his ancestors fled to Suiye (near Kyrgyzstan and tokmak today) during the war at the end of Sui Dynasty, where Li Bai was born. As a teenager, Li Bai was gifted and had a wide range of interests, such as "reading strange books", "wandering immortals" and "being good at fencing". In the first year of Tang Zhongzong Shenlong (705), the family moved to Mianzhou, Sichuan, where they were sacrificed by Hanlin. Because it is called "Li Hanlin". He is known as "the immortal in the sky", and later generations also call him "Li Chenxian". However, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty only asked Li Bai and others to send a letter to Hanlin, the minister of the Chapter Department, and Li Bai's ambition could not be realized. Li Bai's personality is arrogant, and he can't stand the life of "making eyes at the eyebrows and bending his back to serve the dignitaries". Three years later, Li Bai was ruined by slander, so he invited himself back to the mountain and left Chang 'an. He can only visit the mountains and immortals and drink crazy songs to relieve his grief and indignation. But he never gave up his dream of making contributions and becoming an extraordinary person. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, Li Bai was invited to Lilin, the shogunate of Wang Yong, and thought he had a chance to make contributions. , reciting the heroic poem "but using Dongshan Xie Anshi to laugh at Jinghu Sand for you". After Wang Yong's army was destroyed by Tang Suzong, Li Bai was also implicated in prison, and was later pardoned on his way to exile Yelang. Until the age of sixty-one, Li Bai also asked to join the army, hoping to have a "one-knife use", but he turned back due to illness and failed to do so. At the age of sixty-two, he was ordered by his uncle to stay in the Li family (dangtu county, Maanshan, Anhui).

Now there are more than 990 poems and songs by Li Bai. There are a lot of political lyric poems, which fully show the poet's extraordinary ambition, unrestrained passion and chivalrous spirit, and also represent the typical tone of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai has a strong sense of self and compares himself with Dapeng many times. "One day, Dapeng rises with the wind and goes straight to Wan Li" and "Li Yong". However, Li Bai's frustration in Chang 'an for three years turned his full political enthusiasm into a wild song of grief and indignation when he was hit by reality again, and it gushed out from his chest: "The road is like a blue sky, and there is no way out in front of me. I am ashamed to follow those who have no courage, fighting chickens and dogs to bet on pears, and I want to return home with no fish to eat. Zhou Busi succumbed to the gentry. Li Bai also used a hearty drinking poem to dispel the sadness of his talent. "Into the wine": "Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he likes, and never point his golden cup at the moon! Since God has given talents, let them be used! , spin one thousand silver, all back! Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a long drink! " It is in line with this unrestrained emotional momentum. The remarkable characteristics of Li Bai's poems in artistic techniques are: magical imagination, endless changes, vertical and horizontal structure and patchwork sentence patterns, which form a magnificent and elegant style. Climbing Tianmu Mountain in the Dream:

"In a straight line to heaven, its peak enters heaven, with five holy peaks on top, and casts a shadow in China. The Paradise Terrace Mountains are 100 miles long, and it is here that they begin to extend to the southeast. My heart and my dream are in Wu Heyue, and they cross Jinghu Lake on a moonlit night. The moon lit up my shadow and I came to Yanhe. Xie 'an is still there, with a loud voice and rippling blue waves. Xie, climbed Yun Lan's ladder. Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space. Countless peaks and more valleys, there is no road, flowers tempt me, and rocks relax me. The day suddenly ended. Bears, dragons and storms on mountains and rivers disturb forests and shake mountains. Clouds are darkened by rain, and streams are pale by fog. The god of thunder and lightning shattered the whole mountain range, and the stone gate fell apart and leaked into the sinkhole. An impenetrable shadow, but now the sun and the moon illuminate a golden and silver terrace. Dressed in colorful clothes and riding the wind, all the queens of the clouds came down one by one, with tigers playing pipa and phoenixes dancing. Row after row, like a hemp field, lined with fairy figures. When the big dream first woke up, the dreamland disappeared, which led to the understanding of the world of life: "People's happiness is always like this, and thousands of waters flow eastward in Qian Shan", "Alas, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials who will never be shown with honesty?". This feature of Li Bai's Dream Falling from the Sky has greatly developed Zhuangzi's fable, Qu Yuan's first romantic spirit and expression techniques, and also incorporated the Taoist immortal image, which has amazing artistic charm and won the praise of a generation of "poetic immortals".

