What's the difference between EMU, high-speed rail, light rail and subway? How is this difference defined?

Subway: a rail transit system with relatively heavy axle load, which transports 40,000 to 60,000 passengers in one direction every hour.

Light rail: a rail transit system with relatively light axle load, which carries 20,000 to 30,000 passengers in one direction every hour.

The main difference between EMU and high-speed rail: EMU generally refers to a rail vehicle that carries operating load and has its own power. In China, trains with a speed of 250km/h and above are called "multiple units". ?

High-speed railway, referred to as "high-speed railway" for short, refers to a railway system with an operating speed of at least 250 km/h and a maximum operating speed of not less than 200 km/h by transforming the original line (linearization and gauge standardization) or building a new "high-speed line"?

(1) EMU is a train model, and high-speed rail is a railway line type. But in China, bullet trains and high-speed trains refer to different types of railway lines. ?

(2) The bullet train is soaked in the original old track of the train after technical transformation. High-speed rail is another new line, building a special new track. Almost all high-speed trains in China run various types of EMUs, but EMUs do not necessarily run on high-speed trains. But not all high-speed trains are bullet trains. ?

(3) The current definition of the Ministry of Railways: EMU refers to a railway line with a speed of 200 kilometers per hour; High-speed rail refers to a railway line with a speed of 300 kilometers per hour. ?

(4) Generally speaking, bullet trains are on ballasted railways and high-speed trains are on ballastless railways. ?

(5) Train control equipment and monitoring equipment are different. Generally speaking, the models used in high-speed rail have higher speed, so the safety requirements are higher. ?

(6) Differences in personnel arrangement. Drivers have different shifts, but they are all driven by a single driver; The difference between maintenance and preventive measures.

In fact, the real development of China's EMU began in 2007 with the sixth national railway speed increase. At that time, CRH series high-speed EMUs initially operated on some existing lines. With the continuous development of China's railway construction, there are more and more newly-built railways over 200KM/H, and the 250KM/H EMU has traveled all over the motherland. The previous train number was D (pronounced "moving"). Later, with the continuous development of technology, China began to build 350KM/H-class railways, such as the original Beijing-Tianjin intercity railway, and later Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway, Zhengxi high-speed railway, Shanghai-Hangzhou high-speed railway and Shanghai-Nanjing high-speed railway all belong to the same category. The cars running on these lines are actually EMUs, but the number of trains is G (pronounced "high"). So many of us call D a bullet train and G a high-speed train. Actually, it's really not correct. According to international railway standards, the operating speed of the existing line is 200KM/H and the new line is 250KM/H, which belongs to the category of high-speed rail. So as long as it is a line that can run cars, it can actually be said to be a high-speed rail. On the other hand, the 350KM/H railway is also running multiple units, but the speed is faster. Simply put, EMU is different from the traditional operation mode of locomotive+vehicle, which is what most people call locomotive +N-car train. There are two kinds of EMU. One is the centralized power mode represented by TGV in France. There are two powered locomotives at the front and rear, N unpowered trailers in the middle, and the motor cars at both ends drive the whole train to run in a push-pull mode. There is also a decentralized power model, such as the Shinkansen in Japan and the ICE technology in Germany. Since China's introduction of foreign technology is digestion, absorption and innovation, China's CRH series also belongs to the power dispersion mode, that is, a train has n trains and n trailers. For example, CRH2A has four bullet trains and four trailers. In this case, that is to say, the eight cars in a train CRH2A are actually powered by their own, and of course the speed is also fast. At present, there are CRH1A1B1E2A2E5a at the level of 250KM/H in China. CRH2C 3C with a speed of 300-350 kilometers per hour, and of course, the latest CRH380A B C D with a maximum speed of 380 kilometers per hour ... So the EMU is soaked in the high-speed train, and the high-speed G car we usually talk about is also the EMU.

Light rail and subway are different from high-speed rail &; EMU, because they belong to the urban rail transit system, rather than the national railway network, just like urban public transport. But there is also a misunderstanding about the two: the light rail is on the ground and the subway is below. Actually, it's not like this. In fact, light rail and subway can be built underground, above ground or on viaduct; Regarding the rail weight, although the rail weight of subway is generally greater than that of light rail, in order to enhance the stability of rail, reduce the workload of maintenance and repair, increase the return section of traction power supply and reduce stray current, both subway and light rail tend to choose heavy rail.