How to view the economic, political, cultural and social structure of feudal society in China

How to look at the economic, political, cultural and social structure of feudal society in China

1. It consolidated and maintained the stability and continuity of feudal society in China.

2. To a large extent, it suppressed the vitality and vigor of Chinese feudal society.

3. slowed down or even retarded the development of Chinese society.4

4. caused insurmountable cyclical political and economic crises

The impact of the economic, political, cultural, and social structure of Chinese feudal society on the early strata of Chinese society: stifled the early germ of capitalism in China?

No. Without the ideological competition in feudal society, there would be no social form competition. There wouldn't have been any socialism, capitalism, or any of these derivative behaviors

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Seeking the political, ideological, technological and cultural structure of feudal society

Feudal society is also divided into different forms ......lz Which country do you want to ask about?

China ......

Politics: Feudal society in China is not strictly speaking a "feudal" society, because the term "feudal" refers to the feudalization of the land. This means that the upper echelons of the ruling class granted almost all the power over the land to the lower echelons, who were only obligated to be loyal to the upper echelons. The only period in which "feudalism" was really practiced in China was during the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and since the Qin dynasty, the political structure of China has been one of county bureaucracy: the subordinates of the monarch were all vassals of the monarch - bureaucrats, appointed by the monarch to manage the land and have only limited rights to develop it, and the rest of the power was vested in the monarch ("the monarch"). The remaining power was returned to the monarch (road building, mining, economy, construction, etc.). Since then, the system of selecting officials in the ninth grade and the system of three provinces and six ministries were all extensions of the county bureaucracy; the administrative structure was a semi-dualistic structure, with the monarch's power being the highest, but the phantom power had a greater or lesser influence on the monarch's power all the time.

Ideology: The official mainstream ideology is Confucianism, but this Confucianism is not the Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius - or rather, the Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius is only a part of the official "Confucianism". After the transformation by Dong Zhongshu in the Han Dynasty and Zhu Xi in the Song Dynasty, the so-called official Confucianism was in fact Confucianism outside and law inside, with Confucianism as the cultural norm, but the administrative means were mostly legalism. In addition, with the Taoist thought of religion and Buddhism spread to the east, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have borrowed from each other to integrate, the final Confucianism in fact, in the Confucius and Mencius mentioned "Confucianism" has been very different.

Science and technology: The development of science and technology in general tends to be suppressed, there is no scientific research system, but in the actual production of natural technical improvement system. The results were dominated by technical inventions, and theoretical systems were few and far between - but the same was true of feudal Europe.

Culture: In the early days, the culture was based on Confucianism and Taoism, but with the introduction of Buddhism, the three religions came together to form a unique oriental cultural system: respect for the heavens and the earth, honoring the ancestors, honoring the family, the order of the elders and children, the names of the rulers and the ministers. By the way, although the political "Confucianism" is actually a mixture of Confucianism and law, the "Confucianism" as a cultural guide is closer to the "Confucianism" of Confucius and Mencius, i.e., benevolence and righteousness, while the "Confucianism" of Japan and Korea is actually a mixture of Confucianism and law. The "Confucianism" of Japan and Korea is actually a variant of Zhu Zi, which emphasizes "loyalty" more than "benevolence and righteousness", so 1L's statement that Japanese etiquette is subordinate to "the way of Confucius and Mencius" is nonsense. "

This is the first time I've ever seen a person who has been a member of the family.

How do you think about women's foot-binding in feudal society?

