Ancient Egypt's traditional culture and living customs?

Ancient Egypt (Ancient Egypt), generally refers to the Egyptian civilization in the lower Nile region during the period from around the 32nd century BC to the Persian destruction of Egypt in 343 BC. Ancient Egypt was typically a water-powered empire.

Geography

Most of Egypt is a yellow sandy desert, and only where the Nile River rushes through is the green belt that gave birth to Egypt, with 1/30th of the area gathering more than 90% of the Egyptian population. Egypt is one of the ancient civilizations of the world, greatly influenced by religion, the world-famous pyramids is the ancient Egyptians on the concept of eternity a product of worship, at present, Egypt *** there are more than eighty pyramids, the largest of which is the Pyramid of Khufu. In addition to the pyramids, the sphinx is also a symbol of Egypt.

Ancient Egyptian History Timeline

First Dynasty: 3200 to 2850 BC. There were eight pharaohs from Menes to Ka,****.

The Second Dynasty: 2850 to 2686 BC. From Hotepseknemoui to Kaskomo, *** there were six pharaohs

Ancient Kingdom or Empire of Memphis (2686 to 2181 BCE)

Third Dynasty: 2686 to 2613 BCE. From Neteriknet-Djeser to Houni,*** there were five kings. The era of Djoser's reign was the beginning of power and triumph, when the magnificent stone architecture represented by the Step Pyramid Complex at Shakara appeared. The architect of the complex, the writer and scholar Imhotep, became one of the first great men to appear in the history books. This era was a time when a strong, centralized monarchy developed, with the monarch sitting in Memphis and assigning provincial governors to rule the country.

Fourth Dynasty: 2613-2494 BC. There were six or seven pharaohs from Snefrou to Skepseskaf***. Judging from the majesty of the pyramids, the reigns of Snefrou, Khufu and Khalfu were the zenith of the age. At Dachaar, the pyramids built by Meton and Kissa show the dynasty's good governance and economic prosperity. Fifth Dynasty: 2494-2345 BC. There were nine pharaohs from Ouser to Ounas***. The most famous were Sahoure and Djedkare-Isesi.

During the Fifth Dynasty, the "sun-worship consciousness" developed rapidly, with the famous pyramid inscriptions on the walls of the Unis Pyramid at Shakara. Sixth Dynasty: 2345-2181 BC. From Teti I to Queen Nitocris, the seven kings included Pepi I and Pepi II, who lived to be hundreds of years old.

While the Sixth Dynasty was illustrious in civil and military rule, organizing military and commercial expeditions as far south as Africa, some provincial governors' ever-expanding all-history centralization of power in Memphis was threatened, and civil strife was triggered.

First Transitional Period (2181-1991 BC)

Seventh Dynasty: ruled for only seventy days.

Eighth Dynasty: 2181 to 2130 BC. ***There were eight to twenty-seven pharaohs, but the names are undocumented.

Ninth to Tenth Dynasties: 2130 to 2040 BC in the north. ***There were six pharaohs, three named Katie.

The Eleventh Dynasty: 2130 to 2040 BC in the south. *** There were three pharaohs.

Montuhotep II united the country in 2050 B.C. From then on the Theban monarchs of the Eleventh Dynasty ruled all of Egypt. This made their native city of Thebes increasingly important, but still not enough to replace Memphis. The rulers of Thebes had to travel back and forth in due course, and in the Twelfth Dynasty built palaces at the entrance to Fayum, and small towns such as Iti-Tawi. The dynasty's shift in the center of power northward without abandoning Thebes shows the gradual restoration of a strong, centralized government.

The Middle Kingdom or First Empire of Thebes (1991-1786 BC)

End of the Eleventh Dynasty: 2060-2000 BC. Three Pharaohs of Montuhotep, the first united Egypt in about 2040 BC. Twelfth Dynasty: 2000 to 1786 BC. Seven pharaohs named Amenhemat or Sesostris, the last ruler was Queen Sebekneferoure.

As in the rest of the world, stability has always alternated with turmoil. Provincial powers and other historically unknown forces destroyed the Thebesian regime, which had survived from the Twelfth Dynasty, and Egypt was divided into a number of vassal states.

The Second Transitional Period (1786-1567 B.C.E.)

