Bibliography and theoretical research

In the history of China, not only have various kinds of bibliography works been produced, but also on the basis of bibliography practice, more attention has been paid to the research of bibliography theory. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Ruan Xiaoxu discussed in detail the viewpoint of bibliography classification and the problems existing in previous classification in the preface to Seven Records. For example, in Seven Records, Wang Jian criticized the Spring and Autumn Category attached to Classic Spring and Autumn Annals: "In the era of Liu (Liu Xin), there were very few historical books attached to Spring and Autumn Annals, which is an example. Today, many family biographies are several times more than classics, and it is really complicated to learn from them. " In the Tang Dynasty, Wu Tong fully discussed the significance of bibliography in his Preface to Ancient and Modern Records. He said: "A person should learn his records, make things happen, teach and make progress, be a saint and an emperor." It's been a long time since I went to San, so I dug more. If you don't judge the flow of articles, you will leave the legacy of the sages and don't smell it. Great country classics will be empty all year round. It makes the literati swim across the sea alone, weak feathers lean on the sky, stones are filled in, and the sun is chased by sticks. It's not because of the eyes, how can it be detailed? It is not too difficult! Not bad! It will make a thousand eyes in the palm of your hand, put a million letters in a year, browse records and know the purpose, look at the eyes and learn words, and explore the fine technology of graves. Tessa's wisdom is salty, but what he sees is not the faces of the ancients, but their hearts. It won't get worse in the future! "This passage has been affecting the later bibliography compilation and bibliography research. How can we "analyze the flow and make clear the topic", so that scholars can "browse the records and know their purpose, but look at their eyes and know their words" and avoid the pain of "wandering alone in the sea and relying on the sky".

The Chronology of Textual Research by Zheng Qiao in the Southern Song Dynasty is the first systematic theoretical research work of bibliography in China. He expounded the viewpoints of book classification, book collection and book annotation in theory, which were applied in Literature and Art and Atlas. Zheng Qiao's book classification thought aims at explaining the book categories in detail, thus completing the task of bibliographic analysis of academic origins. He put forward a very insightful classification principle in Six Cases of Course Compilation, and made clear the relationship among learning, books and lessons. He said: "Classes are divided, academics speak for themselves, classes are unknown, and books are irregular", and pointed out that whether there is a clear distinction between books is related to the survival and academic development of books. Zheng Qiao's classification thought includes the following contents: First, clear classification examples can help people know books, thus preserving the exact records of books. He said, "People who are not proficient in learning are also ignorant of books. If a book is nameless, there is no distinction between classes and examples. Where there are special books, there are special studies; With specialized knowledge, you have the ability to defend the world. People keep books, books keep classes, and people keep learning; The world has changed, and the book is not dead. " Only by learning to specialize can we keep the world; Books are not specialized, and there is no return; If people want to "keep their books", they must do "books keep their classes", and give examples according to "expertise". He believes that books are easy to preserve when they are concentrated and easy to lose when they are scattered. Many atlases are lost because there are no special categories in the bibliographies of past dynasties. In this detailed book classification example, Zheng Qiao's theory of taking "specialty" as book classification is far-sighted. Second, Ming-style examples can provide academic development, identify the contents of books, and investigate their origin and evolution. He said: "If it is divided into categories, it will organize a hundred schools and nine streams"; Classics are divided into examples, and academics themselves ... by reading their books, we can know the origin of their learning. Although Zheng Qiao exaggerated the function of classification, his unique views are worthy of recognition. He criticized Liu Xin and said that "seven points are simple"; Criticize the four-part classification, saying that "all four libraries are absurd". This spirit of daring to criticize predecessors' omissions promoted the academic development at that time. The third is to pay attention to the rigor and precision of book classification, and treat Ming-style cases like running the army. He said: "This kind of book still holds the army. If organized, it will be ruled by many people; If there is no organization, it is very few. There are too many such cases and too many affected areas. " It is advocated that books should be subdivided and all kinds of books should have categories. According to this thought