On the Cultural Transformation of China from the Perspective of Family Economic Management in Song and Ming Dynasties

This paper discusses the cultural transformation of China in Song and Ming Dynasties from four aspects: the change of parents' position in management, the change of family management policy, the change of family investment direction and the change of family management means.

As far as cultural form is concerned, the Song Dynasty is the beginning of China's modern history. At that time, citizens who lived and stayed in Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, had shops in every household facing the street, while residents or floating population who were not facing the street set up stalls in commercial streets. Not far from the imperial city, there are various yamen. There are many private commercial shops here, where officials and people are mixed, and the lives of ordinary Americans are thriving. Yao Shunmu in the Ming Dynasty further clarified the position of scholars, agriculture, industry and commerce in the book "Family Instructions of Yan Family": people should read words first and repair books first. Therefore, if you work for your career, everyone can make up his mind to stay away from evil all his life for a living. It embodies the transitional characteristics of the family management concept, based on agriculture, emphasizing that farmers, industries, enterprises and businessmen can operate as long as they can make a living. Zhao Nanxing obviously takes business as his occupation. He said, you are a scholar of agriculture, industry and commerce. Should you be an official or be called a saint? At that time, Huizhou, Anhui Province took businessmen as first-class merchants and second-class merchants as second-class. In ancient China, family-run industry and commerce started with businessmen. Because the hong merchants bear great risks, the profits are relatively high. The eighth volume records that Suzhou people were raised by their aunt Yang. He is a businessman and a wise man. Yang said to him, all the family assets around me are the business your father did with the rest of the money. I'll just charge a few thousand taels. It is also serious for you to do some business in the Jianghu. Wang Sheng said happily, this is our class. Later, I was robbed and wanted to do business nearby. Yang said: how can a person talk nonsense when he has been doing business for a long time? Volume 29 also tells the story of Zhejiang businessmen who only do business in Huguang and Jiangxi, pursuing Ma's daughter. He reported that Xiao Sheng was originally from Zhejiang, far away from other places, and he was a businessman. Without me, he wouldn't study Confucianism for fear of his bad family style. Ma said that Jiangsu and Zhejiang are famous states, but they are not different places. Doing business is also good, not cheap. Reflect the people's attention to the status of businessmen. During the Song and Ming Dynasties, after accumulating enough capital, ordinary families opened shops and operated various industries and businesses, which were as follows: First, they operated the catering industry. The most common thing for ancient families was to open some restaurants, such as Xichun Building, Sanyuan Building and Shangxin Building in Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are more than ten pavilions on each floor, and the wine vessels are made of silver to compete for beauty. Tea shops, restaurants, small hotels, cake shops and other low-level people. Second, the hotel industry, Bianjing Qiao Zhou in the Northern Song Dynasty, all hotels along the city in the east, and officials, businessmen and soldiers in the south all closed down here. Large families also run inns. Zhao Pu Guangdi Mansion, Yingdi Hall and Qiminli. Third, operate retail business. Volume 8 once said: In Jingtai, there was a businessman.

The same is true of Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty: whenever there is good or bad luck, there are so-called tea and wine chefs who specialize in eating, entertaining and banquets. Everything suitable for use is rented, spare no effort. Although it is widely set, it can be done. Seventh, manage the maintenance industry. In Tokyo, people already have their own methods, such as hinges, hoops, hand trimming, shoe clips, brushes, hat trimming and crown trimming. Eighth, make handicrafts. In the Tang Dynasty, both industrial and commercial food officials and craftsmen had craftsmen, and craftsmen were controlled by the government. Without freedom of operation, the shanzhai industry is dominated by women? It is difficult to expand the scale; After the Song and Ming Dynasties, especially after the arrival of Banjiangyin in in the Ming Dynasty, craftsmen gained relative freedom and could operate independently and sell their products in the market. Zhang Han's ancestors started from a loom to more than 20 looms in the Ming Dynasty, and the last four ancestors were successful in their respective industries, each with tens of thousands of dollars. According to the loan for 28 years, Pan in Suzhou was also a weaver, and finally became rich to a million. During the Wanli period, the Wu family opened a rotten house in Nanjing to make wine, which actually grew to1.2000 gold. It can be seen that since the commercial revolution in the Song Dynasty, the scope of family business in ancient China has become more and more extensive, and the traditional agricultural society's rule over industry and commerce is gradually disintegrating. Before the Tang Dynasty, the management policy of family property was mainly frugality and living within our means. The so-called coarse clothes are just a drop in the ocean. Eat meat, but not enough. However, after the Song and Ming Dynasties, the management policy has changed to some extent, and the management policy based on honesty has been added, which is closely related to the change of the investment direction of ancient families. Song Heming used to manage a lot of land, so he was not very good at dealing with people. After the Song and Ming Dynasties, the family business scope expanded to industry and commerce, and there were more and more opportunities to deal with customers, emphasizing honesty and attracting customers. In the Song Dynasty, family-run hotels in Tokyo treated customers sincerely and equally. When I was staying in a hotel, I dared to borrow three or five hundred taels of silver when I saw the foot shop drinking three taels. Even the poor order wine in the shop and send it with silverware. Some people drink it all night and take it the next day. Its width is slightly larger, and there is nothing in the world. In Tokyo, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, a family opened a small tea shop next to Fan Lou. When he arrived in Xifeng, Li, a scholar, went to the store for tea and put dozens of taels of gold on the table. After a few years, Li returned to the store, and the shopkeeper found out his identity, counted the cultural relics and returned all the money: everyone asked Li to weigh two pieces, and Li said that after counting a few pieces, the shopkeeper opened it, which was consistent with wha.

