The history of rice cultivation

First, the history of rice cultivation analysis, rice cultivation originated from where

The origin of rice issue in the last 30 years inside and outside since the scientific historians, agriculturalists research hot spot to experts, the origin of rice views diverge more with the recent archaeological excavations and found that the understanding of gradually converge to unify that the origin of rice: as early as in India Scientific research results show that the ancestors of cultivated rice planted ordinary wild rice common wild rice cloth the origin of the physical basis of the origins of the cultivation of rice Archaeological excavations of the prehistoric rice crop remains The physical evidence of the origin of rice Agricultural Heritage Research Office of the Agricultural Research Institute of Guo Wentao researcher once pointed out that to solve the problem of the origin of rice must have three basic conditions: from the conditions of the origin must have the climate and soil conditions of the rice and ordinary wild rice cloth; second area of archaeological discoveries in terms of the sequence of generations of the cultural genealogy of the view have continuity; third area of the discovery of the prehistoric remains of rice should be early generation and similar to the area of the same type of site break found before the 30th generation of the 20th century. The famous Soviet geneticist Vavilov affirmed that the world's early, the origin of crops with the rice originated in India rice India imported this Hoshikawa Kiyoshi pro-recognition of the origin of rice cultivation in India; the other Kato indica rice named Indian type, japonica rice named the type of the inter-popular said In the 1970s, the amount of soil in the Neolithic site of Yuyao Hemudu, Zhejiang, 7,000 years ago, the rice remains indicate that the Chinese national ancestor has long been cultivating rice in the former rice crop originated in India, Rice originated in India Assam to Yunnan said the impact on the internal and external people change look at the eyes have turned to Hemudu in 1989 archaeological discovery of Hunan Li County Pangshan early Neolithic culture site excavation soil by the cultural relics department determined 9100 ± 120 rice remains of rice rice history pushed back two thousand than the Indian soil rice remains hundreds or even a thousand years before the present day 10,000 years ago in Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Wuxian Xiandong hanging barrel ring site of rice plant silica and the difference between the same period of time in Hunan Province Daocun Yuchanyan site soil cultivated rice is the world's rice origin proved experts recognize that the conclusion of the important reasons for the present southeast Fujian, Taiwan, southwestern Yunnan, northward Jiangxi, South China Sea, South are common wild rice cloth widely spread common wild rice and planted common cultivated rice are closely related to the same 24 chromosomes cross-breeding generation, so that the origin of the rice crop should be earlier than the Indian Xinli 50 with the deepening of the archaeological work of the development of the rice crop site broken excavation within the origin of the rice crop The South China theory was put forward by the late Professor Ding Ying, a famous agriculturalist, based on the widespread distribution of wild rice in South China, and as early as 1949, he mentioned that the origin of rice was related to the ancient South China Sea, i.e., present-day South China. In 1957, the article "The Origin of the Cultivated Rice Seed and its Evolution" mentioned that, based on the process of the creation of the rice culture of our 5,000 rice cultivators, and by the border relationship between South China and the Vietnam-Thailand connection zone, the rice cultivators' ethnographic relations, we have concluded that the origin of our cultivated rice was in South China. Professor Yan Wenming of the Department of Archaeology in Beijing mentioned that the origin of the cultivated rice in the Pearl River valley was recognized by the former Pinglu County Museum in Shanxi Province, such as Wei Si, and so on. The Pearl River valley was mentioned in 1997 by Qin Naichang, a researcher of the Guangxi Institute of Ethnic Studies, in his book The History of the Zhuang Rice Farming, which recognized that the origin of the cultivated rice in the Zhuang area of the Pearl River valley was recognized by the application of the ethnic language to the study of the Zhuang and Dong languages, which involved the use of Chinese language in the study of the Chinese language and the rice provisions, and dozens of Chinese characters. In-depth study of the Chinese characters, it is pointed out that the Zhuang language calls rice, rice, rice, provisions, paste, wild rice, indica rice, japonica rice, etc. These are all ancient Chinese characters, although they have been used nowadays, according to the notes in Shuowen Jiezi, their meanings and sounds are the same as those in the new Zhuang language, and the name "paste" is the same as the name of the new Zhuang language, according to the linguistic principle of the name of a thing, as the name of the thing appears, the name of the thing appears, and it is the name of the thing which is the name of the thing which appears, it is found that the cultivated rice appeared as early as in the Zhuang and Dong-speaking areas of the ethnic groups. In addition, experts believe that the Neolithic era stone grinding wheel and stone grinding rod were all related to grain threshing and shelling. The stone axes, stone adzes, frog knives, stone grinding wheels, stone grinding rods, and other tools from cave sites such as the Beiqiu site in Nanning, the Caipiyan site in Guilin, and the Longtan site in Liuzhou show that the ancestors who lived in Xiu and Luoyang in the early Neolithic era in the Pearl River valley had already begun rice farming. The Zhuang people are the surviving ancient ethnic group of the south of my mountainous region, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, the south of the lake, and the northern part of Vietnam. The morphology is basically the same as the modern Zhuang, and archaeologists and historians have confirmed that the ancestors of the Zhuang are the descendants of the ancient Baiyue group of people from the Xioou and Luoyue tributaries. At present, we have found about 70 to 80 Neolithic sites with evidence of rice cultivation, the vast majority of which are located in the Baiyue ethnic area of the south of the Yangtze River. 7,000 paddy grains have been found in the 1970s in the Hemudu Neolithic site of Zhejiang Province. Ten thousand years ago rice remains with Hunan Daoxian Yuchanyan site soil ten thousand years ago cultivated rice husk as early as 1963 Guangxi Yongning, Wuming and other soil ten thousand years ago stone milling discs, stone milling rods and other production and processing tools and rice cultivation between the connection between some tools processing tools for rice Academy of Sciences, since the Institute of History of Science and Technology, Chen Jiujin researcher pointed out that: on the ancient Yueju of Zhejiang Hemudu, Guangdong Yingde, Hunan Daoxian are currently the world to discover the early cultivated rice proved that the Lingnan Yueju the world's early cultivation of rice Cultivated rice people.