Li Bai's poems and songs have diverse themes. His seven-character ancient poems (Shu Dao Nan, Tian Mu Shan Meng Deng, Jiang, Yin, etc. ); Five-character ancient poems (59 ancient styles); There are some poems in Yuefu folk songs in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, such as Long March and Midnight Wu Ge. And seven-character quatrains (looking at Lushan Waterfall, looking at Tianmen Mountain, making Baidi City as early as possible, etc. ) became masterpieces in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was already famous in the Tang Dynasty. His poem "There is no set volume, but every family has it". He is the first poet in China's poetry.

Du Fu

(7 12~770)

Poets in Tang Dynasty. Beautiful words. Originally from Xiangyang (now Hubei), he was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province. Because he once lived in Shaoling, south of Chang 'an, he was recommended by Yanwu as a festival staff, and was recommended by Yuan Wailang of the Ministry of Industry. Later generations called it Du Shaoling and Du Gongbu.

Du Fu, the grandson of the famous poet Du Fu, was born in a family with literary tradition. He studied poetry at the age of 7 and became famous at the age of 15. After the age of 20, there are four periods.

From the 19th year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (73 1) to the 4th year of Tianbao (745), Du Fu lived a romantic life. He has roamed wuyue, Qi and Zhao successively. In the meantime, I failed to go to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam. Tianbao and Li Bai have been friends in Luoyang for three years. We broke up the next autumn and never met again. There are more than 20 poems of Du Fu in this period, most of which are five laws and five ancient poems, represented by Wang Yue.

From five to fourteen years in Tianbao, Du Fu was trapped in Chang 'an and was down and out. He keeps buttering up powerful people to get promoted. I have been trying to "move" for six years; In ten years, he presented three articles of "Da Li Fu", which Xuanzong appreciated and ordered the Prime Minister to try; But nothing came of it. It was not until October of the fourteenth year, one month before the Anshi Rebellion, that You Weicai led Cao to join the army. Frustration in official career and personal hunger and cold made him objectively realize the corruption of the rulers and the sufferings of the people, and made him gradually become a poet who cares about the country and the people. The creation has undergone profound and great changes. Immortal masterpieces such as Military Vehicle Shop, Liangwei Road, Qiandi, Houdi, from Beijing to Fengxian, and famous cautionary sentences such as "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road freezes to death" have emerged. There are about 100 poems handed down in this period, most of which are ancient poems with five words and seven sentences.

From Su Zong to Deyuanzai (756) and then to Gan Yuan (759), the Anshi Rebellion was the most prosperous. Du Fu also experienced hardships, but his creative achievements were enormous. After the fall of Chang 'an, he went north to Lingwu to go to Suzong, but he was caught halfway, trapped by thieves for nearly half a year, and then fled from Chang 'an to Fengxiang Suzong, where he was picked up by Zuo. Soon after, he almost died because of the case of the house. After the recovery of Chang 'an, he returned to Beijing as his original post. In May 758, Foreign Minister Zhou Hua Sigong joined the army and bid farewell to Chang 'an. During this period, Du Fu had a clearer understanding of reality, and successively wrote such famous works as Sad Chen Tao, Spring Hope, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Three Officials and Three Farewells. In 759, Guan Fu went hungry and Du Fu was disappointed with politics. After beginning of autumn resigned, he passed through Qin Zhou and Tonggu and arrived in Chengdu at the end of the year. There are more than 200 poems handed down during this period, most of which are masterpieces of Du Fu's poems.

Du Fu spent eight years and three years in Jingxiang during the period from the first year of Shang Yuan in Su Zong (760) to the fifth year of Dali in Dai Zong (770) 1 1. In the spring of 760, he built a thatched cottage near Huanhuaxi, Chengdu, and lived intermittently for five years. In the meantime, he exiled Zizhou and Langchang. In 765, after the death of Yanwu, Du Fu lost his support and left Chengdu with his family. He stayed in Yun 'an due to illness and moved to Kuizhou the following spring. In 768, he left the gorge, moved to Jiangling and Gongan, and arrived in Yueyang at the end of the year. In the last two years of his life, he had no fixed abode. Wandering between Yueyang, Changsha, Hengyang and Leiyang, I spent most of my time on the boat. In the winter of 770, Du Fu died on a ship from Changsha to Yueyang at the age of 59. Before his death, he wrote a 36-rhyme long poem "Sleeping on the Shocking Boat". There is a sentence that "the blood of the war is still there, and the sound of the military is still moving", and he still thinks about the national disaster. During the period of 1 1, he wrote more than 1000 poems (including more than 430 Kuizhou poems), accounting for five-sevenths of all Du Fu's poems. Most of them are quatrains and metrical poems, and there are also long sentences. His representative works include Song of Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Imperial Army Recovering the Banks of the Yellow River, Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity, Ascending the Mountain, and Revealing Wu Lang again.