and the actual situation of books at that time, Zheng Qiao did not follow the old method, and established a classification system of classics, rites, music, primary school, history, philosophy, astronomy, five elements, arithmetic, medical prescriptions, generic books and documents 100, which was used to compile an Introduction to Literature and Art. His classification system broke through the popular four-point method at that time, and classified etiquette, music and primary school under the classics respectively, juxtaposed with the classics; Subordinate astronomy, five elements, art, and medical prescriptions are also classified independently, juxtaposed with the philosophers. All his practices reflect the classification idea of "classification and classification for example, academic self-evident". The fourth is to explain the names of some categories to facilitate people's understanding of categories. For example, the interpretation of Zhou Guan is: "Han said Zhou Guan, Jiang Zuo said Zhou Guan Li, and Tang said that by extension, Zhou Guan is also." The explanation of category is also to clarify and play the role of category. The fifth is to clearly put forward the principle of book classification. He believes that books should be classified according to their nature and cannot be mixed together, nor can books of different categories be mixed together; All kinds of books should be arranged in an orderly way; Different books by the same author should be classified according to their contents. These principles of Zheng Qiao are still relevant today. Zheng Qiao's thought on the scope of books collection aims to record all the lost books in ancient and modern times, and make modern people slightly ancient in details. Zheng Qiao's History of Ancient and Modern is the application of his historical view of "meeting" in bibliography. He said: "If you can remember by reading a set of books, Qiao Zhi's artistic and literary ambitions will surpass all history." "Collection of books must be recorded" refers to the bibliography compiled by Fei in "1989 is the study of discussion, the study of picture books, and the study of book death. The results of discussion must be recorded, compiled and compiled by group books, and the bibliography is wrong" (Volume II of Jia Kun Legacy). This bibliography is an Introduction to Tongzhi Literature and Art. Zheng Qiao's book collection thought is mainly manifested in recording lost articles; All ancient and modern books should be recorded, but they should be detailed until now; Record atlas. In order to clarify his lost thoughts, Zheng Qiao specially wrote Three Lost Books. He said: "Since the Tang Dynasty, those who are rich in books have something to do with lost books, so they can learn them, so books may die in the past and be prepared for the future, not out of it." Debit the dead books to make it easier for future generations to ask for them, but "when the Tang people collected books, they only remembered their existence, not their absence, which led to the loss of fame for future generations." He also said: "When the ancients compiled books, they must investigate their sources, so scholars are easy to learn and those who seek them are easy to seek." Recording lost books can make the origin orderly. In order to achieve the goal of completely recording books, Zheng Qiao wrote "Eight Methods of Seeking Books" and put forward the famous eight methods of seeking books: seeking the same kind, seeking the other kind, seeking the place, seeking the family, seeking the public, seeking the private, seeking the people and seeking the generation. Although this method of seeking books is effective, it is difficult to collect all the ancient books in the pre-Qin period. In view of this, Zheng Qiao thinks that we should be detailed in the present and slightly in the ancient times. "Today, some reporters want to remember the existence of hundreds of generations. However, the books of Han and Jin dynasties are the most extensive, so they are omitted. The book of Sui and Tang Dynasties is recent, so I won't elaborate. Chongwen, Siku and folk books are all modern books, and they should be recorded one by one. " Zheng Qiao advocated recording not only books, but also atlases, and specially compiled atlases. He said: "I can't see the picture when I see the book, and I can't see the shape when I hear the sound; See the picture, but not the book, see people, but don't listen to their words. "People think that books and pictures have their own functions, and they should not be neglected. Sixteen books can't be seen without pictures, such as astronomy, and can't be seen without pictures. Geography is not a map without insight; Palace, the map can't be used as a house. " For a reader, those chapters are useless if you don't know this. If the rulers don't know this, then there is nothing to do with the cultural relics of Jigang. Yao Mingda commented in the History of Bibliography in China: "Since ancient times, he has advocated chart spectrum, which has the clearest consciousness and the greatest contribution, and has never surpassed Zheng Qiao. The central idea of Zheng Qiao's book annotation thought is "meaningless universal explanation". He believes that "there are different categories and academics speak for themselves", and there is no need to add notes to every book. To this