How do you understand discovery learning, cooperative learning, program instruction and mastery learning?

(1) Discovery learning. It is a teaching method that provides students with relevant learning materials and allows them to discover knowledge and understand concepts and principles on their own through exploration, manipulation and reflection. Some general conclusions about discovery learning can be summarized as follows: ① From the point of view of overall learning achievement, discovery learning is not better or worse than traditional teaching methods (e.g., lecture method); ② From the point of view of high-level thinking skills, discovery learning is usually more helpful in developing students' problem-solving, creativity, and independent learning ability; ③ From the point of view of learning in the affective domain, discovery learning is more helpful than traditional teaching in developing students' positive attitudes toward teachers and school learning, or that students like school better.

(2) Cooperative learning. An instructional method in which students work in groups to help each other learn. Researchers in cooperative learning have proposed a variety of different models of cooperative learning. Research has shown that cooperative learning is effective in many ways: ① Students of all ability levels show higher academic performance, with girls and backward students showing especially outstanding improvement in their performance; ② Students are more interested in school subjects, participate more in classroom activities, encourage each other more often in their studies, support each other, and show less bad behavior in the classroom; ③ Students are able to understand each other, accept each other, be friendly to each other, and build friendships. and build friendships. In addition, cooperative learning helps to develop complex cognitive skills such as effective problem solving skills, metacognitive awareness and learning strategies.

(3) Program teaching. It is an individualized form of teaching, which breaks down the big problem to be learned into a series of small problems and presents them to students in a certain procedural arrangement, requiring students to learn and answer the questions, and students get timely feedback after answering the questions. The key to program learning is to prepare a good program. To this end, Skinner puts forward the five basic principles (principles) of programming: small steps; positive response; timely reinforcement (feedback); self-paced; low error rate. Program instruction can be categorized into linear and branching programs according to how the program material is organized. Currently, branching programs can often be seen in computer-assisted instruction.CA1 is program instruction using the computer as the means of presentation.

(4) mastery learning. It is a kind of teaching method adapted to the individual differences of learners proposed by American psychologist Bloom, and usually includes the following components: (1) small, separated units; (2) logical sequences; (3) at the end of each unit, the mastery level is tested by exams; (4) each unit should have a specific, observable mastery standard; (5) students who need extra help or practice are provided with "remedial" measures; (6) students who need extra help or practice are provided with "remedial" measures. (v) provide "remediation" for students who need additional help or practice to achieve mastery. The benefits of this approach are demonstrated by changes in students' ability to learn more and perform better on classroom tests, to maintain good study habits and learn more regularly, to enjoy class and the teacher more, to be more interested in the subject matter, and to feel more confident in their ability to learn the subject matter.