Du Fu wrote more than 1400 poems. It profoundly reflects the social panorama of more than 20 years before and after the Anshi Rebellion in Tang Dynasty, and vividly records Du Fu's life experience. Closely combine social reality with personal life to realize the perfect unity of ideological content and artistic form; Represents the highest achievement of Tang poetry. It is called "the history of poetry" by later generations. However, Du Fu did not narrate objectively, but wrote history with poems. It reflects the reality profoundly and widely, and expresses its subjective feelings through unique artistic means. Just as Pu Qilong said: "Poems of Shaoling are a person's temperament, and things of the Three Dynasties must be sent to others" (reading). Since the late Tianbao period, Du Fu has created a large number of poems on current affairs. Short stories such as Washing Horses, Love, Being the Tao, Three Jueju, Sick Orange, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Appearing as Wu Lang, etc., while novels such as Shuhuai in Kuizhou, Wangzai, Cottage and Mourning have different contents. There are a lot of war themes in Du Fu's poems. Du Fu has different attitudes towards different kinds of wars. Those who oppose the imperial court's belligerence and consume national strength are "Garage Shop" and "Going to the Foot of the Backyard". Two poems, Watching An Xi Soldiers Go to Guanzhong and Stand by, Watching Soldiers and The Year of National subjugation, supported the suppression of rebellion and resistance to foreign aggression. Two groups of poems, Before the Frontier and After the Frontier, not only praised the bravery of the soldiers, but also condemned the insatiable frontier expansion of the king and the arrogance and extravagance of the lords. The confession of a soldier sums up the unfortunate fate of countless brave soldiers. In "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", the poet sympathizes with the people's sufferings and hates barbaric Latin; However, due to the current situation of the enemy and the shortage of troops, he can only comfort the conscripts with tears. It shows the sharp and complicated contradictions and conflicts in the author's heart. Du Fu has many poems praising nature. The object of singing is often related to oneself and current events, and it is a blend of feelings, scenes and events, not just scenes. The most representative ones are Spring Hope and Sword Gate.

Du Fu also has some poems praising painting, music, architecture, dance, utensils and agricultural production, which also focus on the author's feelings and have the characteristics of the times. There are also some poems in Du Ji, which are not strong in the flavor of the times and indifferent in personal feelings, especially some poems written in Chengdu Caotang. This is the expression of his mood after he got a temporary rest after a long wandering. In his poems, such as Screen Trace, For Agriculture, Tian She, Xu Bu, Heart of Water Threshold, Afterward Tour and Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, the poet has a delicate observation on the dynamics of flowers, trees, birds, animals, fish and insects, and has infinite love and profound experience. It embodies the other side of Du Fu's poetry and life. Du Fu's poems about missing relatives and friends are mostly sentimental and spoony. For example, I miss his wife on a moonlit night, and my brother misses his younger brother on a moonlit night. Among many poems and songs about cherishing friends, the most outstanding one is to commemorate Li Bai. From breaking up with Li Bai to his later years, there were 15 poems that remembered or talked about Li Bai. Showed his admiration and friendship for Li Bai. Du Fu also commented on poetry, and expressed his artistic thoughts of "benefiting from many teachers" and "tailoring for the body" in "Play is six quatrains", "Occasionally Topic" and "Twelve Poems for Relieving boredom" (the fourth to the eighth), abandoning the past and the present and casting macro words. During his stay in Chang 'an and wandering southwest, Du Fu also wrote some poems with boring content and low style, which were dedicated to dignitaries, officials and social parties. There are many five-character poems in it.

