The peak of the Paralympic Games began in that year.

Paralympics started at 1960, and it is a large-scale comprehensive sports meeting for the disabled sponsored by the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee. It is held every four years after the Summer Olympic Games, and has been held for 12. The Winter Paralympics has been held for 9 times since 1976, with a total of nearly 4,000 athletes. There are four events in the competition: alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ice sledding and wheelchair sports dance, and each event includes several events. China participated in the Winter Paralympics for the first time in 2002. At that time, * * * sent four athletes to participate in alpine skiing and cross-country skiing, and won the sixth place.

source and course

Paralympics started in 1948 after World War II. At that time, Sir Ludwig guttman, a British neurosurgeon, and some celebrities who are enthusiastic about the cause of the disabled organized a wheelchair athlete (mostly a World War II veteran with spinal disability) competition during the 1948 London Olympic Games, which was called the Stoke mandeville Games.

1952, Dutch veterans also joined the Paralympic Games, so the International Federation of Stoke mandeville Games (ISMGF) was established, and the International Paralympic Games was held in Stoke mandeville, England for the first time. At that time, only 130 athletes from two countries participated. After that, the event was fixed, and the international Stoke mandeville Games was held every year. By 1959, eight international games for the disabled have actually been held.

After two years' careful planning by Sir Ludwig guttmann of Britain and Professor antonia Mario of Italy, two weeks after the end of the 1960 Rome Olympic Games, 400 disabled athletes from 23 countries participated in the first Paralympic Games held in Rome. This Games was later officially recognized as the 9th International Stoke mandeville Games. It was not until 1984 that the IOC officially approved the name of "Paralympic Games".

In the Paralympic Games, according to a set of pre-established classification and grading standards, athletes with different disabilities and degrees participate in different categories and levels of competitions.

From 1964, the IOC decided that the country hosting the Summer Olympic Games would host the Paralympic Games, but the venue might not be the same city. Until 1988, the International Olympic Committee made a new regulation that the Summer Olympic Games and Paralympic Games must be held in the same city.

1982, the International Coordinating Committee of the World Sports Organization for the Disabled was established, and the International Olympic Committee recognized it as the sports management body for the disabled. The events set up at the Paralympic Games need its approval.

As time goes by, disabled sports need stronger international organizations. From 65438 to 0989, with the active support of the International Disabled Sports Foundation, six organizations under the International Coordinating Committee for Disabled Sports (ICC) jointly established the International Paralympic Committee. The main tasks of the IPC are to form an organization representing disabled athletes in the world, to grant disabled people the right to host the Olympic Games, to supervise and assist the Olympic Games, to expand the opportunities for disabled people to participate in sports and improve their performance, and to integrate disabled people's sports into international sports.

On June 9, 2000, the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee reached a new agreement: starting from the 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 20 10 Winter Paralympics, the Paralympics will not only be held in the same city after the Olympic Games, but also use the same stadiums and facilities.

Paralympics has gone through a glorious course of continuous development and growth for more than 40 years, from 400 athletes from 23 countries to 3,824 athletes from 122 countries and regions in 2000, which not only marks the development of the times, but also reflects the progress of human social civilization!

Summer Paralympics

The Summer Paralympics has been held for 12 times. After decades of development and elimination, almost every sports event has changed, some of which are just a flash in the pan, while others have lasted for a long time and have been preserved to this day. At present, the official events stipulated by the International Paralympic Committee include seven-a-side football, five-a-side football, wheelchair rugby, wheelchair basketball, ground ball, gateball, equestrian, sailing, sitting volleyball, wheelchair tennis, judo for the blind, wheelchair fencing, cycling, table tennis, weightlifting, archery, shooting, swimming, track and field, rowing, bobsled race, bobsled downhill race and three boards.

