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Ancient and Modern Chinese, Difference and Connection

Modern Chinese is developed from ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, in other words, modern Chinese is the predecessor of modern Chinese, and ancient Chinese is the source of modern Chinese. Modern and ancient Chinese are two important stages in the development of Chinese language, and it is only with these two long and important stages of development that there is now the wonderful and rich modern Chinese. This sentence points out the scope and object of the use of Chinese language. Modern Chinese has two meanings, broad and narrow: in the narrow sense, it refers to Putonghua, which is based on the Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, the northern dialect as the basic dialect, and the exemplary modern vernacular writings as the grammatical norms, and in the broad sense, it includes both Putonghua and all kinds of dialects. The phonetics, vocabulary, and grammar of the Chinese language are all commonly referred to as Mandarin.

In the process of language development, written and spoken language should be synchronized development, i. Phonetics. It mainly involves the following aspects: changes in the modern Chinese phonological system, changes in the sounds of certain specific characters, changes in the modern Chinese phonological standard, including the development process from the "old national sound" to the "new national sound", to the Hanyu Pinyin program and the main facts, and the phonological changes in some major Chinese dialects. The phonological changes of some major Chinese dialects. In this part, for the first time, the development of phonological changes is divided into two aspects, i.e. phonological system and specific pronunciation. In addition, the development of phonology is categorized into "completed changes" and "ongoing changes" from another perspective, and it is believed that the former is mainly a top-down change while the latter is a bottom-up change. In addition, the causes of various phenomena, the process of change, and the related laws have also been discussed.

II. Vocabulary. Vocabulary is traditionally considered to be the most closely linked to social life, and is most affected by society, so the development and evolution over time is also the most obvious and prominent. Specifically including the development and change of word form, the development and change of word meaning, the development and change of word formation and construction method, the scope of use of words and its changes. Sufficient attention is also paid to certain classes of words separated from other criteria, such as focusing on the developmental changes of foreign words. This part of the book is characterized by the following: firstly, it extends the tentacles of research to some contents which have attracted little attention before, for example, using a large number of statistical data to comparatively analyze the changes in the number of syllables of words in different stages of modern Chinese, discussing for the first time the problem of morphemes from the point of view of time, and systematically discussing for the first time the problem of word forms, and so on; secondly, it further develops and improves the traditional understanding and knowledge, such as the classification of different word forms into different categories, which are divided into two categories. For example, for different word forms, they are divided into four categories: homographically inverted words, anagrams and synonyms, anagrams and exonyms, and generalized anagrams, etc. For abbreviated words, their various relationships with prototypical words in terms of semantics and usage, both in terms of correspondences and non-correspondences, and for exonyms, their influence on the writing of the Chinese language is discussed in a more comprehensive manner, etc.; thirdly, certain issues which have never been mentioned by the researcher are grasped and discussed more comprehensively, such as the proposal of contemporary Chinese as a new language, the first time that the issue of morphemes is discussed from a historical point of view. Thirdly, some problems that have never been mentioned by researchers have been grasped and discussed in a more comprehensive way, such as the "return to the ancestor phenomenon" of contemporary Chinese vocabulary, i.e., the phenomenon of a large number of new and unreasonable synonyms, which is a more prominent example.

Third, grammar. Although the development of grammar is not as prominent as that of vocabulary, it is definitely much larger and more complex than what is generally imagined and described. Specifically, it includes the development and change of all kinds of words and their usage (including nouns, verbs, adjectives, quantifiers, pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, auxiliaries, conjunctions, and certain suffixes, etc.), the development and change of phrases (including the most characteristic "movable-object+object" phrases, verb-fixed phrases, "more than N" phrases, etc.), and the development and change of word combinations. " phrases, etc.), development and change of sentences (including "put" sentences, "be" sentences, double object sentences, etc.). This part gives a comprehensive and detailed description and account of the development and change of various phenomena within the scope of investigation, showing the following two features: first, it draws on and applies more new grammatical theories and methods that are very popular in Chinese grammar today and have been proved to have considerable explanatory power in the study of Chinese grammar, such as functional analysis and cognitive explanation of grammatical phenomena, and the viewpoint and method of grammaticalization. Secondly, it carries out the principle of "based on modern Chinese, through ancient, modern, Chinese and foreign languages" in a more comprehensive way, which is mainly manifested in the examination of new grammatical phenomena and certain developmental changes of the old forms, and the examination of the origin and flow of the new grammatical phenomena, from ancient (modern) Chinese, foreign languages (modern), and foreign languages (modern) to the Chinese language. The principle of "through ancient and modern China and foreign countries" is mainly manifested in the examination of the origin of some new grammatical phenomena and some changes in the development of old forms.