Du Fu's poetry system is diverse, with many advantages in choosing poems, diverse styles and innovations. His five-character ancient poems combine feelings, records and feelings in one furnace; Profound and profound, it is impossible to give everything, which opened the realm of the Five Ancient Dynasties in the Tang Dynasty; Representative works include Five Hundred Words from Beijing to Fengxian, Northern Expedition, Qiang Village, Gift to Chu Shi, Three Officials and Three Farewells. Seven-character ancient poems are good at stating opinions, with bold and gloomy feelings and strange style; Such as Drunk Songs for Zheng Guangwen, Washing Horses, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sui Yanxing, etc. Five, five-character rhythm poems and seven-character rhythm poems are extremely skilled; The five laws are the longing for spring, reaching Li Bai at the end of the day, traveling later, "Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night", water sill, going abroad overnight, climbing Yueyang Tower, and the seven laws are Shuxiang and Elymus. The two sides of the Yellow River were recaptured by the imperial army, and Su Fu, Bai Di and five generals. The rhythm of the Tang Dynasty rarely surpassed them. Du Fu also has many five-character poems and several seven-character poems, which have greatly developed the poems. His "Autumn Li Ke Bai Yun" has 1000 words. But Du Fu also heaped up allusions and presented entertainment works. His quatrains are lyrical, reflect current events, and open up the discussion body of quatrains, which is unique and makes great contributions. Du Fu's poems are profound and sincere. The artistic collection and innovative development of classical poetry; It greatly expanded the field of poetry in content and form, and had a wide influence on later generations. Du Fu was also honored as a poet by later generations. Du Fu was down and out all his life, and his poem "Singing hard for a hundred years, not finding a bosom friend" (Du Fu's Southern Expedition). However, after his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems have a profound influence on the literary thought of the New Yuefu Movement and Li Shangyin's modern allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Yu Wang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art since ancient times. ..

For nearly a thousand years, there has been a trend of exclusive respect for Du Fu. In the Song Dynasty, there were many works about the chronology, classification and annotation of Du Fu's poems, such as Du Gongbu's Collection, Du Fu's Collection of Nine Poems, Notes on Poems in Du Gongbu Caotang by Lu and Cai Mengbi, and Notes on Poems in Du Gongbu by Xu. There are more than 100 kinds of comments on Du Ji by later generations, among which Du Gongbu's Notes on Du Ji, Qiu's Detailed Notes on Du Shi, Yang Lun's Jing Quan of Du Shi and Pu Qilong's Interpretation are widely circulated. There are biographies of Du Fu in both old and new Tang books. After the Song Dynasty, there were a lot of words to comment and explain Du Fu's poems. Tang and Song Dynasties were edited by Zhonghua Book Company, 1964. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Siyou had Du Yi, who kept Du Shi Shuo. In addition, Zhonghua Book Company also compiled the more important papers since the May 4th Movement into "Essays on Du Fu Studies". Biographies and new research monographs include Feng Zhi's Biography of Du Fu, Xiao Difei's Study of Du Fu, Fu Gengsheng's On Du Fu's Poetry and Zhu Dongrun's On Du Fu's Narrative. More detailed chronicles include Wen Yiduo's Notes on Mr. Shaoling's Chronology and Du Fu's Chronology of Sichuan Institute of Literature and History Research.

Su Shi

China's poems in Tang and Song Dynasties have always been praised by people, and the ci culture has also become a unique landscape in the treasure house of China traditional literature. If we want to discuss the representative figures of Ci literature, we can't help talking about Su Shi. Su Shi changed the style of ci at that time, which coincided with the Anshi Rebellion in Rainbow and had a great influence on that time and later generations. This book is based on a poem written by Wang Qing Peng Yun, who was engraved in Si Yin Zhai. * * * According to Zhu Qing's Laibin Village Series, 95 poems of Su Shi were selected, which showed Su Shi's literary talent and thoughts.

There are many more. . . . . . . . . .

After Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified the north and the south, the country prospered. However, in literature, the gaudy and vulgar style directly inherited from the Southern and Northern Dynasties still dominates.

During the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Su Chu advocated retro in the reform of writing style. In 584 AD, Emperor Wendi of Sui continued to order that "both public and private writers should keep records". He also punished Sima You, the secretariat of Sizhou who wrote gorgeous words. Later, the book owner Li Jue wrote that the style of writing in the Southern Dynasties was "endless, and there was no moon dew; The case is full of cases, which is the shape of the wind and cloud. " Wendi also presented this book to the world. Although these two imperial edicts could not fundamentally change the literary atmosphere, they also had a certain positive impact.

At the beginning of Sui Dynasty, some northern poets such as Lu Sidao, Su Yang and Xue Daoheng created some better frontier poems. Although the quality is not high enough, such works appeared in a short time, which really reflected some new trends. This also illustrates the influence of Yu Xin and Wang Bo's poetic style.

