The process and significance of Japanese tea ceremony.

Tea ceremony is a traditional indoor art, and this kind of tea is a special place completely isolated from daily life. The artistic ceremony held at a specific time must be completed through extremely complicated procedures and specific techniques.

Tea ceremony not only pays attention to special techniques, but also emphasizes the connection between people. Tea for tea ceremony is not personal tea, but collective and shared by all. The core of tea ceremony is gathering tea. All participants in the tea party can get rid of the shackles of the real society through the exchange of tea, so that the relationship between people can be harmonious from the heart.

Japanese tea ceremony contains a kind of idealism, which emphasizes purity, quietness, harmony and silence. In the history of tea ceremony, many people with the same name and surname spent their whole lives looking for their hearts. Tea ceremony is based on isolation. Therefore, nature pursues a unique spiritual situation as its goal, which is called seeking Tao.

At the same time, the tea ceremony is also interesting and entertaining. Of course, it is not excluded that some people participate in the tea ceremony for entertainment purposes. In fact, the pursuit of Tao and interest in tea ceremony are not contradictory, they coexist in tea ceremony at the same time.

Camellia is the main part of tea ceremony. Generally speaking, holding a tea party requires three conditions. First of all, a tea party is a party for one person. When drinking tea, people openly express their feelings in order to unify their thoughts. The feeling of dialogue often determines the success or failure of a tea party. And the tea party is very particular about collocation. The host and guests put themselves in a harmonious teahouse space through the reasonable collocation of tea ceremony utensils and tea sets. Finally, the specific etiquette of tea ceremony. The host's skillful and quick action in receiving guests often leads to the climax of the tea party. Every serving of tea contains the host's mind.

The room where the tea party is held is called the teahouse, also called this seat, teahouse or simply this seat. There are niches and floor stoves in the teahouse. The location of the floor furnace determines the laying method of indoor floor mats. Generally speaking, the guest sitting on the left hand side of the operator (host) is called the convenience seat. The guest sitting on the operator's right is called the backhand seat. Guests enter the teahouse through a unique small exit. It is said that this small exit was designed by Masajiro Morino, the ancestor of the tea ceremony, imitating the window on the Dianchuan boat.

According to the etiquette of tea ceremony, the host holds the tea set and makes tea in a certain order at the designated place according to the rules. In order to make the tea party a success, the ritual performance of tea ceremony is very important. It is the ceremony of tea ceremony that artistically turns the ordinary daily life habit of drinking tea into a tea ceremony. There are three kinds of etiquette, namely charcoal etiquette, strong tea etiquette and light tea etiquette. The difference in etiquette is mainly based on the different procedures for determining whether there are shelves in underground stoves (indoor) and tea stoves (outdoor). The seemingly complicated and boring operation procedures, no matter the posture, movements, sequence and tools, are as reasonable as possible according to scientific arrangements to avoid waste in all aspects.

The process of preparing charcoal for the ground stove or tea stove where tea is boiled is called charcoal ceremony. Whether it is the front seat or the back seat, there are the first charcoal ceremony and the second charcoal ceremony respectively. The procedures of charcoal ceremony are divided into preparing charcoal burning tools, cleaning the ground stove (or tea stove), adjusting the temperature, removing charcoal ash, adding charcoal and lighting incense.

Strong tea is the most solemn ceremony in tea ceremony. You must mainly wear a black kimono with a white pattern. During the ceremony, there was almost no dialogue between the host and the guests. Learning tea ceremony generally begins with learning soft tea and thin tea. Thin tea is the most basic ceremony of tea ceremony. Except fine tea and strong tea, due to different schools, the preparation of related utensils, the use of round bamboo brushes (stirring tea powder to make it foam), the stacking method of small silk cloth, the treatment of tea spoon and the method of pounding tea powder are all different.

In the art of tea ceremony, the artistic appreciation of utensils occupies a large proportion. The statement of "visiting the equipment" itself can prove this point. Tea ceremony utensils can be divided into four categories: reception utensils; Tea table utensils; Hospital equipment; An appliance for washing tea. Among them, reception utensils and tea table utensils are utensils that meet guests directly, that is, appreciation utensils. Hospital appliances and tea washer appliances are consumer goods. Usually, the former is used as a tea set, while the latter is used as a miscellaneous device. Here is a brief introduction to the types and uses of these electrical appliances.