Fourth, rhetoric. In previous rhetorical studies, the history of rhetoric has no independent disciplinary status, and this undoubtedly restricts the development and depth of related research. In recent years, with the formalization of the "History of Chinese Rhetoric", the relevant research has taken off slightly. The result is that the study of the development and change of modern Chinese rhetorical phenomena has been incorporated into the "History of Modern Chinese" as a "specialized history" under it, i.e., the "History of Modern Chinese Rhetoric", which makes it easier for the study to be more macroscopic in a broader context. This makes it easier to grasp the various developmental phenomena in a macroscopic way and make reasonable explanations for them in a broader context. This part of the study starts from the two levels of "word" and "sentence", and the specific content mainly includes various common rhetorical word formation methods, the development of existing rhetorical patterns, and the emergence of new rhetorical patterns, etc.

Throughout the study, we will be able to see the development and evolution of modern Chinese rhetoric.

Throughout the above four aspects of the study, there are two more fixed content, which is also a more distinctive part of this study. The first is a phased examination of the development and change of various linguistic phenomena. Based on the stage division of the development process of modern Chinese, almost every phenomenon under discussion is described in terms of its specific manifestations as well as its interconnections and distinctions, which makes the ephemeral nature of the "ephemeral study" fully manifested. Second, the prediction of further development and change. With the development and deepening of language research, language prediction as a new sub-discipline, or as a new research content, has been put forward. In the study, the result has constructed a complete research chain and presentation mode of "historical summary and review - realistic depiction and examination - future prediction and prospect", which strengthens the hierarchy of the whole study. This strengthens the sense of hierarchy and depth of the whole study.

In the end, the result has formed the following clear understandings and opinions:

Firstly, from the beginning of the establishment of Modern Chinese to the present day, Modern Chinese has undergone and is undergoing tremendous and multifaceted changes;

Secondly, the development and change of Modern Chinese has been in quite obvious stages, and each stage is characterized by its own multifaceted features;

Thirdly, the study of the development and change of Modern Chinese must be combined with, and sometimes even be characterized by, the development and change of Modern Chinese, and it is necessary to study the development and change of Modern Chinese with the help of a number of factors. Thirdly, the study of the development and change of modern Chinese must be combined with, and sometimes even rely on, the examination and analysis of social and cultural factors;

Fourthly, the study of the development and change of modern Chinese cannot be confined to the language itself, but should be "based on the modern Chinese language, through ancient and modern China and abroad".

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Firstly, from the beginning of its establishment to the present day, modern Chinese has undergone and is undergoing tremendous and multifaceted changes;

Secondly, the development and change of modern Chinese has been in quite obvious stages, and each stage is characterized by its own multifaceted characteristics;

Thirdly, the study of the development and change of modern Chinese must be combined with, and sometimes even integrated with, the development and change of modern Chinese, and must be based on the concept of "the ancient and the modern," as well as the concept of "the modern and the modern. Thirdly, the study of the development and change of modern Chinese must be combined with, and sometimes even rely on, the examination and analysis of social and cultural factors;

Fourthly, the study of the development and change of modern Chinese cannot be confined to the modern Chinese language itself, but should be "based on modern Chinese, through ancient and modern China and abroad". Agree

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2012-5-2 21:38 斟泉五道子 | Grade 4

It's homework? I'll give you this one to get you full credit.