Lu Sidao (about 530-582) mainly lived in the Northern Dynasties. His poems were praised by Yu Xin. Joining the army is his masterpiece;

The bonfire in the north shines on Ganquan, and Chang 'an flies out of Qilian. The jade sword in Xiqu is a beautiful family, with a white horse and gold. In the Ming Dynasty, Yan Yuetun was on the right, and fish, pears and bamboos appeared on the left at dusk. Shi Hu held an arrow in the valley, and the Jin people on the mountain once offered sacrifices to heaven. The end of the world is endless, and the thistle gate is three thousand miles. Appeared before Maling Huangsha, looking forward to Yun Qi in Longcheng at night. The strange trees in the court have been climbed, but the people of the Great Wall have not been returned. The first snow outside Tianshan Mountain, the clouds go straight to Wuyuan. You can't cross the mountain, who can sit on wheatgrass? Running water breaks people's intestines, while hard ice hurts horses' bones. Unlike China, the border court saves trouble, and first frost does not rest in winter and autumn. The long wind rustles over the water, and the geese return to the sky. Join the army, the army will leave the massage parlor in Wan Li. Khan Wei Qiao has worshipped now. Where can the general find fame?

Su Yang (544-603) was the founding minister of the Sui Dynasty, not an ordinary scholar. But this poem is very good. His "Out of the Great Wall" describes the desolate and cold scenery beyond the Great Wall: "The desolate and empty Great Wall is thousands of miles away, and the lonely city has no neighbors, the trees are cold and easy to get old, and the spring grass is endless. ..... the wind and frost are long, and the river is hard to prepare. Dusk, flying in the air, riding dust. " To some extent, it reflects his life experience of taking troops out of the fort to fight against Turks. This poem was praised by famous poets such as Yu Shiqi and Xue Daoheng. His Fourteen Poems for Xue Bozhou recalls his life experience and admires his bosom friend, which is quite unspeakable. According to historical legends, this group of poems has a certain basis.

Xue Daoheng (539-609) was born in Fenyin, Hedong (now north of Ronghe County, Shaanxi Province). Zeng Guan is the general manager of Xiangzhou. He spreads the history of Xiangzhou. Later, he was killed for resisting the emperor Yang Di. He was the poet with the highest artistic achievement in Sui Dynasty. Yesterday's Salt is his most famous work;

The weeping willows are restored to the golden embankment, and the weeds are restored to the leaves. Water overflows hibiscus marsh and flowers fly. Take your daughter and Jin Dou's wife for example. Don't be a slut in Guanshan, keep an empty boudoir on a romantic day. Always gather a thousand gold smiles and hang a pair of jade crows. Panlong is hidden with the mirror, and its color is low. The flying soul is the same as the magpie at night, and the tired sleep remembers the morning chicken. A spider web hung in the dark and an empty beam fell into the mud. I went to the north the year before last and went to western Liaoning this year. If there is no news, you can cherish the horseshoe.

Although poetry is a traditional theme to write about the suspense of thinking of women, mixed with some words that appeal to both refined and popular tastes, the combination of "hanging a spider web in the dark and dropping an empty beam into the mud" can depict the lonely mood of thinking of women through the description of environmental details and show artistic originality. His seven-character poem "Jade" describes the lingering feelings of missing women in the boudoir, and points out at the end that "I am not afraid of leaving the general for a long time, but I am afraid of mental changes", which profoundly reveals the sadness and fear of women. He and Su Yang's "Out of the Wall" said, "Despair was born in poverty in Wanli at dusk in Sanqiu. Frontier fortress also has a tragic atmosphere, such as lamentation on a cold night and the sound of geese in a frosty day. He also has a famous poem "Everyone is homesick":

It's only seven days since spring, and I've been away from home for two years. The day of returning home is behind the bird's return to the earth, but the idea of returning home has existed before the spring flowers bloom.

With the subtle ideological activity of calculating the date of return, it fully expresses the deep homesickness and has a subtle taste.

As can be seen from the above poems, the poetic style in the early Sui Dynasty really showed a new atmosphere of the beginning of the integration of North and South literature. In terms of meter, Sui poetry has also developed further. Among them, the development of seven-character poems is particularly remarkable. In addition to the above-mentioned seven-character songs of Lu Sidao and Xue Daoheng, such as Jiangdu Gongle Song by Emperor Yang Di, the form is closer to the seven-character melody of Tang Dynasty than Wu Ye Style by Yu Xin, while the farewell poem by Wu Ming:

Willow green hangs down to the ground, and flowers are long and sultry. The wicker broke and the flowers flew away. I wonder if pedestrians will come back.