The reception uses Axis figures, Axis paintings, smoking utensils and tea bowls hanging in niches. Tea mat utensils include utensils for decorating niches. Charcoal etiquette related appliances, tea ceremony etiquette appliances. Shi Huai tableware.

Tea table utensils include niche ornaments, hanging shafts, vases, etc.

Charcoal ritual vessels include: kettle, tea stove, incense box, ash container and charcoal bucket.

Tea ceremony has shelves, water bowls, tea bowls, tea pots, etc. Tea set, tea spoon, lid, boiled water (container for excess water after washing the tea bowl). Most of them are pottery products, and some are round boxes made of thin wood chips.

Shi Huai's utensils include folding (a container made of thin wood chips to hold rice and miso soup), bowls (rice bowls, miso soup bowls and tea bowls), auspicious symbols (a small ceramic bowl for storing food) and eight inches (a square Chinese fir vessel about 24 cm). Used to hold wine and plates), baking bowls (a slightly larger ceramic vessel), wine vessels.

The water room with straw sandals, round pier, hospital handle spoon and bucket (at the tea washer in the corner of the teahouse) is used in the hospital. There are gongs, pots, tea towel pots, round bamboo brushes (brushes that stir tea powder to make it foam), tea towels, spoons and so on.

Japanese tea ceremony is divided into several schools, focusing on their family members (heads of households), so that their traditions can be passed down. Jia Yuan (Master) has many disciples. After his graduation, he obtained the certificate issued by Jia Yuan (Master). Those who obtained the certificate of quasi-normal school and normal school all received the enlightenment education of tea ceremony. There are many schools of tea ceremony in Japan today, from the oldest school with a history of 400 years to the new school born in recent years, each with its own characteristics. From the organic law of tea party to the etiquette rules of tea ceremony, each has its own merits. Here are a few schools.

The ancestor of a thousand schools is Mori no Rikyū. During the seclusion of Zongdan, the grandson of Mori no Rikyū, thousands of schools were divided into three systems. Look at thousands. The ancestor was Zongdan's third son, Jiangling Zongzuo. Jia yuan (master) is generally called "no trial nunnery" Table Qian inherited the teahouse and teahouse handed down by Mori Noriky and maintained the orthodox style of casual tea. Li Ganjia is a school initiated by Zong Dan's youngest son, Xian Sao's imperial clan. Li Ganjia inherited Zong Dan's seclusion in this temple. Because today's buddhist nun is in buddhist nun, it is called Qian, and today's buddhist nun becomes Qian. Boxers have thousands of paths. The ancestor was Weng Zongshou, the second son of Zong Dan, who was called "Guan". This school is named after the ancestral home of Mushakoji. The ancestor's name is frugality. At that time, I was studying in Wu Ye Shaoou and Mori Norikyō. The school motto of Yaonei School is "Honesty and Quiet" and "Courtesy and Courtesy". It is good to grow university tea and small teahouse tea. Yuanzhou school The ancestor's name is Kobayashi Yuanzhou. Mainly college tea.

According to the rules of tea ceremony, you must drink strong tea after eating, so that tea may taste better. A formal tea party must have a simple meal before drinking strong tea, which is called Shi Huai meal. Legend has it that Shi Huai will tell an ancient story. According to legend, in order to forget hunger, Buddhist monks in the temple put a warm stone in their arms. Shi Huai food is vegetarian, so it is not a luxurious dish with delicious food.

Japanese tea ceremony

What is the tea ceremony? Tea ceremony is a highly formal way to prepare tea for guests, and experience life from the form of drinking tea, that's all. Japanese tea ceremony originated in China, but it took a different road from Master. It seems that all tea ceremony and ceramics can find another way without exception, which may be the terrible thing about this Japanese apprentice.

The origin of Japanese tea ceremony can be traced back to the sixteenth century, but the introduction of tea was completed by the envoys of the Tang Dynasty. In ancient Japan, there were no native tea trees and there was no habit of drinking tea. Tea has taken root and sprouted in Japan since the envoys of Nara era brought it back to Japan.