Winter Paralympics

After the end of World War II, winter sports for the disabled gradually developed because many injured soldiers and ordinary people tried to take part in skiing again. Sepp Cvik Nag was one of the early pioneers of winter sports for the disabled. He lost his legs in Austria. He skied with artificial limbs. Later, there were innovations in the design of skiing equipment, such as creating a three-track skiing-using a crutch-an athlete with one leg put on a snowboard with one foot, and then used a crutch with a small snowboard, thus leaving three marks on the snow. The revolutionary director of this equipment directed 1948 February Austria's first skiing competition, in which 17 disabled people participated. The majority of disabled skiers welcomed this competition very much, so in the second year, the first Austrian Triple Ski Championship was held in Bad Gastin, Austria.

In the 1970s, skiing competitions were held with all kinds of disabled athletes.

1974, the first world championship was held in Grande, France. The competition includes alpine skiing and cross-country skiing, with amputees and visually impaired athletes participating.

1976, the first Winter Paralympics was held in Enschel zwick, Sweden. * * * More than 250 blind and amputee athletes from 14 countries participated in the competition, which included alpine skiing and Nordic skiing.

Nowadays, athletes with different disabilities participate in their own competitions. Visually impaired athletes are guided by a guide using intercom equipment or speakers when skiing. Athletes who amputate above the knee use a single snowboard and crutches. Athletes who amputate below the knee use artificial limbs and then participate in skiing competitions like healthy people. Athletes with amputation or spinal cord injury (paralysis) use sitting skis. Athletes with amputated arms do not use poles when skiing.

At present, the official events of the Winter Paralympic Games stipulated by the International Paralympic Committee include alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ice sledding and wheelchair sports dance, and each event includes several events. For example, alpine skiing includes downhill, super giant slalom, giant slalom and slalom; Cross-country skiing (also known as Nordic skiing) includes individual events and team events, ranging in length from 2.5 km to 20 km; Wheelchair sports dance includes standard dance (waltz, tango, Viennese waltz, foxtrot and quickstep) and Latin dance (rumba, cha-cha, samba, etc. ).

So far, the Winter Paralympics has been held for 9 times.

The history of China's participation in the Paralympic Games

China first participated in the 7th Paralympic Games held in new york, USA from1June 1984, and then participated in the Paralympics in 1988, 1992, 1996 and 2000. * * * These five Paralympic Games sent 2 15 athletes, * * * won 80 gold medals, 72 silver medals and 52 bronze medals, 59 people broke 75 world records and 25 people broke Paralympic Games records.

Compared with western countries, China's disabled sports started late and the foundation is weak. 1984 China's reform and opening up has just started. Like other undertakings, sports undertakings are in full swing. In June this year, disabled sports, like healthy sports, returned to the international stage and participated in the Olympic and Paralympic Games that year. China only sent 24 disabled athletes to participate in the 7th International Summer Paralympics held in Long Island, new york, USA. Ping Yali and Zhao, two blind girls, bravely fought against the strong players from all over the world and won the gold medal in the women's long jump respectively, one month earlier than Xu Haifeng, a shooter from China, realizing the "zero breakthrough" of China people in the Olympic Games. Today, Ping Yali still has some regrets about the Paralympics of 1984. When she stood on the podium to listen to the national anthem after winning the gold medal, she didn't leave a photo and a video. After returning to China, Ping Yali was awarded RMB from 300 yuan, but the latter has not been implemented. After the struggle, the Beijing municipal government also rewarded her with a house, but the subsequent troubles continued and have not been solved so far. In this Paralympic Games, the China delegation won 2 gold medals, 13 silver medals, 9 bronze medals, raised the five-star red flag 24 times and broke the world record 9 times. The total number of gold medals ranked 23rd.