The Thirteenth to Fourteenth Dynasties: 1786-1674 B.C.E.. There were about forty pharaohs, several of whom were named Sebehotep. Some pharaohs ruled simultaneously in the northern, central, and southern pharaohs. From 1730 B.C. onward, these kings were nothing more than bannermen of the Pharaoh of Sixtus.

Fifteenth through Sixteenth Dynasties: 1674-1567 BC. The Sixteenth Dynasty is known as the "Lesser Sisok" dynasty and existed only in the eastern part of the Delta. The "Great Sisok" dynasty had five pharaohs, including one Khyan and two Apopi.

Seventeenth Dynasty: 1674-1567 BC. Ten pharaohs ruled Thebes and the surrounding area. They were bannermen of Sisok. The last three pharaohs, Taa (Taa) I and II and Kamosis, began to struggle against the Sisoks in the north.

New Kingdom or Second Kingdom of Thebes (1567-1085 BC)

Eighteenth Dynasty: 1567-1320 BC. There were fourteen monarchs from Ahmosis to Horengheb,*** including four Thutmose and four Amenophis. The queens Ashepsus, Akhenaton, and Tutankhamun, all belonged to this dynasty.

Nineteenth Dynasty: 1320-1200 BC. Nine Ramses royal pharaohs, including Ramses I and II and Seti I and II.

Twentieth Dynasty: 1200 to 1085 BC. Ten monarchs, all named Ramses except the first named Sethnakht.

The Third Transitional Period (1085-715 B.C.E.)

The Twenty-first Dynasty: 1085-945 B.C.E.. Ruling in Tanis were Smendes, Psusenais I and II. Ruling in Thebes were Herihor and Pinajem.

Craft Trades in Ancient Egypt

Almost every Egyptian was in some way connected with agriculture, either as a landowner or as a farmer cultivating the land. Knowing the rhythm of the rise and fall of the Nile, the farmers then combined this rhythm with an elaborate irrigation system, so they were able to grow a rich variety of crops.

Farmland in Egypt was flooded by the Nile for three to four months each year. When the floodwaters receded, leaving behind fertile river silt, farming then began. The fields were first plowed twice with oxen pulling plows to loosen the deposited soil before the seeds could be planted, and then the animals were allowed to trample the seeds into the soil. Crops planted included wheat, barley, flax, fruit, and vegetables such as onions, garlic, salad greens, peas, lentils, and navy beans. Farmland was irrigated using cut-off ditches (small ditches with channels leading to the Nile River for water) and "shaduf" (orange water pulleys), weighted buckets that scooped water from the river to a catchment ditch at the edge of the field.

Life of the Ancient Egyptians

Farming was a way of life for most ordinary Egyptians, and their farming techniques were at the forefront of their time. As the work that survives to this day demonstrates, Egypt's skilled craftsmen were also among the finest artisans in the world. But Egyptian life was never all work and no play.

Leisure activities of the ancient Egyptians

Egyptian aristocrats enjoyed luxury and enjoyment. They hunted birds of prey, crocodiles, hippopotamuses and lions in teams using chariots, hunting dogs and even tamed cheetahs. For fun, they also invented fishing.

To celebrate birthdays, marriages, or religious festivals, they often threw lavish banquets. They invited cooks, dressed up, raised glasses, and watched musicians and dancers perform.

Sports provided entertainment for everyone. Boxing and fencing were popular, and in addition, a race around the pyramids was usually held when a new pharaoh ascended the throne.

Board games were also extremely popular, especially Senet, a game based on the path of the dead to the underworld.

Horus - The Most Exalted God

Horus, with his eagle's head, was the most exalted god, and all pharaohs considered themselves to be incarnations of him.

Horus was the son of Isis and Osiris. His mother raised him to avenge the murder of his father by his brother. Eventually Horus won the right to rule all of Egypt.

Horus began as a god of the sky, hovering over Egypt like an eagle to protect his father, King Osiris. When Horus defeated his father's murderer, Seth, he became king of all Egypt. He is depicted wearing a crown with the upper part white, symbolizing Upper Egypt, and the lower part red, symbolizing Lower Egypt. Because of this, the rulers of Egypt always saw themselves as Horus on earth, and after death as the embodiment of Osiris.

The cult centers of Horus were Behdet, Hierakonpolis, and Edfu, and the eyes of Horus were considered an amulet of divine power.