Second, the history of rice cultivation in China how

rice is the world's cultivated area and total output is second only to the important crop of wheat.

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics, in 2002, the world's rice cultivation area of 14602.9 million hectares, the average yield of 3.968 tons / hectare, a total output of 579,443 kilotons. China is the world's oldest country to cultivate rice.

According to the isotope tracer analysis of carbonized rice unearthed in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, China's rice cultivation has a history of about 6700 years. As early as in the Han Dynasty, plowing with a regulator plow was prevalent, and rice planting has been documented in the literature.

Ancient agricultural book "Qimin Essentials" has been mentioned in the drainage and sunshine field technology, "Shen's Farming Book" has discussed the seedling fertilization technology. China's rice planting area of about 29% of the total area of food crops, while the output is close to about 42% of the country's total grain production, accounting for more than 50% of the commercial grain.

About 2/3 of China's population to rice as the main food.

Third, how many years of history of rice cultivation in China

Legend has it that Shennong's teach farmers to plant rice technology China is an agricultural country since ancient times, and rice more than 3,000 years ago, it is the main food of the Chinese people, the era of the Shang Dynasty, when the word rice, only similar to the word "mortar" character, and later the Zhou Dynasty, the more popular planting rice, it was added, such as the rice spike is quite popular, it is the first time that a rice spike was added, and it was the first time that a rice spike was added. Later, during the Zhou Dynasty, when rice cultivation became more popular, the character "禾" was added to the character "禾", which looks like a rice spike standing on its head. In Jinwen, the character "claw" was added on top of "臼" (臼), which resembles beating rice against the wind and pounding it by hand. In the oracle bone inscriptions, the character for "rice" originally had only six straight dots, three at the top and three at the bottom, representing grains of rice. Later, the dots in the middle were joined together to represent a shelf for rice, which became the character "米". In his book Shuowen Jiezi (说文解字), an explanation of the Chinese character, Xu Shen (许慎) of the Eastern Han Dynasty said, "Mi (米) means grain of millet. It resembles the shape of grain." Later, in Chinese characters, "corn" was called "millet" and "rice" was called "rice". Through the text can be seen that China's rice planting history is quite long is indisputable, but a lot of scholars still hope to find the earliest rice or dry rice varieties, there are a lot of archaeological sites in Asia have been found in a number of early rice. For example, in 1995 in China's Hunan Province, Tao County, Yuchanyan site, found four yellow rice, dating to 10,000 years ago, is known to be the world's earliest rice. In addition, about 7,000-year-old rice seed remains have been unearthed at Hemudu in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and about 10,000-year-old siliceous bodies of cultivated rice have been unearthed at Yingde in Guangdong Province. Some of China's ancient rice is even used by scientists to replant, and join the hybrid rice varieties.