Its melodious tone is more like a mature seven-character quatrain in the Tang Dynasty.

However, throughout the Sui Dynasty, the influence of Qi Liang was deeply rooted, not only from poets such as Jiang Zong, Yu Shiqi and Yu Shinan in the Southern Dynasty, but also from literati in the Northern Dynasty. This is a long-term trend. After Yang Di ascended the throne, he more consciously advocated the style of palace poetry, which was dissolute and enjoyable, and whitewashed peace. "Biography of Sui Shu Literature" said: "Emperor Yang Di was a beginner in art and literature, and almost acceded to the throne, changing his style of writing." In fact, his "dark side" in his early years was only to cater to the will of his father, Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty. He has always been fascinated by the culture of the Southern Dynasties in his bones. He is "good at Wu language" and "three lucky Jiangdu", and he took the lead in writing palace poems such as Banquet East Hall and Laughing Flower Girl. And other scholars who are obsessed with the court style of the Southern Dynasties have unscrupulously written poems with a light side. In the early years of Sui Dynasty, the fresh and vigorous flavor of poetry was originally weak, and it was easily washed away by the impact of Qi Liang's poetic style.

Generally speaking, Sui poetry is the initial stage of transition from north to south to Tang poetry.

Tang dynasty.

Zhang Jiuling, Zi Zishou.

Li Bai, the word Taibai, was named Qinglian layman in his later years.

Du Fu has a beautiful saying.

Bai Juyi, whose name is Lotte, was named a Buddhist in Xiangshan in his later years.

Liu Yuxi, word dream

Li shangyin, the word Yishan

Luo,, word sightseeing

Wang Bo, Zi Zi An.

Lu, the word rises to it, and the name is a wanderer.

Song, a young company, has a clear word.

Du's words must be simple.

Chen Ziang, the word Apollo.

Shen Quanqi, the word Yun Qing

Wang Ji, the word reactive, since the number Dong Gaozi, Mr. Wudu.

Meng Haoran, whose real name is Hao, is Haoran.

Wang Changling, Yu

He opened it up and said it bluntly.

Wang Zhihuan, or Wang Zhihuan, the word Ji Ling.

Liu Changqing, word study.

Gao Shi, the word Duff

Liu Zongyuan's words are tough.

Meng Jiao, the word Dongye.

Han Yu, return the word.

Li He, the word Chang Ji.

Jia Dao, the word Lang Xian, is unknown.

Yuan Zhen, the word is subtle.

Zhang Ji, the word Wenchang

Du Mu, the word Mu Zhi.

Song dynasty.

Xin Qiji, 1 104 ~ 1207, was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word You 'an, Jia Xuan, is from Licheng, Jinan. Geng Jing massed troops in Shantung, restrained loyalty, and left the minister in charge. In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing, he ordered Feng Biao to return to the south, and Emperor Gaozong summoned him and awarded him the position of Cheng Wulang. Ning Zongchao was tired of being an official in eastern Zhejiang and added Long Ting and other systems. He entered parliament and was appointed as a pawn. He has lived in Shangrao and Buried Hill in Jiangxi for more than ten years. His writing is full of passion, generosity and tragic. Powerful brushwork, diverse artistic styles and uninhibited. And "Jia He's Short Sentence".

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Ouyang Xiu (1007- 1072) was a writer and historian in the Northern Song Dynasty. The word Yong Shu was born in Jishui, Jizhou (now Jiangxi). Tiansheng Jinshi hates official patents, is a bachelor of Hanlin, a secretary of the Council, and participates in the discussion of state affairs. He was the leader of the ancient prose movement in the Northern Song Dynasty. Prose is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties" because of its fluent reasoning and euphemistic expression. His poetic style is similar to his prose, his language is fluent and natural, and his words are profound and beautiful. There is Ouyang Wenzhong's collection, and his ci collection includes Liu Yici, Modern Yuefu, and Biography of Drunken Music.

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Zhou Bangyan 1056 to 1 12 1 poet of the northern song dynasty. The word Meicheng was born in Qiantang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). , Thai, Professor Luzhou, Zhipiaoshui County, etc. Hui Zong is the badge cabinet that will be made, which promotes the Sheng Da house. Proficient in melody, he created many new tones. Most of his works are based on boudoir love and travel, and there are also works of chanting things. Strict rules and elegant language. Long tunes are particularly good at narration. It was later occupied by metrical poets. In the old ci theory, he was called "the crown of ci poets". There is a collection of Muslim laity, which was later renamed Pian Yu Collection.