Generally speaking, China's participation in the Paralympic Games is "three less and one new", that is, fewer participants, fewer events, less experience and more novices. Due to the small number of people, many novices, lack of on-the-spot experience and insufficient training at ordinary times, it is difficult to compete with many strong players in the world. For example, 1988+00 At the 8th International Paralympic Games held in Seoul in June, * * * more than 4,000 athletes from more than 60 countries and regions participated in 17 events. Many countries sent huge delegations. The United States, South Korea and other countries sent teams of 400 to 500 people. There are also more than 200 delegations from five or six countries. However, China only sent 43 athletes to participate in track and field, swimming, table tennis and shooting competitions, while only one athlete participated in shooting. In the face of the grim reality that strong players are like a forest, Zhao, a female athlete who won a gold medal in the 1984 Paralympic Games, lost to the American players by one centimeter and won the silver medal in this long jump, but she rallied and defeated the strong players such as the United States, the former Soviet Union and Poland in the 100 and 400 meters, winning two gold medals in succession. In many sports competitions, China players and opponents often narrowly win or win the second place by a gap of one centimeter or a few tenths of a second. Niu Guiping's 100 meter butterfly and Liu Zebing's 100 meter freestyle are only a few tenths of a second faster than the second place, and Theway's shooting champion is only one lap faster than the runner-up. The women's table tennis won three gold medals, all of which were five hurdles and six generals. Some kept playing and finally won the championship by two points. In this Paralympic Games, China disabled athletes won 44 medals, including gold 17, silver 17, bronze 10,1person-time, breaking 9 world records. Total number of gold medals ranked 14.

Sports for the disabled, as an integral part of human rights protection, has been highly valued by all countries in the world. Some countries, such as the United States and Australia, have invested heavily in training professional players, conducted long-term scientific training, and competed for gold and silver in the international disabled sports arena. International sports competitions for the disabled are becoming increasingly fierce, and the competitive level is constantly improving. The competitive level and strength of disabled sports in China have also been greatly enhanced. 1In the 9th Paralympic Games in Barcelona in 1992, China won 1 1 gold medals, and 14 times broke the world record, ranking 1 1 in the total number of gold medals. 196 At the 10th Paralympic Games held in Atlanta, USA, China won 16 gold medals and broke the world record with 16 times, ranking 9th in the total number of gold medals. By the 2000 Paralympic Games in Sydney, China athletes had won 34 gold medals, breaking the world record 25 times, and the total number of gold medals rose to sixth place. Zhu Hongyan, a blind girl from Henan, overcame the pain caused by lumbar muscle strain, scapulohumeral periarthritis and arthritis during training. She practiced for several hours and won five swimming gold medals at the Paralympic Games in Sydney. Tianjin youth Sun Changting lost a leg in the accident. After every high jump training, the trouser legs without legs are soaked with blood. Nevertheless, through his own efforts, he not only won the Paralympic champion, but also broke the world record and jumped over the height of 1.90 meters that many ordinary people could not surpass. Zhang Xiaoling, a 47-year-old female table tennis player from Guangxi, participated in the 8th, 9th, 10 and1Paralympics. She has a prosthetic leg. Holding the ball in her hand, she bit each other and hit each other bit by bit. Every time it is a golden gold medal, it was awarded the honorary title of "Excellent Athlete" by the China Disabled Persons' Federation and the State Sports General Administration.

At the Athens Paralympic Games, the China sports delegation has three remarkable characteristics: First, the number of participants is large. The delegation consists of 287 people, including 200 athletes, which is 2.3 times that of the Sydney Paralympic Games. Second, there are many items. We will participate in track and field, swimming, table tennis, shooting, weightlifting, judo for the blind, cycling, archery, wheelchair fencing, wheelchair tennis, sitting volleyball and other 1 1 events and 284 events. There are five more sports than last year, and there are 125 more sports. Third, there are many new people. The athletes who participated in the Paralympic Games for the first time were 16 1 person, accounting for 80.5% of the total number of athletes. These young athletes are the backbone of China's participation in the 2008 Paralympic Games.

Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games

Organizational structure (Paralympic Department)

Paralympics Department: responsible for coordinating and formulating the planning and work plan for the preparations for the Beijing Paralympics; Coordinate and supervise the progress and implementation of the preparations for the Paralympic Games in various departments; Responsible for communication, liaison and coordination with the International Paralympic Committee, the International Disabled Sports Federation and domestic disabled organizations; Put forward guiding opinions on the special work of the Paralympic Games; Assist in training, promotion and publicity related to the Paralympic Games.

The symbol of an organization.

The emblem of the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games takes the harmony and unity of heaven, earth and people as the main line, integrates China characters, calligraphy and the spirit of the Paralympic Games, embodies the traditional culture of China and the spirit of the modern Olympic Games, and embodies the spirit of the Paralympic Games with the harmony and unity of mind, body and spirit, and has a profound traditional cultural heritage of China.

The graphic part of the emblem, which is zigzag composed of red, blue and green, shows a moving human figure with calligraphy strokes, like a gymnast jumping forward and spinning in the air like an athlete riding on a pommel horse, which embodies the concept of sports. The word "knowledge" means birth, endless life and arrival. Its tortuous pattern means that after ups and downs, it will eventually achieve its goal and achieve success.

Among the colors used in the emblem, red symbolizes the sun; Dark blue, meaning blue sky; Green symbolizes the earth. The combination of three strokes and three colors forms a touching human figure, namely "Heaven and Earth Man", which embodies the idea of "the unity of heaven and man" in China traditional culture and expresses the idea that modern people uphold Scientific Outlook on Development, pursue the harmony of sports and develop harmoniously with nature and society. The color of the emblem also fully embodies the three concepts of the Beijing Olympic Games. Red is "China Red" with strong China characteristics, which embodies the concept of "People's Olympics". Dark blue, representing high technology, embodies the concept of "high-tech Olympics"; Green represents environmental protection and embodies the concept of "Green Olympics".

The emblem of Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games "Heaven and Earth Man" adopts Chinese characters as the emblem pattern, and the emblem of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games "China Seal? "Dancing Beijing" takes the seal as its emblem, and both "Chinese characters" and "Chinese seal" are typical traditional cultural elements of China, which are rich in China cultural characteristics and echo each other in thought and artistic style. The two emblems complement each other and set each other off into splendor, highlighting the concept of "People's Olympics", with profound implications and strong expressive force.

Slogans and ideas

"One World, One Dream" embodies the essence and universal values of the Olympic spirit-unity, friendship, progress, harmony, participation and dreams, and expresses the common desire of the whole world to pursue a better future for mankind under the inspiration of the Olympic spirit. Although human beings have different colors, languages and races, we share the charm and joy of the Olympics, pursue the ideal of human peace, belong to the same world and share the same hopes and dreams.

"One World, One Dream" profoundly reflects the core concept of the Beijing Olympic Games, and embodies the harmonious values contained in the people's Olympics as the core and soul of the three concepts of "green Olympics, high-tech Olympics and people's Olympics". It is our dream and pursuit to build a harmonious society and realize harmonious development. "Harmony between man and nature" and "harmony is precious" are the ideals and pursuits of China people for the harmonious relationship between man and nature and between people since ancient times. We believe that peaceful progress, harmonious development, harmonious coexistence, win-win cooperation and a better life are the common ideals of the whole world.

"One World, One Dream" is simple and profound, which belongs to both China and the world. The slogan expresses the lofty ideal that the people of Beijing and China and the people of other countries in the world have a beautiful home, share the fruits of civilization and work together to create the future. Expressed the firm belief that a great nation with 5,000 years of civilization and moving towards modernization is committed to peaceful development, social harmony and people's happiness; It expresses the desire of the 654.38 billion+300 million people in China to contribute to the establishment of a peaceful and better world.

The English slogan "One World, One Dream" has distinctive features. Two ones form a beautiful parallelism, and "the world" and "the dream" echo back and forth. The whole slogan is concise, loud and profound, which is easy to remember and spread.