end, he wrote an article on nonsense, arguing that "after entering the classics, why talk more?" "History belongs to history, why talk about history? But Chen's book speaks for itself. Only "Sui Zhi" is interpreted by people who are suspicious, and there is no doubt that unlucky people are quoted by analogy. ..... Today's Mu Zong Chongwen ... Every book will say something. What's the use of teaching according to the standard? We'll see. It's already complicated. Why not talk about it one by one? As for those who have nothing to say, or those who are different from the previous book, they will speak very strongly and make people feel depressed. " What Zheng Qiao opposes here is the practice of writing abstracts regardless of the need, which doesn't mean that all books don't need annotations. He wrote another article to interpret the book and discuss the truth. "Like historians, official chronicles can easily understand dynasties, and they speak for themselves. As for miscellaneous history, there are mistakes, so there are annotations, but those who are easy to know do not. Only the history of hegemony, such as one after another, so take notes one after another. There are some things that should be put, and some things that should not be put, so it is impossible to generalize. According to Tang Zhi, there are those that should be interpreted but not interpreted, and Chongwen should not be interpreted and not interpreted. " Zheng Qiao's book annotation thought has been well used in Yiwenlu. Some indicate the author's time and grade under the title, some explain the meaning of the title, and some simply introduce its content or authenticity. In a word, Zheng Qiao's book annotation thought was progressive at that time and still has important reference value today. In addition, Zheng Qiao also believes that bibliographers should be full-time and long-term. "Ma Si went to the world as a historian, Liu Xiang and his son took an examination of Tianlu, Yu Shina and Yan Shigu successively served as secretary supervisors, Linghu Defen served as a historian of the Three Dynasties, and Kong was a scholar for life. To prepare books and prosper cultural relics, can you be an official of the school as soon as possible? " In order to ensure the academic function and microscopic examination function of bibliographic chapter recognition, Zheng Qiao also put forward the organization method of bibliographic compilation with one person in charge and one person in charge. He believes that the academic division of labor, each with its own strengths, does not have its own strengths, not only will get twice the result with half the effort, but also easy to make mistakes. He deeply agrees with the division of labor and organization method of Liu Xiang's cataloging of school books. An infantry captain is a school strategist, a surname is a school technician, and Li is a doctor. Liu Xiang and Liu Xin will always be the boss. "A family can learn with one hand." Zheng Qiao's contribution to China's bibliography is enormous, and his new ideas of bibliography are worth learning and learning from today. The works devoted to Zheng Qiao's bibliography include A Brief Examination of Zheng Qiao (published by Xu Jialin, Commercial Press, 1948).

Textual Research by Zhang Xuecheng in Qing Dynasty is another theoretical work of bibliography after Textual Research by Zheng Qiao. Zhang Xuecheng lived in the era of Ganjia, and textual research was popular. His representative works include General Meaning of Literature and History and General Meaning of School. The former mainly reflects his historical thoughts, while the latter embodies his bibliography thoughts. On the basis of summarizing the achievements of bibliography since Liu Xiang and Liu Xin, Zhang Xuecheng put forward the famous thesis of "learning by distinguishing chapters and examining the origin of mirrors", which represents the highest achievement of bibliography method and theory in feudal society. As for catalogue and proofreading, Zhang Xuecheng's idea of "learning by distinguishing chapters and examining mirrors" is not only a simple classification and cataloging, but also a way to clarify the source and development of academic thoughts by revealing the ideological content of documents, the author's academic achievements and the origin of teachers, so that people can understand the way of learning, explore the source of learning and distinguish the scope of disciplines by bibliography, thus achieving the purpose of learning and research. He agreed with the knowledge and thoughts of Liu Xiang and Liu Xin, saying: "Liu Xiang and his son, who are different in their families, can distinguish chapters and learn, examine the origin of mirrors, do not deeply understand the mystery of Taoism, and talk about gains and losses in groups, are not worthy of Tao." Liu Xiang and his son can trace back to the source, summarize the academic thoughts since ancient times, and give the content of academic history to the bibliography. He thinks: "The outline ... is the most important in Ming Dow. ..... His description of the Six Arts, followed by a hundred schools of thought contending, will inevitably say: The flow of a certain family covers the palm of an ancient official, and its flow is the learning of a certain family, but it is the disadvantage of a certain family. Its cloud