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Chinese is one of the oldest languages in the world, as early as 3,000 to 4,000 years ago in the Shang Dynasty, there have been records of the Chinese language oracle bone inscriptions, the Zhou and Qin Dynasties have a complete canonization, and since then for more than 2,000 years, there has been a vast array of Chinese character literature. These documents show that the development of the Chinese language has been continuous and consistent. The development of the Chinese language can be roughly divided into three stages: ancient Chinese, modern Chinese, and modern Chinese (ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are often collectively referred to as "ancient Chinese").

Ancient Chinese refers to the Chinese language from the pre-Qin and Han dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties, and its predecessor was mainly the Xia language. The Xia language, also known as Yayan, was the language of the Huaxia people in the middle reaches of the Yellow River basin during the pre-Qin era. The Huaxia and the surrounding Yiqiang, Miao and Li tribes were continuously integrated, and in the Qin and Han Dynasties, a great unified feudal empire was established, and the policy of "Shu Tongwen" was implemented to unify the writing system. Driven by this historical trend of integration and unification, the ancient Chinese language was officially formed. The spoken and written languages of Ancient Chinese were generally the same, and its vocabulary and grammar could be directly observed from the literature, while the phonetic system could be indirectly grasped through the analysis and generalization of the rhymes used in the poems and texts, the harmonic system, and the antithesis system. In general, the face of ancient Chinese is very different from that of modern Chinese. For example, "The Classic of Mountains and Seas - Overseas and Northern Scriptures - Kuafu Chasing the Sun": "Kuafu chased away with the sun. When he entered the sun, he was thirsty and wanted to drink. He drank from the River and Wei, but the River and Wei were not enough, so he drank from the Great Zephyr in the north. Before he arrived, he died of thirst. He threw away his staff and turned into Denglin." This passage is very different from modern Chinese in its use of words and syntax, and its pronunciation is certainly far worse. When ancient Chinese developed into the Sui and Tang dynasties, it began to systematically deviate from ancient Chinese in its phonology, vocabulary, and grammar, and as these deviations continued to accumulate, the beginnings of modern Chinese gradually emerged.

Modern Chinese refers to the Chinese language of the last 1,000 years, from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, and its appearance is obviously different from that of ancient Chinese. The phonological system of modern Chinese was simplified, and the rhyme scheme was especially simplified; the vocabulary system produced a large number of new words, and the pattern of monosyllabic words was changed into a pattern of polyphonic words; the grammar produced a new system of pronouns, auxiliaries, and tone words, as well as new sentence patterns such as the dynamic and complementary style and the dispositional style (the put-word sentence). However, the written language of modern Chinese basically still follows the style of ancient Chinese, forming two different systems: one is the written language processed on the basis of the northern spoken language after the Six Dynasties, which is usually called "ancient vernacular"; the other is the written language processed on the basis of the spoken language of the pre-Qin Dynasty and the language of works of the later generations imitating this kind of written language, which is usually called "ancient vernacular". The other is the written language processed on the basis of the spoken language of the pre-Qin Dynasty, and the language of works imitated by later generations with this written language as the object, i.e., what is usually called "literary language. During this period, a large number of documents followed the literary style of ancient Chinese, and the face of modern spoken Chinese can only be glimpsed from a part of the vernacular literature that recorded the spoken language to varying degrees, such as the changed writings, discourses, notes, novels, books, miscellaneous dramas, essays, operas, folk songs, and conversation textbooks, etc. For example, the Dunhuang changed writings, "Damei" (大目) was written in the ancient Chinese language. For example, the Dunhuang Chang Wen (大目乾连冥间救母): "Meilian went to the Heavenly Palace to look for his father, and when he arrived at a gate, he saw an elder: 'When I was a poor man, my name was Luobu. After the death of my parents, I became a Buddhist monk, shaved off my hair, and was called Daimoku Qianlian, the first of the magical powers.' When the elder saw the name of the poor man, he knew that he was a child: 'Have you been away for a long time, and are you well? Rob Meilian recognized his loving father and asked him, 'Where is my loving mother now, enjoying happiness?'" This passage of variants is a thousand years old, but it is not difficult to read, and most of the words and sentence patterns are consistent with modern Chinese, except for individual words that are different from the present. It was during the modern Chinese phase that the modern Chinese ****similarity and dialect pattern gradually took shape.