China's slogan "One World, One Dream" uses "one" to express the same, which makes the theme of "All mankind belongs to the same world, and all mankind * * * pursues beautiful dreams together" more prominent.

Paralympic concept: beyond integration and enjoyment.

The core of "transcendence" is to surpass oneself and challenge the limit. It embodies the goal of "faster, higher and stronger" of the Olympic movement and the characteristics of disabled sports; Transcendence conveys the courage and confidence of disabled athletes to transcend physical obstacles, and shows their spirit of self-improvement and tenacious struggle; "Transcendence" is also a kind of psychological transcendence, the appeal of the disabled to abandon prejudice and participate in social life on an equal footing, and the essence of sports for the disabled.

"Integration" embodies the Olympic values of unity, peace and harmony and the traditional concept of "harmony between man and nature" in China. It covers three aspects: the integration of man, man and society and man and nature.

"* * * Enjoyment" embodies the lofty ideal that disabled people and able-bodied people belong to the same world and jointly create the future. "* * * Enjoy" means that disabled people and able-bodied people can enjoy equal rights in the Olympic movement and social life, * * * enjoy the joy, friendship, dreams and success brought by the Olympic movement under the inspiration of the five-ring flag, and * * * enjoy the fruits of social civilization.

medal

The design creativity and modeling of medals in Beijing Paralympic Games are in the same strain as those in Beijing Olympic Games, which embodies the requirement of "two Olympics are equally wonderful" and perfectly interprets the theme of "one world, one dream".

The design of inlaid jade on the front of the medal of Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games is inspired by the ancient jade modeling in China, with the emblem of Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games in the middle. The color of jade can be divided into gold, silver and bronze, that is, white jade, blue white jade and sapphire. The logo on the back of the medal is the emblem of the International Paralympic Games and the name of the sports, as well as the Chinese, English and Braille of the "Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games". The medal hook evolved from the traditional Yulong Puwenhuang in China.

The IPC has strict regulations on the materials, identifiability, weight, size and design of Paralympic medals. The medals of the Paralympic champion and runner-up are all made of sterling silver, and the champion medal must be plated with not less than 6 grams of pure gold. The medals of the Beijing Paralympic Games are inlaid with jade. This design not only conforms to the relevant regulations of the International Paralympic Committee, but also echoes the medals of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games in terms of design creativity and modeling, which embodies the equality and mutual respect between healthy people and disabled people. Olympic medals and Paralympic medals have the same value and supreme honor, which is the best embodiment of "One World, One Dream".

History of Chinese Paralympic Games

By 2004, the Paralympic Games will be 1 1. China participated in the 1984 Paralympic Games for the first time, with 24 athletes. Among them, Ping Yali and Evonne won the women's B2 and B3 (visually impaired) gold medals in the long jump, which is the only two gold medals that China won in this Paralympic Games. In this Paralympic Games, China won 13 silver medals and 9 bronze medals, ranking 23rd in the medal list, and 9 people broke the world record.

At the 1988 Seoul Paralympic Games, China sent 43 athletes and won 17 gold, 17 silver and 10 bronze medals, ranking 14 in the medal list, of which 1 1 broke. Four years later, the Barcelona Paralympic Games sent the same number of people as the first one, and won fewer medals than the last one. * * * For 1 1 gold, 7 silver and 7 bronze, 14 people broke the world record, and 2 1 person broke the Paralympic record. Although the number of participants decreased, the medal list rose by two places, with outstanding results.

The 10 Paralympic Games in Atlanta, this year's results are 16 gold, 13 silver and 10 bronze, of which 10 broke the world record 16 times, ranking ninth in the medal list. In 2000, the Paralympic Games in Sydney sent the largest number of 87 athletes in the past, winning 34 gold medals, 22 silver medals and 16 bronze medals, and the ranking in the medal list was further improved to the sixth place. The Paralympic World Record was broken 25 times by the representative of China, including athlete 15, and the Paralympic World Record was set four times.