Unexpectedly, it did not happen. Not long after, the fisherman rushed to the boat again and said that his first fish had about thirty gold coins. Today is one of many days, the purpose is to come back to you. Cai Jing laughed it off, but the fisherman couldn't. He failed to do it again and again, so he paid back the money. It was also looted, and the family was ordered to open a shop, asking merchants to stock up. I met her once or not. If you want to sell it, you must have a deed in RMB. The contract can only be signed without printing, and

Chen was furious and complained to the county. As a result, Qiu Da, the county magistrate, shook his head and said, "I'm not sure if I will give you a large sum of money. What is the reason why you don't have a license?"? Mao Lieze insisted on Bank of Communications, but Chen Qi couldn't. I can't get a license. The magistrate also said: officials only rely on coupons; Since there is no certificate, how can I break you? This is a clear combination. I ordered twenty bamboo grates for Chen Qi. The meaning of this novel is to remind people of the contract. Second, pay attention to publicity and promotion. In the Tang dynasty, the family economy was only cultivated by men and woven by women. Most of the products were self-sufficient and there was no problem of expanding sales, so they did not pay much attention to product promotion. After the Song and Ming Dynasties, there were more and more family-run enterprises, so there was further development in the mode of operation. As can be seen from the compilation of Wan Li Wild, all the people who sell drinks have a small cloth label hanging under their umbrellas; There is a high colored flag at the entrance of the hotel, which is marked with the words "New Wine" and "The Road to Tianmei is written in front of the door", all of which pay attention to advertising. Every hotel in the Northern Song Dynasty was decorated with colorful doors. )。 According to the volume "Miscellanies of  Teenagers" 16 Tokyo Dream Flower Record: Bianjing Deli Shop is decorated with famous paintings, so it attracts tourists and keeps diners. Now Hang Cheng tea shops are all like this, with flowers in all seasons, famous paintings and decorative storefronts. In the years of incense, I sold the Ameihua Hotel, and I sold the hotel tunes with drums, silver spoons and lanterns, just like the theory of one corner and two corners of the hotel. In today's milk tea shop, flower stands are arranged, with strange pines, cypresses and other things on them, decorating the store and knocking at the door to sell songs. Pay attention to the business environment. Seasonal promotion was a widely used method at that time. For example, before the Mid-Autumn Festival in Tokyo in the Song Dynasty, all shops sold new wines and re-established their facades. Flower painting pole, drunken fairy brocade fork; On the ninth Double Ninth Festival, chrysanthemums were planted in all the restaurants enjoying chrysanthemums. The ancients also attached great importance to the concession, such as Song Xuanhe and Fengle Building. A few days after the renovation, the bounty flag was handed in by those who came first. Active sales promotion is a way for small business operators in Song Dynasty, such as selling medicine or fruit, such as Luopu. I don't ask drinkers if they want to buy, walk or sit. And then get the money and say it's temporary. The third means is to hire professionals to assist in the operation. In the Tang dynasty, wealthy families often hired farmers to cultivate the land, and some farmers had heavy personal feelings. During the Song and Ming Dynasties, professional technicians were employed to assist the family business, and personal relations were free. It is described in Volume 35 of the Ming Dynasty novel "Warning Records" that when Jia Ren became rich, he hired an old pedant named Chen Defu to run a library at home. This library is not used for teaching, and neither is he. Don't do accounts, collect money and borrow money in the store. Obviously, his personal relationship is free. Miyazaki Hayao believed that the Song Dynasty was a place where economic power was used. There are many dynasties, and so are people. The development of Song and Ming families in management means is an example. Since the Song Dynasty, China has started the process of modernization and cultural transformation, which is embodied in the development of cottage industry, commerce and commodity agriculture. Marx believes that the concept of thrift in western Protestant ethics has played a great role in the primitive accumulation and development of capitalism. Although there is no Protestantism in China, there is no lack of frugality. For example, the amazing year in the second quarter recorded the hard work of Tokyo citizens in selling goods in the morning market and night market. China has always emphasized that frugality is the foundation of a family, and opposed extravagance, alcoholism and lazy feasting. He knows that if people are lazy, all bones will be idle and everything will be wasted in one day. Maurieyi claimed the remaining life 19980 1 yuan Fan Shi 199803.