Modern Chinese mainly refers to the Chinese language since the early Qing Dynasty, which has a history of more than 300 years. At the beginning of the formation of modern Chinese, the vocabulary and grammar were basically the same as today's, judging from the language of the vernacular novels "Confucianism" and "Dream of the Red Chamber" in the Qianlong period. Mr. Wang Li's Modern Chinese Grammar is based on the corpus of Dream of the Red Chamber. Although the new vernacular of modern Chinese is closer to the ancient vernacular of modern Chinese, there are still differences. For example, in the opening text of the first book of Journey to the West and Rulin's History, the former still belongs to modern Chinese, while the latter is modern Chinese. However, because the literati still used the spoken language of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties as the basis for their writing, which is also known as "Wen Bibi Qin Han", the literary language has always occupied the dominant position in the written Chinese language. Literary, historical, philosophical and natural science documents, as well as governmental documents, were written in Mandarin throughout the dynasties. Until the early years of the Republic of China, the two written languages coexisted, and the status of the literary language was still higher than that of the vernacular language. The modern vernacular language completely replaced the written language after the "May Fourth New Culture Movement", especially the "National Language Movement" and the "Vernacular Language Movement". Therefore, some people put the beginning of modern Chinese language in the May Fourth Movement period, which is in line with the modern history of China. As an everyday term, "modern Chinese" can literally be understood as "the language used by the Han Chinese nowadays". However, as a scientific term, it has at least two different meanings, broad and narrow. Modern Chinese in the narrow sense refers only to Putonghua, the ****same language of the modern Han people, while modern Chinese in the broad sense includes both Putonghua and dialects. People usually understand "modern Chinese" in the narrow sense and equate it with Putonghua. But in fact, both Putonghua and dialects are variants of modern Chinese, and the ****ness of modern Chinese is contained in all variants, including Putonghua and dialects, while having their own characteristics.

(Section 4.1 refers to Li Xiaofan's first draft of Modern Chinese (New Edition) (Business Edition)

4.2 Development and Evolution of Chinese Language

Chinese language, like any other language, is in the process of continuous development and evolution of its phonology, vocabulary, grammar, etc.

Chinese language is a language with the same characteristics as any other language.

The development and evolution of Chinese phonology. When people read the poems of the ancients in modern speech, they often feel that their rhymes are not very harmonious. For example, the Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu's "Walking in the Mountains" reads: "The stone paths on the cold mountains are slanting in the distance, and there are homes in the depths of the white clouds. Stop the car and sit in the maple forest late, the frosty leaves are redder than the February flowers." According to the poem's meter, the words "oblique, home and flower" in the poem should rhyme, but when read in today's Putonghua, "oblique" does not rhyme with the last two words, not because the ancients used the wrong rhymes, but because the phonetics of the Chinese language has changed from the past to the present. People also find that there are phonetic differences between people of different ages, for example, in Beijing dialect, the tones of "seven" and "eight" are yin-flat when pronounced singly [55], but before the de-vocalized characters, such as "seven years old, August" and so on, most of the older people have to rhyme with the last two characters. However, before the declension characters, such as "seven years old, eight months", most of the older people pronounce "seven" and "eight" in yin-flat tones [35], while most of the younger people still pronounce them in yin-flat tones. Another example is that in Shanghainese, older people pronounce "烟" and "衣" and "简" and "既" very clearly. The vowels in the former are [I] with larger openings, and the vowels in the latter are [i] with smaller openings, while young people do not distinguish between them and pronounce them as [i]. This phonological difference between the elderly and the young is a reflection of the historical evolution of phonology. Generally speaking, the development trend of phonetics from ancient to modern times is simplification (e.g., the clearing of turbid tones, the disappearance of consonant endings, etc.), coupled with the fact that monosyllabic words were originally dominant in ancient Chinese, which resulted in the proliferation of homophonic words, the destruction of the effective differentiation of linguistic forms, and the impact on social communication. The Chinese language then used the method of adjusting the length of words to restore the effective distinction between language forms, and gradually replaced the monosyllabic word formation pattern with a bisyllabic one. It can be seen that the evolution of speech also leads to the evolution of vocabulary.