Because in the past, women wrapped their small feet in order to According to the evidence: this is caused by the South Tang Dynasty after the Lord Li Yu. This weak and incompetent emperor, with no hope of restoring his country, spent his days asking the emperor how many sorrows he could have, just like a river of spring water flowing eastward. All day long, he hung around with his concubines, waiting for the end of the kingdom. All the concubines in the palace were eager to pander to the emperor. One of the concubines, with a novelty, wrapped up her feet with cloth, wrapped up very tightly, a pair of feet look like three-inch golden lotus, walking with a sway, because of the pain, and wrinkled eyebrows, see the emperor, but also reluctant to smile, that Li Yu saw, really pain and pity, so he especially favored the concubine, and later even let her become the empress. Once this came out, all the women in the palace all followed her example and wrapped up their small feet. Later on, when looking for a folk beauty, they all had to see if their feet were small. This resulted in a fashion, where big-footed women are ugly women. All the women in the country had to wrap their feet in small ones. Later on, in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, small feet were also promoted, and none of the wise and virtuous prime ministers and literati, from Wang Anshi to Cao Xueqin, who were full of theories, came out to oppose it. After a thousand years, how many people have been harmed! It was not until the May 4th New Culture Movement that this phenomenon was fiercely criticized by Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren, and has only gradually disappeared since then! Footbinding is an ancient Chinese custom of wrapping a woman's feet in cloth and silk to make them into small, pointed "three-inch golden lilies". The "three-inch golden lotus" also once became an important condition for women's aesthetic beauty in ancient China. However, the ancient women's footbinding began when, footbinding small feet why is known as "golden lotus"? But is always a mystery. First, the legend of the origin of foot-binding: about the origin of foot-binding, said differently. Some say it began in the Sui Dynasty, some say it began in the Tang Dynasty, and some say it began in the Five Dynasties. Some people even said that the Xia, Shang period of Yu's wife, Daji is small feet. It can be said that there are many different opinions, no one can agree. There are indeed traces of this in ancient Chinese myths and legends. Legend has it that when Yu was ruling the water, he married a woman from the Tushan clan and gave birth to a son, Qi. The Tushan woman was a fox spirit, whose feet were small; it is also said that Daji, the consort of King Zhou at the end of Yin, was also a fox spirit, or a pheasant spirit, but her feet did not turn out to be good, so she wrapped them up in cloth and silk. As Daji was favored, the women in the palace followed her example and wrapped their feet. Of course, these are only folk myths and legends, containing more of a play on the incidental ingredients, not enough to become a woman wrapped feet at the time of the evidence. Foot binding began in Sui, also from folklore. According to legend, when Emperor Yang traveled to the east of Jiangdu, he recruited a hundred beautiful women to pull the fiber for him. A woman named Wu Yuniang was chosen. She hated Emperor Yang's tyranny, so she let her father, who was a blacksmith, made a knife with a lotus petal three inches long and one inch wide, and wrapped the knife under the sole of her foot with a long cloth and wrapped her foot as small as possible. And then carved a lotus flower on the sole, walking a step printed a beautiful lotus flower. When Emperor Yang saw it, he was so pleased that he called her close to him and wanted to play with her small feet. Wu Yuniang slowly unraveled the foot cloth, suddenly drew out the lotus petal knife to stab at Emperor Yang. Emperor Yang hastily dodged, but his arm has been stabbed. Seeing that the assassination failed, Wu Yuniang threw herself into the river. Afterwards, Emperor Yang decreed: future beauty contest, no matter how beautiful women, "foot-binding women are not selected". But the folk women to commemorate the moon lady, they have wrapped feet. Since then, women's foot-binding style is flourishing. Footbinding began in the Five Dynasties, it is from the South Tang Dynasty Li Houzhu's concubine Niang, beautiful and talented, able to sing and dance, Li Houzhu made a special six-foot-high golden lotus, decorated with jewels and silk tassels, order Niang to wrap the feet with silk, so that the foot is small, flexed for the crescent, and then put on the socks in the lotus dance, which makes the dance even more beautiful. Second, the Song Dynasty has been recorded foot binding: and some scholars pointed out that some scholars pointed out that the ancient Chinese women's foot binding rose in the Northern Song Dynasty, five generations before the Chinese women are not foot binding. Song Dynasty poet Su Dongpo had specialized in doing the word "Bodhisattva barbarians", aria foot binding. "Tu Xiang Moshi Lotus bearing step, long sadness Luo stockings Lingbo go; only see the dance back to the wind, are no trace of the line. Stealing the palace-like stability, and standing side by side with the double fall trapped; delicate and wonderful to say should be difficult, must be seen from the palm of the hand." This can also be called the first word in the history of Chinese poetry dedicated to foot binding. It should be seen that the writing of foot-binding poems is dependent on the emergence of the custom of foot-binding, which shows that the custom of foot-binding did appear in the Song Dynasty. By the time of the Southern Song Dynasty, women's foot-binding had become more common, and even at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, "small feet" had become the common name for women. However, in the Southern Song Dynasty, women's foot-binding was not popularized, and foot-binding was mainly limited to the upper class, and foot-binding had not yet reached the point of acceptance by everyone in the social concept. At the same time, the custom of foot-binding was spread from the north to the south, around the time when the Song family moved south. Footbinding in the Song Dynasty was differentiated from the three-inch golden lotus of later generations. According to historical