The tea party in the Tang Dynasty was like this: a set of tea set, including a copper basin, a kettle, a water tank, a waste water bowl, a basin-type bracket with a bamboo spoon, a pair of clips for holding charcoal and a round bracket for putting the lid of the kettle. Tea is made of tea through frying, fermentation and extrusion. Put the broken tea into a teapot, add water to boil, and then put it into a ceramic teacup. This is the easiest way to eat tea. In the early days of heian period, the most famous Japanese monk in the Tang Dynasty (767-822 AD, the ancestor of Tiantai Sect in Japan) brought China's tea trees back to Japan and began to plant them in Sakamoto, Feng Jingen. It is said that this is the beginning of tea planting in Japan. During the Kamakura period, the Zen monk Rong studied the processing method of tea in China and brought high-quality tea seeds back to Japan for dissemination. 12 1 1 year, he wrote the first Japanese tea-drinking monograph, Eating Tea for Health. Tea culture in China comes from the daily customs of ordinary people, while in Japan, on the contrary, tea drinking culture takes a top-down road, just like the capitalist reform in Meiji period. When tea was first introduced to Japan, it was completely a luxury, and only the royal family, nobles and a few senior monks could enjoy it. Tea ceremony is regarded as an elegant and advanced culture limited to the royal family, and its content and form were strongly imitated by the Tang Dynasty. Since the Kamakura era, it has become more and more common to regard tea as a panacea under the influence of eating tea for health preservation. The rapid development of tea planting has also created favorable conditions for tea to enter civilian families. During this period, tea drinking activities began to spread to the people centered on temples.

Different from the method of tea fermentation in China, Japanese tea leaves are naturally dried and ground into powder. Quot‘' matcha' (the last tea). In Muromachi era, tea farmers in Guinea held tea tasting parties to classify tea, which developed into entertainment for many people to taste tea and developed primitive tea ceremony etiquette. During this period, fighting tea with the samurai class as the protagonist became the mainstream of tea culture, with entertainment as the main feature. In the13rd century, the emerging samurai class, with abundant financial resources, often held tea fights to gamble by tasting tea from all over the world, which was extremely luxurious to show off their wealth and expand their contacts. Later, the third generation general of Muromachi shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, refined the fighting tea, which prepared the conditions for the transition to the religious' academy tea'. Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth generation general, built Tongren Zhai in Dongshan, Kyoto, where he lived in seclusion. The floor was covered with tatami, one * * *, and four and a half sheets were used. This architectural design of the whole room covered with tatami was used for reference by later generations, forming various? Quot "tea room" In the past, the tea party was held in a large space, noisy and not polite; Tongren Zhai narrowed and closed the open and unfixed space, creating a stable indoor space for the formation of tea ceremony. This kind of room is called an academy-style building, and the tea party held in it is called' Academy Tea'. "Academy Tea" requires absolute silence in the teahouse and concise questions and answers between the host and the guest, thus sweeping away the messy wind of the tea bucket. Academy tea has completed the task of combining foreign Tang culture with Japanese culture, and basically established the current tea ordering procedure of Japanese tea ceremony. In short, by the end of Muromachi era, the birth of tea ceremony was a matter of time.

The founder of Japanese tea ceremony was the first to establish the concept of tea ceremony by Zhuguang Murata, a monk from a famous temple in Nara in the15th century (AD 1423- 1502). 1442, 19-year-old Murata Zhuguang came to Kyoto to practice. At that time, the "Khan Bath Tea Party" (a tea party with the theme of bathing in summer) was popular in Nara. For the first time, this tea party adopted a teahouse with simple and rustic pastoral architecture style-Caoan. This quaint style had a profound influence on the later tea ceremony and became a major feature of Japanese tea ceremony. In meditation, Murata Zhuguang integrated his understanding of Zen into drinking tea. He tasted tea in a small teahouse and realized the truth that "Buddhism exists in tea soup" from the melody of Buddha. The melody of the Buddha is the familiar "Bodhi is not a tree, mirror is not a stage; There is nothing, so there is no dust. Zhuguang Murata has created a unique style of tea that respects nature and is simple. Because of admiration for the general's just politics,' Cao An Tea' soon spread all over Kyoto. Zhuguang advocated that tea people should get rid of the entanglement of desire, understand the inner spirit of tea ceremony through practice, and blindly open up the road of tea meditation. According to the Japanese tea ceremony Nanlu, the standard four and a half tatami tea rooms were decided by pearls, and the niches and floor stoves specially used for tea ceremony activities were also introduced by him. In addition, Zhuguang Murata also reformed the coffee table, tea spoon and vase. Since then, art and religious philosophy have been introduced into the daily activities of drinking tea and have been continuously developed.