The development of Chinese vocabulary. With the increasingly active social and political and economic life in China, people's interactions with each other are more and more frequent, and the level of science and culture is rapidly improving, which makes the Chinese vocabulary greatly enriched in a short period of time, and a large number of new words have appeared, such as "model worker, moral education, investment, information, lasers, semiconductors, computers, text messages," etc. At the same time, a large number of new words have been produced, which are also used in the Chinese language. At the same time that new words are produced in large quantities, some old words have also been withdrawn from social communication activities. For example, words such as "tan hua, peng jing, court, yellow bus" may now be used only in the telling of history. The evolution of the meanings of ancient and modern words is even more obvious. Words with basically the same meanings in ancient and modern times account for only a few words in the whole vocabulary system, and most of the words have undergone various changes. For example, the word "face" originally referred to the upper part of the cheeks, and the Northern Song Dynasty lyricist Yan Shu's words include the phrase "light red, light white and even face", in which the word "face" means this, and later the word "face" was used to refer to the upper part of the cheeks. Later, the scope of "face" was expanded to refer to the whole face. Stink" originally refers to the smell, fragrance, odor, and other odors can be said to be "stink", so the "I Ching" in the "smell as orchids", and then Later on, the scope of "stink" was narrowed down and only used to refer to bad odors. Originally, "闻" refers to the ear to hear, the idiom "耳闻目睹" in the "闻" is this meaning, and later "闻" refers to the transfer of the object of reference. Later, "闻" shifted its object of reference and was used exclusively to refer to sniffing with the nose. The same is true for the substitution of words. Such as the ancient name of human limbs, organs and other animal names are different, such as "mouth, skin, muscle" is only used for people, "mouth" was first used for birds, and later used for beasts, "skin, flesh "only for beasts," "hair" is used both for humans and beasts, and "feather" refers only to bird feathers, a very strict distinction. Later, with the development of language vocabulary, "mouth, skin, flesh, hair" replaced "mouth, skin, muscle, feather", and the replaced words could only be kept as morphemes in compound words.