Fourth, China's rice cultivation has a history of how many years

Legend has it that Shennong's teach farmers to plant rice technology China is an agricultural country since ancient times, and rice in more than 3,000 years ago, it is the main food of the Chinese people, the era of the Shang Dynasty, when the word rice, only similar to the word "mortar" character, and later the Zhou Dynasty, the more popular planting rice, it was added, such as the rice spike is quite popular, and then the rice spike is quite popular, it is added, such as the rice spike is quite popular. Later, during the Zhou Dynasty, when rice cultivation became more popular, the character "禾" was added, as in the case of a standing rice plant. In Jinwen, the word "claw" was added on top of "臼" (臼), which is like beating rice against the wind and pounding it by hand.

As for the character for "rice" in the oracle bone inscriptions, there were originally only six straight dots, three at the top and three at the bottom, representing grains of rice. Later, the dots in the middle were joined together to represent the shelves and partitions that held the rice, and the character "米" became "米". In his book Shuowen Jiezi (Explanation of Chinese Characters), a book on Chinese characters written by Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xu Shen said, "Mi (米)" means "rice," which means "millet," and "millet," which means "millet," like the shape of grain. It resembles the shape of grain."

Through the text we can see that China's rice planting history is quite long is no doubt, but many scholars still want to find the earliest varieties of rice or dry rice, there are a lot of archaeological sites in Asia have been found in some of the early rice. For example, in 1995, in China's Hunan Province, Tao County, Yuchanyan site, found four yellow rice, dating to 10,000 years ago, is known to be the world's earliest rice. In addition, remnants of rice seeds from about 7,000 years ago have also been unearthed at Hemudu in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River; and siliceous bodies of artificially cultivated rice from about 10,000 years ago have been unearthed at Yingde in Guangdong Province. Some of China's ancient rice has even been used by scientists to replant and add hybrid rice varieties

V. History of rice

* Rice history * China has a long history of rice cultivation, in the "Guan Zi", "Lu Jia Xinyao" and other ancient texts, are about 27 centuries BC in the Shennong era sowing "five grains" records, rice is listed as one of the five grains.

"Records of the Grand Historian - Xia Benji" on "Yu ordered Yiyi to give the masses of rice, can be planted in the humid" records, indicating that in the 21st century BC, the Chinese people have already begun to fight against nature, dredge and control the "Nine Rivers", the use of the "humid" zone to develop rice. About 4,200 years ago, rice cultivation has advanced from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

By the Warring States period, due to the application of iron farming tools and plows, it began to move towards intensive cultivation, and at the same time, large-scale water conservancy projects were constructed for the development of rice, such as the Zhangshui Canal in Hebei (445~396 BC), the Dujiangyan Canal in Sichuan (256 BC), and the Zhengguo Canal in Shaanxi (246 BC), etc. In the Western Han Dynasty, terracing first appeared in Sichuan. Terraces first appeared in Sichuan during the Western Han Dynasty.

In the 30s of the 6th century, the Northern Wei Dynasty's Jia Si-feng's "Qi Min Yao Shu" was devoted to the cultivation of water and dry rice. Jin "Guangzhi" and the development of green manure in the paddy fields to increase the source of organic fertilizer, fertilizer records.

Reflects the rice planting technology has a certain level. After the Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties, China's economic center of gravity gradually moved south, the Tang and Song Dynasty more than six hundred years, Jiangnan became the center of national rice production, Taihu Lake basin for rice production base, Beijing can be the military and civilian needs of rice all rely on the south of the canal.

At that time, due to the importance of water conservancy construction, reclamation of rivers, lakes and mudflats to build fields, improve agricultural tools, soil fertilization, rice and wheat two maturing and varieties of renewals, etc., the Jiangnan rice area has initially formed a more complete system of collocation and cultivation. China's rich resources of rice varieties, to the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, "direct provincial Zhishu" recorded in 16 provinces, 223 prefectures and counties of the number of rice varieties amounted to more than 3400.

In addition, there have been new advances in seedling production, water and fertilizer management, etc. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, on the basis of the inheritance and development of the fine traditions of intensive cultivation in the past, and the application of modern agricultural science and technology, the rice production has been greatly developed.