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Wu Wenying, 12 12 ~ 1272, was born in Junte, Mengchuang, and was named Jue Weng in his later years. He was born in Siming (now Zhejiang). He has never been an official in his life, but he has made a lot of friends all his life. He is an important poet and has a lot of lyric poems. Its dictionary is beautiful, exquisite and harmonious. There is Dream Window Ci today.

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Li Qingzhao 1084 ~ Southern Song poetess. No. Yi 'an Jushi was born in Zhangqiu, qi zhou (present-day Shandong). Father Li was a famous scholar at that time, and husband Zhao Mingcheng was a textual research scholar. He lived a prosperous life in his early years and devoted himself to the collection and arrangement of calligraphy and painting stones with Zhao Mingcheng. The nomads from the army entered the Central Plains and lived in the south. Ming Cheng died of illness and was in a lonely situation. In the early stage of his poems, he mostly reflected the leisure life, and in the later stage, he lamented his life experience and sentimental mood. Formally, he is good at using line drawing, creating a new way and using beautiful language. The tone of the word emphasizes harmony, advocates elegance, puts forward the theory that the word "don't be a family" and opposes the method of writing poetry. There is a collation of Li Qingzhao's collected works today.

Wang Zhuoyun: If you are a woman, choose the first word. Making long and short sentences can be tortuous, brisk and full of gestures; The gossip in Tingzixiang is written at random. Since ancient times, the gentry's home has been able to educate women. I have never seen such carelessness. (Bi Zhi)

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Shidazu 1 163 ~ 1220? In 2008, the word Bangqing, named Meixi, was born in Bian (Henan). When Han Biaozhou was in China, he trusted Tang Li the most and was responsible for drafting documents. The history of North Korea's defeat was hanged and died of poverty. There is Meixi Ci today. His poems are mainly about chanting things.

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Wang Anshi 102 1 ~ 1086, an outstanding politician and writer. Character Festival, Linchuan (now Fuzhou City, Jiangxi Province) people. Song Shenzong is the Prime Minister. Reform and reform, reform and innovation, the world is king. The main achievement in literature is that there are not many words in poetry, but their words can "wash away the old habits of the Five Dynasties" and awaken the realm. Today, I pass on the Collected Works of Mr. Linchuan and the Collected Works of Wang Wen to you.

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Where is Wang? ~ about 1290, poet of southern song dynasty. The word Shenghe,No. Bishan,No. Zhongxian, must be recorded. Song died, retired and sang in the West Lake. There are Beyond Flowers and Bishan Yuefu. Bishan's ci is full of eulogies and deeply touching.

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Yan was a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, about1040 ~112. Uncle Yuan was born in Linchuan (now Fuzhou, Jiangxi). Yan Shu's seventh son. He has served as supervisor of Xutian Town in Yingchang Prefecture, judge of Ganning County and judge of Kaifeng Prefecture. Sexual indifference and arrogance led to a decline in family fortune in his later years. The style of ci is sentimental and lingering, beautiful and strong. There is a poem of mountains.

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Yan Shu (99 1 ~ 1055) was born in Linchuan, Fuzhou. Jingdezhen entered the Korean examination as a prodigy in the Northern Song Dynasty and was given a scholar background. During Li Qing's period, the official was a university student in Jixian Hall, and he was also an official under Zhongshu School and an envoy of the Tang Dynasty. His ci is good at poetry and fu, expressing poetry and wine, with a leisurely life and beautiful language, which is influenced by Feng Yansi in the Southern Tang Dynasty. The original collection has been lost, and only Zhu Yu's Ci and Yan Yi, which were compiled in Qing Dynasty, exist. He also compiled a book "Yao Lei", which is still a fragmentary volume. Later people called it "the poet's prime minister"

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Su Shi was a writer and painter in the Northern Song Dynasty from 1037 to 1 1. Zi Zizhan was born in Meishan, Meizhou (present-day Sichuan). Jiayou Jinshi, the official to the history of the Ministry of rites. Politically belonging to the old party, tired of being demoted. Wang Yang is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". His poems are fresh and vigorous, with bold words and broad artistic conception. His paintings and calligraphy are also unique.

