What writing materials did people use in ancient India, ancient two river basins and ancient Rome?

In ancient India, dry leaves or mud and stones were used as carriers for writing, and slender wooden sticks were dipped in pigments for writing. Ancient civilizations in the two river basins made clay tablets, and then wrote on them with reeds or wooden sticks. There were various writing carriers in ancient Rome, but parchment was the main one.

Ancient Indian civilization was discovered in 1922. Because its site was first excavated in Halaba, India, it is usually called "Halaba culture"; Because these sites are mainly concentrated in the Indus Valley, they are also called "Indus Civilization". The age of Halaba culture is about 2300 BC to 1750 BC.

The civilization of the two rivers basin is also called Mesopotamian culture, or the two rivers civilization. Refers to the civilization developed in the fertile crescent basin of the two rivers (Mesopotamia Plain between Tigris River and Euphrates River), which is the earliest civilization in West Asia. Mainly composed of Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, Assyria and other civilizations.

Ancient Rome refers to the civilization that rose in the middle of the Italian Peninsula (Apennine Peninsula) from the beginning of the 9th century BC. Ancient Rome experienced three stages: Roman monarchy (753-509 BC), Roman republic (509-27 BC) and Roman Empire (27-476 BC 1453 BC).

Extended data

The characters used in ancient India are very distinctive seal scripts.

Most of the ancient characters in the Indus Valley were engraved on seals made of stone or clay, so they were called seal script. More than 2000 seals have been excavated. Many of these symbols are hieroglyphics, which may still be in the pictographic stage, but because of their syllables and stress, they are also considered as phonography during the transition to pinyin.

What is the meaning of a seal engraved with words is still incomprehensible. It is speculated that these inscriptions may be the names and titles of the seal owners, and the seal carving may be something they worship. Most seals are made of soapstone, clay, ivory and copper, with no more than 20 inscriptions and many lifelike reliefs. Their themes are mainly the common animals at that time, the hunting, sailing and entertainment scenes of the people in the ancient Indian River valley, and religious myths.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-ancient Rome

Baidu Encyclopedia-Civilization in Two River Basins

Baidu Encyclopedia-Ancient India