Another outstanding tea man after Zhuguang Murata was Takeno Shaonan (A.D. 1502- 1555). He greatly supplemented and perfected the tea ceremony of Murata Zhuguang, and also introduced the theory of chorus into the tea ceremony, which reproduced the unique simple and elegant style of Japanese culture and further nationalized the Japanese tea ceremony. In Japanese history, it was Richo Morino (A.D. 1522 ~ 1592) who really raised the tea ceremony and tea drinking to the artistic level. His early name was Senno Soueki, and later he was named Xiuji in Juledi, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and changed it to Senoriki. He and Ken Kennei, the originator of Kennei School, are both disciples of Shao Ou. Moriki ū reduced the four and a half tatami in the standard tea room to three or even two, simplified the interior decoration to a minimum, freed the spiritual world of tea ceremony from the constraints of material factors to the maximum extent, and made tea ceremony easier to be talked about. Post? Yo, private? Do you feel the art? Mu Zhiji m? Promise? Ю? Mushrooms? Bilaiyu? What's the big deal? Good chimney I 5 seeks to correct defects Wu Jun K? Are you kidding? Tie it up? What's the matter with you? Are you burning magnesium? Kang Yu teased' sincerity'; He also advocated greatly simplifying the prescribed actions of the tea ceremony, abandoning external formal manipulation and focusing on the taste of the tea ceremony. He formulated the' four rules and seven rules' of tea ceremony, which are still in use today. The so-called' four laws' are: harmony, respect, purity and silence. Harmony is harmony, which is manifested in the harmony between subject and object; Respect means respect, which is characterized by clear relationship between superiors and subordinates and etiquette; Qing' means clean and quiet, which is manifested in the neatness of tea sets in tea rooms and the purity of people's hearts; "Quiet" means concentration and abandonment of desire, which is manifested in the quiet atmosphere in the teahouse, the solemn expression of the tea people and the quiet concentration. By who? Quot‘' seven' is: tea should be strong and light; Pay attention to the heat when cooking tea with charcoal; The temperature of tea should adapt to the season; Flower arrangement should be fresh; Time should be earlier, for example, guests usually arrive fifteen to thirty minutes in advance; Prepare rain gear even if it doesn't rain; Take care of all customers, including guests. From these rules, we can see that Japanese tea ceremony contains many factors such as art, philosophy, morality and ethics. Tea ceremony integrates spiritual cultivation into life interest, cultivates sentiment by dining, ordering tea, appreciating tea sets and talking with people in elegant environment, and cultivates perfect consciousness and character of being unpretentious, natural and generous, and leading a totally clean life. At the same time, it also enables people to form the habit of observing rules, earnestly and unconditionally fulfilling social responsibilities and observing social morality in prudent tea ceremony etiquette. Therefore, the Japanese have always regarded tea ceremony as an important means to cultivate self-cultivation and improve cultural quality. It is not difficult to understand why the tea ceremony has such a wide social influence and social foundation in Japan, and it is still popular today. Schools of Japanese tea ceremony

Today, Dachuan has a deep relationship with Sen no Rikyū, a famous Japanese tea ceremony school, among which Li Qianjia is the most famous and influential. Since Mori Noriky committed suicide by caesarean section under the command of Hideyoshi, thousands of schools have a tendency to be depressed. It was not until Mori no Rikyū' s grandson, Qian Zongdan, flourished again, so Qian Zongdan was called the' ancestor of thousands of zhongxing'. In Qian Zongdan's later years, after he lived in seclusion, thousands of schools began to split and eventually split into three schools. That's it? Quot‘' the origin of three thousand years'. Here are a few schools:

Biao Qian: one of the thousand schools, the ancestor is Jiangling Zongzuo, the third son of Qian Zongdan. The teahouse in the main hall is the' no trial nunnery'. Thousands of people serve the aristocratic class. They have inherited the teahouse and teahouse handed down by Mori Noriky and maintained the orthodox style of casual tea.