The evolution of Chinese grammar. Although the evolution of grammar is very slow, it is still not difficult to find out the differences between ancient and modern Chinese in terms of word order, sentence structure and word types through comparison. In terms of word order, modern Chinese expresses the number of behaviors, and generally puts the number word after the verb as the number complement; while ancient Chinese puts the number word in front of the verb as the gerund. For example, "I met with him again, and all seven encounters were to the north." ("Zuo Zhuan"), "Gongshu Panjiu set up an attack on the city, and Zimo Zijiu refused it." ("Mozi"), "seven encounters" means "seven battles", "nine setups" means "set up nine times", "nine refusals" means "nine times", "nine refusals" means "nine times". "Nine refusals" means "resisted nine times". Sentence, in the pre-Qin Chinese language, the question pronoun as the object or pronoun object appears in the negative sentence, generally placed before the verb, such as: "I who deceive? Deceive heaven?" (The Analects of Confucius), "I have no er to deceive, and er has no me to deceive." (Zuo Zhuan), but in modern Chinese, these objects are placed after the verb. Another notable change in syntax is the emergence of the "put" clause. This kind of sentence began to appear in the Tang Dynasty, when "will" was used in addition to "put", such as: "As if the moon cave is written (dipped), it seems that the heavenly river is pounced on." (Pi Rixiu's poem). In modern Chinese, "把" has been deflated into a pure preposition. The main change in word class is the use of words, including the use of the verb and the meaning of the verb. The use of the imperative is as follows: "Now put the bell and chime in the water, so that even though there are great winds and waves, they cannot be sounded." ("The Record of Shi Zhong Shan"), "If you are strong in your fundamentals and prudent in your use of them, then heaven cannot be poor." (Xunzi). Intentional use such as: "The reason why I do this is to put the urgency of the country before personal hatred." (Lian Po Lin Xiang Ru Lei Zhuan), "To be small is to be bad." ("Promoting Weaving"), these lexical activations have largely disappeared in modern Chinese. In addition the universalization of quantifiers is also an important change in word classes. In ancient Chinese, number words were often directly combined with nouns: either before the noun, as in "five dogs, ten sheep", or after the noun, as in "one bow, one hundred yards". Since the Middle Ages, the words indicating the units of things were gradually enriched, and existed as the intermediary between the number words and the nouns, and had a specific relationship with the nouns. Thus the usage of "five dogs, three candies, several letters" was common. At the same time, words indicating the amount of action, such as "番, 遍, 次, 下, 回, 顿" and so on, are used more and more in modern Chinese. Nominal, verbal and temporal quantifiers form a complete system of quantifiers in modern Chinese. Agree

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1 minute ago know teamtime1 | Level 1

Modern Chinese is developed from ancient Chinese and modern Chinese, in other words, modern Chinese is the predecessor of modern Chinese, and ancient Chinese is the source of modern Chinese, and modern and ancient Chinese are the two important stages in the development of Chinese language, and it is only through these two long and important stages of development that the present wonderful and rich modern Chinese has come to be. With these two long and important stages of development, there is now the wonderful and rich modern Chinese language. This sentence points out the scope of use of the Chinese language and its objects. Modern Chinese has two meanings, broad and narrow: in the narrow sense, it refers to Putonghua, which is standardized by the Beijing dialect, based on the northern dialect, and grammatically standardized by the exemplary modern vernacular writings, and in the broad sense, it includes both Putonghua and all kinds of dialects. The phonetics, vocabulary, and grammar of the Chinese language are all commonly referred to as Putonghua.

In the process of language development, the written and spoken languages should develop simultaneously, and at the same time they always keep a certain distance, that is to say, they move forward in parallel. However, the development of the written Chinese language has seen a special situation.

The written language of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, that is, the literary language. After more than two thousand years of development of a language, both the written and the spoken language must have changed a lot. However, the written language has been in use until the "May Fourth" era, which is because successive rulers have advocated the use of the language. Of course, the literary language of different eras was more or less mixed with the spoken language of the time, but the basic pattern remained unchanged, and the literati of all eras tried their best to emulate the ancients in their writing, that is, to take the writings of the Zhou and Qin dynasties as a model of language, and the phenomenon of the written language being far away from the spoken language emerged.

After the Han and Wei Dynasties, there was another kind of written language that was closer to the spoken language, such as the discourses of the Tang and Song Dynasties, the plain language of the Song Dynasty, and the operas and novels of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties. Most of the discourses were written by Buddhists to record the words of Zen masters, and by the disciples of rationalists to record the speeches of their teachers, often in the form of questions and answers, with a relatively high degree of colloquialization. Plain language is mostly historical stories written in colloquial language, which is easy to preach among the masses. Novels such as the familiar Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, Dream of the Red Chamber and so on. These written languages, which are close to the spoken language, are usually called ancient vernacular, or early vernacular. Some people also call it Modern Chinese. It is often thought that the literary language is for the vernacular, but in fact the vernacular includes the ancient vernacular and the contemporary vernacular. Contemporary vernacular is what we call modern Chinese. Modern Chinese includes both spoken and written language, while the literary language and ancient vernacular usually refer to the written language, because in ancient times there was no recorded material, and all that was left to us was written material. The study of ancient languages can only be based on written materials. Agree

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