By 1984, the national rice planting area reached 33.178 million hectares, with an average yield of 5370.0 kg per hectare, and the total output of rice reached 178.255 million tons, an increase of about 29%, 170%, and 266% over 1949, respectively.

VI. The history of rice cultivation in China dates back to what era

The history of rice cultivation in China dates back to the Neolithic era.

Rice is native to China and was cultivated in the Yangtze River Valley in China seven thousand years ago. According to different methods, rice can be categorized into indica and japonica, early and mid-late rice, and glutinous and non-glutinous rice. China's scientist Yuan Longping has made great contributions to the research of hybrid rice, known as the "father of hybrid rice".

Rice fruit that is the rice grain, rice grain after removing the husk called brown rice, brown rice can be obtained by crushing the bran layer of rice. Nearly half of the world's population, are to rice for food. Rice is consumed in a variety of ways, there are rice, rice porridge, rice cakes, rice cakes, rice wine and so on. In addition to edible rice, but also brewing, sugar for industrial raw materials, rice husk, rice straw, can be used as feed.

China's main rice producing areas are mainly in the northeast, the Yangtze River Basin, the Pearl River Basin. Belongs to the direct cash crop. It is also the staple food for one-third of the world's human population.

Neolithic (neolithic), refers to the last stage of the Stone Age in archaeology, marked by the use of ground stone tools as a stage of development of human material culture. This name was first proposed by the British archaeologist Lubbock in 1865, this era in geological time has entered the Holocene, following the Paleolithic, or after the transition to the Mesolithic and the development of the Stone Age, belonging to the later part of the Stone Age.

The Neolithic era began about 10,000 years ago, the end of the time from more than 5,000 years ago to more than 2,000 years ranging.

VII. What is the origin and classification of rice cultivars

Rice cultivars originated from wild rice, and one of the wild rice, common wild rice, is the ancestor of common cultivated rice.

China is not only one of the world's origins of rice cultivation, but also one of the world's richest rice species resources. There are many ways to categorize cultivated rice in the world, for example, one of the more popular methods is to classify it into indica (also known as Indian type), japonica (also known as Japanese type) and Javanese type.

And our country focuses on four aspects of the division: mainly divided into indica rice and japonica rice two categories (also known as subspecies); due to the cultivation of different maturity into early, mid-season rice and late rice; due to the different water requirements and divided into rice and rice; due to the different quality of rice sticky (non-glutinous, ?àêàíèêàòà?) is divided into viscous rice and glutinous rice. On a national scale, China's southern (except Taihu Lake, northern Zhejiang), a variety of indica rice; northern variety of japonica rice; and the Yangtze River, the Yellow River is between the indica-japonica staggered planting zone.

In terms of altitude, the high-altitude zone species japonica, low altitude zone species indica rice. From the distribution characteristics, it can be seen that japonica rice is suitable for lower temperature conditions.

Indica rice was domesticated from common wild rice and derived from japonica rice. South China and the Yangtze River Basin rice growing season is very long, the meteorological conditions of different stubble seasons have large differences, thus forming the early, middle and late season rice, is the relationship between geographic distribution, season and ecological conditions.

In general, early and middle rice varieties have a weak response to day length, and late rice varieties have a strong response to day length. Thus, early and middle rice varieties can be cultivated as late rice, while late rice can not be cultivated as early and middle rice because it needs to have short sunlight conditions in late fall to spike.

This is an important guide for inter-regional seed transfer, seed introduction, and transfer of varieties for inter-seasonal application. Compared with rice, land rice (commonly known as dry rice, dry Japonica son) planting area is very small, and the geographical distribution is very narrow, mostly confined to the rainfall and poor irrigation conditions of the slopes, in the Beijing low-temperature flood prone to sporadic planting.

In China, most of the sticky rice as the staple food, only in Yunnan minority individual areas to glutinous rice as the staple food, glutinous rice is mainly made of pastries or brewing. In addition to the above basic taxonomy, some scholars also separate a class of light body rice.

After the introduction of hybrid rice, China generally divided into hybrid rice, conventional rice two categories. In the classification of varieties there are also based on certain characteristics, such as resistance, plant shape, rice quality and other aspects of classification, which has practical value in the application of varieties.