Li Ganjia: One of the thousand schools, whose ancestors were the youngest son of Qian Zongdan, the imperial clan of Xianzuo. Li Qianren has been popularized and inherited Qian Zongdan's seclusion' Today Temple'. Because today's buddhist nun is located inside buddhist nun, it is called Biao Qianjia, and today's buddhist nun is called Li Qianjia.

Thousand Warrior Trail: One of the thousand schools, the ancestor is Weng Zongshou, the second son of Qian Zongdan. What's the number of its stalls? Quot "Guan" is the smallest of the "Three Thousand" schools, named after the Musha Temple where Zongshou lived.

Yauchi school: the ancestor is Yauchi frugality. In those days, Kenichi Nakauchi worked as a teacher with Rixiong Morino in Shaozhou, Wu Ye. The motto of this school is "integrity and purity" and "courtesy and simplicity". Good at academy tea and small teahouse tea.

Yuanzhou School: The ancestor was Yuanzhou Kanghong, who was mainly good at academy tea.

Tea affairs in Japanese tea ceremony

The Japanese pay great attention to form, and the tea ceremony is such a manifestation. They like to prepare food in front of guests, such as teppanyaki, so that guests can not only eat food, but also learn cooking methods, as well as tea ceremony.

Japanese tea people hold tea parties with the mentality of "one session at a time". This word comes from Naoko Inoue, a great tea man at the end of the Edo shogunate. Is that what the book says? Quot Tracing back to the source, tea party is a meeting of a period. Even if the same host and guest can hold tea parties repeatedly, they can't reproduce what happened at this moment. Every tea party really comes once in a blue moon for me. Therefore, the host should do everything possible to be affectionate and sincere, and there should be no negligence. Guests must also attend the meeting with the feeling that they will never see each other again in this world, enthusiastically accept every tiny ingenuity of the host, and sincerely greet them. This is: a problem for some time. This concept of "one session at a time" is essentially the embodiment of the Buddhist concept of "impermanence". The impermanence of Buddhism urges people to value every minute and take every moment seriously. At the tea party, the host and guest cherished each other's belief of "once in a lifetime" and realized that life is fleeting in the world like the bubble of tea, so there was a singing of * * *. Therefore, participants feel closely connected with each other, resulting in a sense of interdependence and life fulfillment. This is a feeling that you can't experience on other occasions outside the tea party. There are many kinds of tea affairs. In ancient times, there was a saying of "three-time tea", that is, according to the time of three meals, it was divided into morning meeting (morning tea), book meeting (afternoon tea) and night meeting (evening tea); Now there are seven things about tea, namely morning tea, morning tea, afternoon tea, evening tea, after-dinner tea, special tea and temporary tea. In addition, there are tea events (equivalent to the opening ceremony of Buddhist temples), farewell tea, snow tea, one host and one guest tea, flower tea and moon tea in Kaifeng tea altar. Every tea tasting activity should have a theme, such as someone's wedding, the joy of moving, commemorating his birthday, or celebrating the acquisition of a precious tea set and so on. Before the tea party, the host must first make sure that the host and guests, that is, the main guests, are generally more distinguished, like Morino Lifu in Toyotomi Hideyoshi. After determining the guest of honor, determine the accompanying guests. These accompanying guests should be familiar with the host and guest and have a certain relationship. After confirming the guests, we will be busy preparing for the tea party. In the meantime, the guests will come to thank them, because the host who is busy with the preparations only needs to receive them at the door. Generally speaking, a tea party lasts four hours. If it is too long, it will easily lead to guest fatigue. If it is too short, you may not understand the true meaning of the tea party. There are two kinds of tea parties: light tea parties (simple tea parties) and formal tea parties, which are also divided into front seats and back seats. In order to run a good tea party, the host should run around and buy good tea, good water, camellia, materials for making refreshments and tea food, etc. Before the tea party, the teahouse and teahouse should be cleaned. After the guests arrive in advance, they should sit down and watch the teahouse in the grass shed of the teahouse, understand the owner's intention, and then take a seat in the teahouse. Quot the first seat. The host began to perform the charcoal adding technique, because the whole tea party was charcoal added three times (cherry charcoal was used in the formal tea party), so this time it was called' initial charcoal'. After that, the host brought tea and food, which is called' Shi Huai cuisine' in Japanese (it is said that monks put hot stones in their arms when they are hungry in meditation to reduce their hunger, so they call it that). After drinking tea, guests go to the teahouse to have a rest, which is' neutrality'. Then go into the teahouse. This is the' back seat'. The back seat is the main part of the tea party. In a serious atmosphere, the host orders strong tea for the guests, then adds charcoal (after charcoal) and then orders thin tea. Afterwards, the host and guests said goodbye to each other, and the tea party ended here. Tea parties are usually recorded, including meetings with the congregation, niche decoration, tea sets, meals, snacks and so on. Sometimes, a summary of the conversation with the congregation and the comments of the recorder are added. This kind of record is called' will remember'. In ancient times, many famous tea party records have been handed down to this day and become precious materials in modern times, such as Matsuya Club, Amano Temple Club, Imai Zongjiu Tea Ceremony and Zongzhan Diary, which are collectively called the four major clubs.

