What traditional cultures and customs need to be satisfied?

language

Manchu has its own language and writing. Manchu belongs to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family. Manchu was founded at the end of 16. During the Song and Jin Dynasties, Jurchen once had her own writing. The early Jurchen characters are syllabic characters derived from Chinese characters, but they have long been lost. At the end of 16, after Nurhachi unified the ministries in Northeast China, Manchu pronunciation was spelled with Mongolian letters, forming a new script called "Old Manchu". During the period of Huang taiji, the borrowed Mongolian letters were punctuated to distinguish the pronunciation, which was called punctuation Manchu or "new Manchu".

Manchu, as a kind of official script, was used for a long time in Qing Dynasty, and once became a widely used script in China, leaving a large number of files and materials, which became a treasure in chinese heritage. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, Manchu was gradually abandoned, and Manchu basically used the northern dialect of Chinese. Only flag bearers and flag officials still need to use Manchu on certain occasions. By the 1980s, Manchu had disappeared, except for some remote areas in the northeast and a few Xibe elderly people in Xinjiang. However, as a widely used language, Manchu has left a deep impression on Chinese dialects in many places. Today, there are still a large number of Manchu phonetics and vocabulary in Chinese in Northeast China and Beijing. Most descendants of flag-bearers stationed all over the country speak northern dialects mixed with local dialects, forming a series of "dialect islands". ? [3-4]? [4- 1 1]?

surname

Manchu people call their surnames Hala, which is rich and complex and full of national cultural characteristics. At first, Ahala was a Mukun (family). Later, with the population doubling, the family branch was stationed in other places, and the original Mukun divided into several new Mukun. Generally, there is only one hala for a wooden Kun, but there are also cases where several wooden Kun belong to the same hala. According to historical records, there are more than 600 Manchu surnames, second only to the Han nationality in China. Like other nationalities with a long history, the origin of Manchu surnames can be traced back to the ancient totem worship, but as far as the later development is concerned, there are mainly two surnames: ju surnames and tribal surnames.

Jurchen often lives in the same place as Mu Kun. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, they were deeply influenced by the Mongols, so their surnames were replaced by their first names. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, ethnic relations continued to develop. Many people in the flag of the Han army are named after Manchu names instead of surnames, while the flag bearer is deeply influenced by the cultural customs of the Han nationality. Many of them use Chinese characters as surnames, such as Guanshi in Guarga, Lang (Wolf) in Niuhulu, Jueluo in Ilgen, and Zhao in Chinese.

There are also surnames with Manchu transliteration initials, such as Tong Family for short, Ma Family for short, and Tu, De, Da, Bao, Hu, A, Zhao, Bu and other surnames. Most of them use Chinese characters to abbreviate the original Manchu surnames. The rulers of the Qing dynasty were very dissatisfied with this situation. After Qianlong, the Qing government banned it many times, but it didn't have much effect. After the Revolution of 1911, most Manchu people generally used or changed their Chinese surnames, so that others did not know that they were Manchu, so that many Manchu people no longer knew their old surnames today. ? [ 12]?

Equestrian and archery

Manchu people and their ancestors lived in mountainous areas for a long time. Being good at riding and shooting is their stunt, which also left a deep mark on their living customs. The rocking carts used by Manchu children are still used in many rural areas today. When a child is born, he hangs a bow and arrow in front of the door, which symbolizes that he will become an excellent shooter in the future. When I was six or seven years old, I practiced shooting mandarin fish with wooden bows and arrows. A little longer, I rode a horse and galloped in the mountains with an arrow. Women have as many whips as men, and when girls get married, bows and arrows and deerskin clothes are essential items. When they get married, they should put bows and arrows on the table. As soon as the car came in, the groom shot three arrows. Manchu children's songs and folk songs also left deep traces of hunting life.

Dress

Manchu costumes, with men's hair hanging down the back half of the head and braids hanging down the back of the head, were forcibly popularized throughout the country after entering the customs in the Qing Dynasty, making them the same hairstyle of Manchu, Han and Mongolian in the Qing Dynasty. Women's hair styles are the same as those of boys in childhood, slightly longer, with one or two braids at the back of their heads. When you get married, open your face and have curly hair. Usually the bun is tied on the top of the head, with a shelf head and two first-class hairstyles. Wear earrings, one ear has three rings. Men's robes and robes are split on both sides, and the belt is convenient for riding and shooting. Among them, "Arrow Sleeve" (Manchu: Wow-Ha) has its own characteristics. It is a semicircular sleeve head connected with a narrow cuff, which looks like a horseshoe, commonly known as "horseshoe sleeve". When hunting or fighting in winter, it is usually rolled up and put down to cover the back of the hand to keep out the cold. Later, it became a prescribed action in the etiquette of the Qing Dynasty. Young women wear wide straight cheongsam, feet, flower shoes, flowerpot bottom and boat bottom. In the early days, the rich wore linen clothes and the poor wore deerskin. After entering Liaoshen, nobles and rich people wore silks and satins, while civilians wore cloth clothes, and their clothes were graded. After entering the customs, Manchu and Han costumes gradually became consistent. The waistcoat worn by men is still in use today, while the cheongsam worn by women is constantly evolving, and now it has become the representative of traditional women's costumes in China. ? [ 13]?

