An overview of counseling psychology knowledge

First, the brief history and present situation of counseling psychology

(A) the background conditions of psychological counseling

1. Academic background

First of all, Gao Erdun studied individual differences in psychological activities by measuring, and established the method of "free association" (1882).

Secondly, Cartel published a paper on psychological testing and measurement, 1890.

Thirdly, Whitmore opened a children's behavior correction clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, 1896.

Fourthly, Binet.Alfred and Simon compiled intelligence test 1904 to help children with mental retardation.

Fifth, David conducts behavior guidance to prevent students from having behavior problems. 1907.

VI. The Rise of Parsons' Career Guidance Movement, 1908.

2. Social demand background

After the early academic thought and methodology were basically established, psychological consultation, as a practical activity of psychology, began under the strong social demand.

(2) The development of psychological counseling.

1. The birth of psychological counseling specialty

Psychological counseling originated from clinical psychology which was born in 1896.

Witmer has done a lot of work in solving children's behavior problems, and established professional journals from 65438 to 0907. Put forward the suggestion that psychological measurement must be done before employment.

2. The development of psychological counseling.

In 1930s, psychological tests and the study of individual differences were the main conditions and promoting factors for the development of clinical psychology.

After the 1940s, the subject of psychological counseling developed more rapidly. Until 1953, the consulting psychology branch of the American Psychological Association stipulated the formal training standards for psychological counseling experts. This training standard later became the recognized standard of the doctoral program of the graduate school of the Education and Training Committee.

1956 the definition Committee of the consulting psychology branch of the American psychological association published a report entitled "consulting psychology as a professional branch".

Second, the basic concept of psychological counseling

(A) the professional definition of psychological counselors

Psychological counselors are professionals who use psychology and related knowledge, follow psychological principles, and help clients solve psychological problems through psychological counseling techniques and methods.

This definition includes:

1. As a profession, practitioners must master basic knowledge, including both general knowledge of psychology and related knowledge of clinical history operation of psychological counseling.

2. The methods used by psychological counselors can only be the techniques and methods of psychological counseling.

3. The meaning of helping visitors to solve psychological problems mentioned in the National Professional Standard for Psychological Counselors has two aspects: ① The relationship of counseling is the relationship of summation and help, which is of universal significance in psychological counseling. (2) The only problem that help seekers can solve is psychological problems or behavioral problems or physical symptoms caused by psychological problems.

In counseling psychology, the concept of psychological counseling has broad sense and narrow sense. Psychological counseling in a broad sense covers various methods or means of clinical intervention. Psychological counseling in a narrow sense mainly refers to clinical intervention measures with psychological theory guidance and technical application.

(B) the operational definition of psychological counseling

Rogers (1942) interprets psychological counseling as a process of providing psychological help to individuals through continuous direct contact and trying to change their behaviors and attitudes.

Williamson et al. (1949) interpreted psychological counseling as a process in which two people A specially trained in psychological counseling provide help to B who has problems in psychological adaptation and ask for solutions.

Chen Zhonggeng (1989) thinks that psychological counseling should clarify three problems: ① the nature of the problem to be solved; ② Consultant's skills; (3) to achieve the goal.

(C) the basic conditions of psychological counselors

1. The way of thinking and attitude that psychological counselors should have.

(1) materialistic viewpoint

(2) the general contact point of view, including multiple meanings:

First, the view of the unity of body and mind.

Psychology and physiology are interactive and mutually causal, and counselors should understand psychological problems on the basis of combining them. Help-seekers are prone to physical and psychological problems, and they are in poor physical condition, which leads to psychological discomfort.

B. the view that psychological, physiological and social factors interact. The causes of psychological problems in every reality are often three-dimensional, with both horizontal main factors and vertical factors. These two factors are intertwined, forming the real cause of psychological problems.

C. holistic view.

Any kind of psychology and behavior of a person is by no means isolated. He is always associated with a person's whole psychological activity. If there is a problem in one aspect of the whole psychological activity, it will affect the whole body. Cognition, emotion, motivation and behavior are always interrelated.

Holism enables us to integrate and apply various consulting methods.

3 restrictive views.

(1) responsibilities. The duties of psychological counselors are limited by psychological counseling tasks. The task of psychological counseling is only to solve the psychological problems themselves, not including the specific events that cause psychological problems, that is to say, not to interfere or help the seekers and solve any specific problems in life.