is known by an official, that is, the law is applied to the official, and the official keeps the meaning of his book. It is a family study, that is, the lawsuit is dereliction of duty, and the younger brother inherits the righteousness. Losing the cloud is the disadvantage of a certain family, that is, the so-called "governing politics with the heart and harming people with politics" in Mencius is different from others and obscures people who want to be ordinary and know what to say. According to Liu's instructions, in order to seek the ambition of the past and the present, we will record the department, distinguish the chapters and divide the subjects, compromise the six arts and preach the truth, not just for the needs of Party A and Party B. In short, Zhang Xuecheng advocates that no matter how to classify, catalogue and record, we should reflect the idea of "distinguishing the chapters and learning, and examining the original". Zhang Xuecheng's idea of bibliography classification emphasizes that categories should meet the needs of academic and book development, which is conducive to "distinguishing academic chapters and examining the origin of mirrors". He believes that classification should change with the changes of the times and academics. "The seven views are divided into four parts: official seal and official seal, which are incompatible with others. The history department is becoming more and more complicated, so it is impossible to learn Chunqiu, and one of the four books can't be compiled. There are many famous Mohists, and there are no more branches in later generations. Four can't belong to two of seven views. In the flourishing age of literary works, you can't be famous for a hundred schools and nine streams, and four secondary schools and three schools can't belong to seven views. Copying is not a series, let alone a kind of book. Four books can't return seven laws. Commenting on poetry and prose, there are also those that seem to be different sets rather than different sets, those that seem to be total sets rather than total sets, and five of the four can't be classified as "seven views" All books with nothing in the past and nothing in the past are as powerful as the earth and can safely adhere to the formation method of the seven views. What about the recent articles? " Zhang Xuecheng also pays special attention to the role of classification, so that people can seek books by category and read books by book. Taking the category books as an example, Zhang Xuecheng thinks that there are two kinds: "They actively review readers, such as the general review of documents, with stories from the history department;" Its passive service object, such as "literary gathering", should not be confused with the sub-departments after the collection of the collection department is linked. Or something similar can be said after the sage. " Zhang Xuecheng's thought on bibliographic style especially emphasizes the role of category order and abstract in "distinguishing chapters and studying the origin of mirrors". He praised the preface to the Seven Outlooks, saying, "With Liu Zhi's purpose, seek the records of the past and the present, then record the various departments, distinguish chapters and separate them, and compromise the six arts to preach the Tao, not just the needs of A, B and Ji." Regarding the function of the order of classes, he thinks it can describe the academic origin, explain the meaning range of class names and explain the relationship between classes. In view of this, a bibliography must have the order of major categories and minor categories, otherwise it is impossible to "separate chapters". He attached great importance to the compilation of abstracts and opposed the practice of "only counting parts" and "taking notes in the A and B editions" in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He believes that only by writing a good abstract can the author's academic thoughts be fully reflected. "Inferring its essence, seeing the words of the ancients, doing something with perseverance, then all false words and collections can also be ruled by it, and it must be one of the academic chapters!" Regarding the content of the abstract, Zhang Xuecheng asked for textual research of the title, introduction of the author and evaluation of the content. His abstract view is worth learning by today's bibliography researchers and cataloguers. Zhang Xuecheng's idea of bibliographic description is mainly embodied in two aspects: mutual compilation and different compilation. In order to make all kinds of knowledge "rope through the Pearl River, there is no shortage of escape", he emphasized the use of interactive and unique methods to supplement the shortcomings of classification and description. In the process of classified description, the description of a book seems unshakable in a certain category, but in fact, a book often has other disciplines. "If you avoid repetition and don't load, a book has two purposes and only one record, which is incomplete in the text of this book; One family has a book, but one is missing. In the study of a family, it is also unprepared. " In order to solve the above problems, Zhang Xuecheng specially wrote two articles, which expounded the concept, method and significance of mutual writing and different cutting. Regarding mutual writing, he said: "those who have mutual transmission and dual-use books are not afraid of receiving both, and they are not afraid of being heavy at first;" Next to Party A and Party B, but just for checking. The ancients paid the most attention to family studies and listed all the books of a family. Anyone who participates in this family research is poor in the Committee. "On the surface, co-writing is a problem of describing methods. In fact, it not only improves the quality of book classification, facilitates the investigation of academic development, but also plays the role of books. Regarding originality, Zhang Xuecheng said: "When the ancients wrote books, some people used theories and copied stories. The books he used had different purposes or lasted for a long time, and I don't know what they were. Or the articles written are within the whole book and belong to the same category; And you can cut its chapter, fill its part, and you can tell the source of the work without going out; As far as its whole book is concerned, there is nothing easier than this, and it is just as well to belong to this category. This paper expounds the significance of "exceptional criticism" in an extremely concise way, and analyzes a chapter in a book, which not only fully reflects a certain content, but also facilitates readers to use the bibliography. Editing has no effect on the original book. Because the source of the original text is not explained until the article is cut, we can see the difference of knowledge from it. Zhang Xuecheng's exposition on mutual writing and originality is an important contribution to China's bibliography theory and method. There have been different views on the beginning of two recording methods: mutual writing and separate editing. There are two methods in Seven Laws: mutual compilation and different compilation, but Liu Xiang and his son didn't have this idea, but it was a mistake caused by scattered books and division of labor at that time. Later, Ban Gu discovered this problem, corrected it in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, and deleted the duplicate books. In Yuan Dynasty, Ma Duanlin used interactive methods in classical textual research. In the Ming Dynasty, Qi Cheng? Two methods are used, and the meanings of "communication" and "mutual" are briefly described. For the first time in history, it was Zhang Xuecheng in Qing Dynasty who discussed interaction and innovation in detail, and he raised the two methods to the height of "learning from chapters". Since then, academic researchers and bibliographers have a clear idea and basis. Another manifestation of Zhang Xuecheng's bibliography thought is the discussion of indexing theory and method. He said: "I know many ancient books, but my knowledge is limited. I can't understand liberal arts either. What happened? "In order to refer to the school, we might as well take all the Tibetan and Chinese and foreign books in Four Treasures of the Study and choose their names, place names and titles. Those who are famous and can be recorded are recorded as rhymes, just like the example of Pei Fu. Indicate the source and the first chapter of the original book under the original rhyme. From the first time I saw Goodbye to Qian Qian Wanwan, I wrote it down in detail and hid it in the museum, thinking that the books were all the same. " This paper is the earliest index research in China. What Zhang Xuecheng said at that time was only to compile an index of book names, place names, scientific names and official names. Later, Wang Huizu's Collection of Historical Surnames and Ruan Yuan's Collection of Classics were indexed from the perspective of names and words. Zhang Xuecheng has a very practical comment on the relationship between books and academic research. He used the relationship between Tao and Qi to explain this problem. He said: "The Book of Changes says that' the metaphysical is the Tao, and the metaphysical is the device'. The Tao does not leave the device, and the shadow does not leave the shape. " "Tao" here refers to the laws of nature, and "qi" refers to objective things. Zhang Xuecheng introduced this philosophical thought into bibliography, and mentioned in his book that "Six Classics are all stories and anecdotes", "Six Classics are all devices" and "Six Classics are the political code of the first king". Here, "stories and anecdotes", "political codes" and "devices" all refer to books and materials. People can gain knowledge by reading these materials, that is, gain "Tao". In other words, academic research must be based on data, which "means that wine cannot be separated from dregs, and Jiahe cannot be separated from dung" (answer the question). He also compared books and materials with academic research as "Han Xin, who wrote Bixing, used his troops, and Xiao He, who wrote Bixing, paid for it, both of which were indispensable". These incisive views are often regarded by later generations as a model of attaching importance to information work. To sum up, Zhang Xuecheng's bibliography thought was formed on the basis of extensive analysis and study of bibliography and bibliography works of the previous generation, and established a scientific bibliography theory and method system for later generations. Many bibliography works are influenced by "the study of distinguishing chapters and examining the source of mirrors"