records, foot-binding in the Song Dynasty was to wrap the feet in a way that they were "slender and straight" but not bowed, which was called "getting on the horse quickly" at that time. The shoes used were called "wrong to the end", with sharp soles, synthesized from two colors. At present, the physical objects of this kind of footwear have been found in archaeology. From the archaeological discovery of the physical speculation, wear this shoe wrapped out of the small feet than the later big. After the Mongolian aristocrats into the central plains after the establishment of the Yuan, they were not foot binding, but not against the foot binding habits of the Han people, on the contrary, also holds the attitude of appreciation. In this way, the wind of foot-binding in the Yuan Dynasty continued to develop, and the concept of not being ashamed of foot-binding even appeared at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Yuan dynasty women's foot binding continued to the direction of the development of small, but this time is still a lot of non-foot binding, especially in the south of jiangsu, zhejiang, lingnan area. Ming Dynasty, the wind of women's foot-binding into a period of prosperity, and rapid development in all parts of the world. The end of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Xianzhong into the occupation of Sichuan, the big amputation of women's feet, and piled up into a mountain, called the Golden Lotus Peak, visible in the Sichuan area of women's foot binding. During this period, the shape of the foot also has certain requirements, women's feet not only to be small, to shrink to three inches, but also bow, to be wrapped into the shape of the corner of the corn, and so on all sorts of attention. After the Manchu rulers into the Central Plains, at first strongly opposed to the Han's foot-binding custom, repeatedly ordered the ban on women's foot-binding. But at this time the wind of foot binding has been difficult to stop, to the Kangxi seven years (1668) had to strike the ban. This incident, once rendered as "men surrendered women do not serve" - the Qing troops into the customs, there is "shaving order", under the force of high-pressure, the Han men finally had to submit to the implementation of the so men Hair shaving, is regarded as a symbol of submission to the Qing court. At the same time, although women's foot-binding was also ordered to stop for the Qing court, but later did not achieve the purpose of banning, so there is a "male drop women do not drop" said. This shows the deep-rooted style of foot-binding. Because of this, women's foot-binding in the Qing Dynasty can be said to have reached the peak of the extreme, women of all social classes, rich or poor, rich or poor, have foot-binding. Even in the far northwest and southwest of some ethnic minorities also caught the custom of foot binding. At the same time, women's small feet were worshiped and paid attention to like never before. During this period, the shape and size of the feet became an important standard for judging the beauty and ugliness of women. As a woman, whether or not to entangle the feet and how to entangle them would directly affect her personal lifelong affairs. At that time, people from all walks of life married women with big feet for shame and small feet for honor. The saying of "three-inch golden lotus" was y rooted in people's hearts, and there were even those who had their feet wrapped to less than three inches. So much so that there is a woman because the foot is too small to move around, in and out to be held by others, "hold Miss", and such women were quite popular at the time. Third, why small feet called "Golden Lotus": Speaking of "three-inch Golden Lotus", people can not help but ask, women wrapped up because of the small feet why is known as "Golden Lotus"? How are "golden lotus" and small feet linked? For a long time, people are also interested in this question, but there is not a satisfactory answer. According to one theory, the Golden Lotus got its name from the story of Concubine Pan of the Marquis of Donghun of Qi in the Southern Dynasty, in which the lotus flower was born step by step. Donghunhou with gold foil cut into the shape of a lotus flower, spread on the ground, so that the Pan Fei barefoot in the above walk, thus forming a "step by step lotus flower" wonderful scene. But here the "golden lotus" does not refer to the feet of Pan Fei. There is also a theory that the Golden Lotus is named after the aforementioned story of the five generations of women dancing on the Lotus Platform. But here the golden lotus refers to the shape of the stage, not the feet of the mother. In this regard, some scholars believe that the reason why the small foot is called the Golden Lotus should be examined from the lotus flower aspect of Buddhist culture. Lotus flower out of the mud but not stained, in Buddhism is regarded as a symbol of purity and high purity. After Buddhism was introduced to China, the lotus flower as a symbol of beauty, high purity, preciousness and good fortune was also introduced to China and accepted by the Chinese people. The fact that the lotus flower occupies a considerable position in the Chinese people's auspicious words and auspicious patterns also shows this point. Therefore, there is no doubt that the lotus flower is a beautiful term for a woman's small feet. In addition, in Buddhist art, bodhisattvas stand on the lotus flower with bare feet, which may also be an important reason for linking the lotus flower with women's small feet. The reason why the word "gold" is added before "lotus" is again due to the traditional language habits of the Chinese. Chinese people like to "gold" to modify the precious or beautiful things, such as "gold mouth", "gold eyes", "Golden Palace "and so on. In the small feet for the expensive foot-binding era, in the "lotus" character with a "gold" character and become "golden lotus", when also belongs to a kind of expression of the precious beauty of the name. Therefore, the later small feet fans tend to be based on the size of the sub-division of beauty and ugliness, within three inches for the Golden Lotus, within four inches for the Silver Lotus, greater than four inches for the Iron Lotus. So when it comes to the golden lotus must be three inches, that is, the so-called three-inch golden lotus. Later, the golden lotus was also used to refer to footwear, golden lotus became synonymous with small feet.