Liu Yong? ~ about 1053, a poet in the northern song dynasty. The word Qing, formerly known as Sanbian, was named Jingzhuang, later renamed Yong, ranking seventh, hence the name Liu Qi, a native of Zong 'an (now Fujian). Beijing tour Jinshi, official wasteland Yuanwailang. As a bohemian, he was down and out all his life. His ci mostly describes the city scenery and the life of geisha, and he is especially good at expressing the feelings of traveling and service. Ci is very popular, "there is a well to drink, and you can sing Liu Ci". There is an action set.

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Jiang Kui+0155 ~1121? Years, the word Yao Zhang, Poyang people. No, Taoist Baishi, in the middle of Qingyuan, once wrote a letter begging Zheng Taichang's elegant music, and he had no worries about food and clothing all his life and made a living by selling words to help his friends. He is versatile, proficient in temperament, able to compose his own music, and clear pronunciation and mellow voice. His works are famous for being ethereal and subtle. There is "Song of Road flyover Baishi".

Summary of Sikuquanshu: Kui's poems are elegant and graceful, and are highly praised by Yang Wanli and others. His handwriting is also profound and beautiful, and he is particularly good at self-improvement, so his syllables are literary and talented.

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Qin Guan 1049 ~ 1 100 was a poet in the northern song dynasty. The words "travel less" and "one word in space" were born in Yangzhou Commercial Post (now Jiangsu) Huaihai lay man. Li Guan, Dr. imperial academy, secretary of provincial orthography, editor of National History Museum. Join the Yuan You Party. Shao Sheng was demoted after he was tired. Prose is appreciated by Su Shi and is one of the "Four Bachelor of Su Men". Palace Ci is one of the most beautiful ci poems in the world, which mainly describes the love and sad life experience between men and women. Poetic style is similar to ci. And Huaihai Collection and Huaihai? Long and short sentences.

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He Zhu 1052 ~ 1 125, the word Fang Hui, an old man from clear lake, was born in Weizhou (now Huixian County, Henan Province). Grandson of Empress Xiaohui. He was sentenced to Sizhou and Taiping, and then retired to Wu. His ci poems are rich in themes and diverse in styles. They are both bold and graceful, and they are good at blending their predecessors into sentences. Behave the rules and rhyme. There is one volume of Dongshan Ci and two volumes of Hefang Hui Ci handed down from generation to generation.

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Zhang Xian (990 ~ 1078) was born in Wucheng, Wu Ye (now Huzhou, Zhejiang). Song Renzong Chao Jinshi. Official-to-official cheats. In his later years, he traveled between Hangzhou and Xing Wu and lived a leisurely life. Ci is as famous as Liu Yong, and is known as "Zhang Sanying". The Biography of Anlu Ci is also called Zhang Ziye Ci.

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Zhangyan 1248 ~ 2008, Xia Shu was named Yutian, and in the evening he was named Le Xiaowen. He was born in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou). The grandson of Zhang Jun VI died in the Song Dynasty. His ci is especially famous for chanting things, and his ci is said to be "empty" His ci has been handed down from generation to generation, including White Clouds in the Mountains and Etymology of Ci.

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Lu you1125 ~1210, a poet of the southern song dynasty, was born in Yin Shan, Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Famous patriotic poet in Southern Song Dynasty, one of the four great poets in Southern Song Dynasty. The amount of words is not as large as that of poems, but it runs through the patriotic spirit of swallowing the remnants like poems. He is the author of "Song of Weng" and "Weinan Ci".

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Li Yu (937-978), whose real name is Jia Cong, whose real name is Shi Guang and whose real name is Zhong Yin, was the sixth son of Southern Tang Dynasty. Xuzhou people. Song Stegosaurus ascended the throne in Jinling in the second year (96 1) and reigned for fifteen years. He is called Li Houzhu. When he ascended the throne, the Southern Tang Dynasty had served Song Zhengshuo and settled in a corner of the south of the Yangtze River. In the seventh year of Song Kaibao (974), Song Taizu sent letters to the north many times, but he refused to leave. In October of the same year, Song Bing went south to attack Jinling. Next November, when the city is broken, the queen's flesh will come out naked, and she will be caught in Bianjing and sealed there, and she is not allowed to disobey her orders. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne and became the Duke of Longxi County. Taiping rejuvenating the country for three years (978), and Qixi was his 42nd birthday. Song Taizong hated him for saying that "the old country can't bear to look back on the bright moon" and ordered people to poison him up and down at the banquet. Queen Wu was sealed and buried in Luoyang.