② Time limit. The consultation time is generally 50~60 minutes each time. (The initial consultation can be extended appropriately. ) The interval between two consultations is generally one week. The time limit for each consultation is not absolutely strict. According to the psychological characteristics of the client, the age and the nature of the problem can be adjusted appropriately, and the number or frequency of consultation can be increased or decreased. The specific situation shall be decided by the consultant and the client through consultation. The negotiation relationship is also limited. When the negotiation is over, the negotiation relationship will be terminated.

3 emotional restrictions.

It means that the consultant's job should be to help the helper grow up as the ultimate goal, and he can't take the opportunity to satisfy his own desires or curiosity, and can't establish other relationships with the helper except the consulting relationship. Psychological counseling prohibits counselors and help seekers from conducting any counseling activities outside the counseling room.

(4) Limitation of clients.

A, the goal of psychological counseling can only lock the psychological problems of the help-seekers.

B, in each stage and the final stage of psychological counseling, the degree of solving psychological problems is limited.

4 history-logic-reality unified development concept

(1) Psychological counseling has just begun. Facing the psychological problems of the clients, we should consider their personal medical history and see what is the logical relationship between the root of personal medical history and the actual symptoms.

In the process of psychological counseling, counselors must look at visitors with a developmental perspective and believe that visitors have their own abilities and resources to change. Individuals are always in the process of development and change from birth to death. People's psychological troubles and obstacles come from changes and will be gradually eliminated in changes.

5. A neutral attitude.

The neutral attitude of psychological counseling means that the counselor understands the problems, puzzles and situations of the help seekers from the perspective of the help seekers, and at the same time does not evaluate them, and does not mix personal emotions and opinions.

In the whole process of psychological counseling, counselors should maintain an objective and neutral position on all kinds of events involved in counseling. A neutral attitude can ensure that the counselor does not bring personal emotions into the consultation. The neutral attitude of consultants can enhance job seekers' trust in themselves, which is conducive to establishing a normal consulting relationship. (4) In consultation, if the client's mood or views on the event are different from those of the counselor, the counselor can express his attitude in a neutral sentence, "I can understand your feelings or thoughts".

(B) psychological counselors should have the conditions

1. Personality, be a person who respects and loves life, and be a person who is beneficial to society and others.

2. Self-repair and consciousness,

3. Be good at accommodating others,

4. Have a strong sense of responsibility,

5. Self-knowledge. ① Know your own advantages and disadvantages. ② The ability to evaluate the value of self-existence. four

Fourthly, the history, present situation and prospect of psychological counseling in China.

Brief history:

In the mid-1950s, this proportion rose again. Wu Zhengyi, Li Xintian,,, Gong Yaoxian, Xu, and others all used "comprehensive rapid therapy" to treat neurosis and physical and mental diseases.

In the mid-1960s, psychology was destroyed again.

In the early 1970s, the whole psychology disappeared in China.

At the beginning of 1980s, consulting psychology was revitalized in the new situation.

Status:

1. Psychological counseling has started to be specialized (6 operational indicators).

① Socialization level ② Social benefits ③ Economic benefits ④ Organizational construction and information communication ⑤ Social recognition ⑤ National professional standards for psychological counselors have been issued (200 1.8).

2. There is a gap between the demand for psychological counseling and the power of counseling.

At present, the demand of society far exceeds the development of the discipline itself. The specialization of psychological counseling in China is still in its infancy. The development of China's psychological counseling industry can only be based on China's national conditions, starting from a lower professional starting point, and further strengthening standardized vocational training according to the current national vocational standards, so as to actively and steadily promote the development of this industry.

(C) the prospect of psychological counseling in China.

1 Drawing lessons from western culture, psychological counseling will be closer to the social reality and cultural background of China.

2. With the extensive social needs and the popularity of psychological counseling, its development momentum will remain strong.

3. Perfect and professional psychological counseling will continuously improve its own value and will be integrated with the market economy with China characteristics.

There are three indicators to evaluate the social value of this profession:

① Whether the discipline theory and operating rules supporting professional behavior are scientific. (2) Whether the ability of professionals is up to standard. ③ Whether the professional management system, service system and business operation mode have reached the standardization level.