What is the basic production structure of feudal society in China

1. Economically, feudal land ownership was dominant. Emperors, nobles, bureaucrats and landlords possessed a lot of land, and peasants, who accounted for the vast majority of the population, possessed very little land and had to rent land from landlords and pay high rents, and the contradictions between the feudal landlord class and the peasant class were sharp; the small-peasant economy was the basic structure of production in feudal China, and was mainly characterized by a self-sufficient natural economy combining individual family units and cottage industries. 2 Politically, a highly centralized feudal monarchy was practiced. Starting from the establishment of the centralized feudal empire by Emperor Qin Shi Huang, successive rulers continued to strengthen imperial power, which to a certain extent safeguarded the unity of the multi-ethnic state, but at the same time largely inhibited the vitality and vigor of Chinese feudal society. 3 Culturally, it was centered on Confucianism, with the Three Principles and Five Principles as the ethical and moral norms, which advocated benevolent government and the rule of the world in order to help the monarchs. 4 In terms of social structure, it was a feudal patriarchal hierarchical system combining clan power and political power. 5 To summarize, the main contradiction in feudal China was the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class. The economic, political, cultural and social structure of feudal nature established on the basis of this contradiction was characterized by two aspects. On the one hand, it consolidated and maintained the long-term continuity and stability of Chinese feudal society. On the other hand, with the sound and decline of Chinese feudal society, the inherent contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class became more and more obvious, resulting in its own insurmountable political and economic and social cyclical crisis. Under such circumstances, any improvement measures of the feudal dynasty would no longer be able to save the social crisis of the feudal society.

What were the characteristics of feudal society in Western Europe? (Politics, Economy, and Culture)

The history of Europe from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 to about 1500 is called the "Middle Ages" by Western historians. It is the period between the demise of the ancient Greco-Roman civilization and the modern capitalist society. Chinese historians customarily refer to it as Western European feudal society.

Please refer to Baidu's encyclopedia for details

:baike.baidu./view/1313593.htm?wtp=tt

The Economic Basis of Feudal Society in Britain

En! The economy of the great estates! The feudal states of Europe were all large estates, and before that, England was mostly a self-sufficient economy like China! But from the time of Queen Elizabeth, England began to compete for the benefits of maritime trade. Before that, England was a loose alliance! Unlike Portugal, which was a feudal state with a unified nation! So it was not very strong!

Economic crises in feudal society

There were no economic crises in feudal society because it was a self-sufficient natural economy that did not require much trade. The biggest crisis in feudal society was the land issue, and when the land was highly centralized, the crisis erupted, and then there were the peasant revolts.

The economic and political rule themselves were organically combined, and the two were based on each other and could not be separated, which was the basic characteristic of the medieval feudal society in Europe

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic peoples established many countries, such as the Frankish Kingdom, which later developed into the Charlemagne Empire, and then split into three countries, becoming the prototypes of France, Germany, and Italy, which, together with the concurrent Kingdom of England, became the early European countries. Together with the concurrent Kingdom of England, they became the major feudal states of early Europe. In the course of their development, these countries realized the transition from slavery to feudalism at the same time.

The feudal estate system, feudal serfdom and feudal hierarchy, and the role and influence of Christianity were the most important features of the feudal system in medieval Europe at that time.

How to understand the strengthening of centralized monarchical power in feudal China

The strengthening of centralized monarchical power was so that the emperor could control the real power, and if the real power did not fall into the hands of the emperor, it would be easy to rebel, for example, in the Zhou Dynasty. Secondly, he was also to consolidate his position. What emperor did not want his kingdom to be his family's forever? That's why he consolidated his power and centralized and strengthened his power.