Tea set for Japanese tea ceremony

Speaking of Japanese tea ceremony, tea set is essential. Tea set is one of the most expressive carriers of tea ceremony. It is helpful to create a harmonious atmosphere by emphasizing the adaptation to the same season and the coordination with the layout of the teahouse. There are many kinds of tea sets, including ceramics, lacquerware, iron, bronze, pottery, wood, bamboo and so on. It can be called a tea set, ranging from display racks and tea stoves to teaspoons and wine glasses, but we often say that tea sets refer to tea drinking utensils, including tea bowls, teapots, camellias (pots or tubes for flower arrangement), water fingers (water utensils for washing hands) and teaspoons. Tea set is a kind of ornamental and use utensils, which can be divided into living room utensils (public) and dining table utensils (special). Tea sets in Japanese tea ceremony can be roughly divided into two categories: one is a small pottery jar for making strong tea, called? QuotAccording to different shapes, tea can be divided into Shouchong, Eggplant, Hu Hai and Wen Lin. The other is called' thin tea set'. As the name implies, it is made of thin tea and has various shapes. Among all the tea sets, the tea bowl is the most valuable, with a wide variety and exquisite. Tea bowls are generally ceramic products, but also stone products. In a sense, the tea bowl can be regarded as synonymous with the whole tea set. During the Warring States period, it was designed and directed by Mori no Rikyū, a famous ceramist Chojiro? Quot' Le Tea Bowl' can be regarded as the top work of Japanese tea bowls at that time, but it is a pity that the value of Le Tea Bowl in Japanese Warring States Games in past dynasties has never been high.

The following is a brief introduction of some famous tea sets:

Youle Tea Bowl: It belongs to the category of Dajinghu Tea Bowl, and is named after Ueda Shinbu's younger brother has Lezhai. Known as the curved tea bowl, loquat glaze medicine contains iron.

Daytime tea bowl: produced in Tianmu Mountain, China, hence the name.

Hayakawa, Chile: Ritchie Morino took it from Osaka by the morning express when she held a tea party in Kyoto, so it was named Hayakawa. It belongs to one of the seven famous teas in Li Xiu and is now in Daishan Memorial Hall.

There is nothing in Chile: it's also a Chilean tea bowl, and Wang Ye nobuyuki and Taige series have appeared.

National Eggplant: Known as "the best eggplant in the world", it is named because it was originally owned by Yi Shi National Eggplant.

Benye Temple Wen Lin: Formerly known as Wen Lin, asakura, it was named after it was originally owned by Asakura Yoshikage. Later, it fell into the hands of Nobunaga, who gave it to Benye Temple, hence the name.

The name comes from Fujiwara's chorus Summer Mountain, Green Leaves, Green Leaves,No. 12376; りのぉそざくらよりりららよよよよりらよよよよよよよ12