prescribe a diet

The food of Manchu-Han banquet is also very distinctive, and it has always been said that Manchu-Han banquet. Nothing can better represent the blending of Manchu and Han food cultures than "Manchu-Han banquet". The selection, preparation and eating methods of its dishes all maintain Manchu characteristics, among which Hericium erinaceus, bear's paw, ginseng, velvet antler and other delicacies mostly come from the northeast. It is a fine blend of Manchu and China cuisine. It was formed during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty and spread for more than 200 years. There are more than 100 dishes in Yangzhou "Man-Han Banquet" recorded in Yangzhou Picture Book from Qianlong to Qianlong. In daily life, Manchu folk also have many flavor snacks, and there are many kinds of snacks. I like to eat millet, yellow rice and yellow rice cake (tofu), and I eat "Ajige cake" (jiaozi) every holiday. On Chinese New Year's Eve, we eat boiled pork, roasted pork and cakes which are unique to Manchu people for dinner. Today, jiaozi, hot pot, sauerkraut and Beijing-style cakes in northern China are closely related to Manchu food culture.

house

Manchu houses are surrounded by low walls, and there are shadow walls in the yard. There are generally three rooms: west, middle and east. The west room is called the upper room in the west, the kitchen in the middle, the lower room in the east, and the gate faces south. For example, there are two main rooms, the outhouse is the kitchen, and the cooker is placed. The back room has three beds of kang, and the west kang is the most expensive, providing ancestral halls, and the west wall has ancestral tablets. The kang in the north is big and the kang in the south is small. The tourists at home live in Xikang, the elders at home live in Kang Bei, and the younger generation can live in Nankang. Manchu people build houses with south windows and west windows, which are warm in winter and cool in summer.

marry

In the old Manchu marriage, family status was emphasized, and early marriage and marrying older women prevailed. This has something to do with the man in the flag going out to be a soldier, hoping to have a baby early. In aristocratic official families, marriage refers to marriage, which is mostly designated by the court. The general flag bearer is also referred to by the patriarch for marriage. The "draft" of the Qing court was to choose concubines for the emperor and the prince, which was generally limited to the internal selection of officials of the Eight Banners. Men and women in the Eight Banners can get engaged at the age of 16 or 17, and men may get engaged earlier. This marriage was arranged by parents, and the man asked the matchmaker to go to the woman's place for three times. Bring a bottle of wine every time, and you won't know whether it is successful until the third time. So there is a saying called "If you can't do it, three bottles of wine". If successful, the woman's parents ask the man for bride price, pigs, wine, cabinets, clothes, jewelry and so on. The bride price given by the man is all the property of the woman. In the old society, there were many marriage processes of Manchu people, including discussing marriage, discussing, discussing, giving gifts, giving dates, unlocking, giving dowry, getting married, settling accounts, tying the knot, dividing the size, returning to the door and living with the moon. When getting married, the bride will sit on the kang for a day, which is called "sitting on the blessing". Put a table on the ground at night, with two flagons and a small handleless wine cup on it. The bride and groom walked arm in arm around the table and drank three glasses of wine. A pair of candles are lit on the kang, which will not go out all night. One or more people outside the house sang a happy song called "La Kong Jia", or someone sprinkled black beans on the window of the new house, and the excitement dissipated in an hour or two. Three days later, the bride and groom returned to their parents' home.

well-behaved

Manchu attaches importance to etiquette. In the past, the younger generation gave their elders a small gift for three days and a big gift for five days. The younger generation should worship for three days and kowtow to the elders every five days. The form of paying thousands is different for men and women. The man bends down, his right hand reaches out and his left hand supports his knees, as if lifting something, and the woman crouches with her hands on her knees. When you meet an elder you don't know on the road, you should bow your head and ask "Saiyin" (Manchu, good meaning). If you are riding a horse, you should dismount at the side of the road and get out of the way, then get on the horse and go forward. When friends and relatives from afar meet, both men and women will hold their waists and give gifts in person.

commemorate

The funeral of Manchu also has an evolutionary process. Influenced by the natural geographical environment and other factors, the funeral ceremonies of Manchu ancestors were simple and crude, and once appeared in the form of celestial burial, earth burial, animal burial, tree burial, water burial and cremation. Before entering the customs, Manchu people were mainly cremated. Since the late period of the emperor shunzhi, influenced by the Han culture, Manchu people generally changed to coffin burial, and combined with their own national characteristics, they formed the funeral custom with Manchu characteristics. Before Qianlong, flag bearers stationed in various places kept cremation and packed their ashes back to Beijing because they wanted to send the deceased and their survivors back to Beijing. After Ganjia, the flag-bearer stationed in the garrison was allowed to be buried on the spot, and it was also changed to burial. Early Manchu aristocrats had the custom of martyrdom, but later they changed to martyrdom and burned paper to bind slaves. In rural areas, the dead are not allowed in Xikang and Kang Bei, because the door is where the living go in and out, so the dead can only be carried out from the window after entering the coffin. After his death, he erected a pole in the west of the yard, about 10 feet high, and hung a cloth banner, which was nine feet long and made of red cloth and black cloth. The head and tail of the banner are black cloth, and the middle four are red cloth. At the funeral, relatives and friends should grab the cloth on the banner and make clothes for the children, thinking that they can ward off evil spirits and avoid nightmares. Today, Guangzhou Manchu maintains a complete Manchu cemetery, and some characteristics of Manchu burial customs can still be seen. ? [ 14]?