What is the basic pattern of international trade

Innovation in Contemporary International Trade

Summary Since the 1990s, many profound changes have occurred in the field of international trade. Innovation is the most significant

characterization of the development of contemporary international trade. The formation of contemporary international trade innovation not only has its profound historical background, but also has its deep practical foundation. A comprehensive analysis of the reasons and conditions for its formation is conducive to grasping the trend of contemporary international trade development, but also conducive to the development of China's foreign trade and economic development of further thinking.

I. Overview of contemporary international trade innovation

Innovation is the most significant feature of contemporary international trade development. Contemporary international trade innovation is a comprehensive and three-dimensional innovation phenomenon in all fields and aspects of international trade since the 1990s. Contemporary international trade innovation marked international trade has entered a new era of development. If the contemporary international trade innovation for a simple generalization, we will find that the contemporary international trade innovation contains all aspects of international trade development.

(a) conceptual innovation It specifically includes: (1) the opening up of trade as the starting point of opening up and the basic aspects; (2) the objective evaluation of the actual role of foreign trade in a country's economic development, the balance of economic development and trade development, international trade and domestic trade coordination as the development of foreign trade as a basic principle; (3) the foreign trade as an increasingly important diplomatic means of dealing with national relations. (3) To regard foreign trade as an increasingly important diplomatic means of dealing with national relations.

(ii) pattern of innovation It specifically includes: (1) geo-economic characteristics of the trade bloc replaced the political alliance-based trade alliance, the pattern of trade blocs basically established; (2) regional trade blocs have a strong tendency to expand, the pace of global integration is accelerating; (3) the center of gravity of international trade has been transitioned from a single center of gravity of the European state to a multiple center of gravity, and is forming a center of gravity of the Asia-Pacific region, and the coexistence of the state. And is forming a new single center of gravity pattern with Asia-Pacific as the center of gravity.

(C) system innovation It specifically includes: (1) with a real legal person status, has a stronger binding and more efficient operation of the World Trade Organization gradually replaced the GATT; (2) the rapid establishment of the regional coordination mechanism and constantly strengthened; (3) country-specific "management of trade" system of promotion and universalization.

(4) the rapid establishment and strengthening of regional coordination mechanisms; and

(4) Policy Innovation It includes: (1) the gradual rise of a restricted and adjustable free trade policy, and the relative retreat of protectionism; (2) the gradual replacement of direct trade restrictive measures by indirect trade restrictive measures, and the creation of new, more flexible and covert trade restrictive measures; (3) the tendency for trade policy to be more closely related to other economic policies, and even foreign policy; (4) the gradual replacement of GATT by the GATT; (5) the rapid establishment and strengthening of regional coordination mechanisms; (6) the promotion and generalization of country-specific "managed trade" systems. (3) trade policy tends to and other economic policies and even foreign policy of a greater degree of integration; (4) intra-regional "*** same trade policy" began to form.

(V) Compositional innovations It specifically includes: (1) the content of international trade in the proportion of the structure of the major adjustments; the proportion of trade in services relative to trade in goods is rising rapidly; manufactured goods in technology products, especially the proportion of high-tech products has increased significantly; raw materials products in the special significance of the volume of trade in resource products is growing rapidly; (2) the content and scope of multilateral trade: the Uruguay Round Agreements put the services of the Uruguay Round Agreements in the hands of the Uruguay Round Agreements. (2) The content and scope of multilateral trade has been greatly expanded: the Uruguay Round Agreements have brought trade in services, trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPs) and investment measures, as well as agricultural products and textiles, which had long been outside the GATT system, into the jurisdiction of the multilateral system.

(F) instrumental innovation It specifically includes: (1) investment and intellectual property rights have become increasingly important means of promoting international trade; (2) modern communication technology for international trade provides new information tools; (3) international trade practices, rules of the innovation of international trade practices and rules of the whole process of international trade more scientifically regulated; (4) the revolution in the mode of transportation to make international trade as a tiger; (5) countries in the promotion and facilitation of the development of a series of trade in the development of a series of measures to promote and facilitate the development of trade. A series of new policy initiatives to promote and facilitate the development of trade. In fact, the actual content of contemporary international trade innovations goes far beyond these aspects. Contemporary international trade innovation has penetrated into all areas of contemporary international economic development, and through the increasing dissolution of contemporary international financial innovation and international investment innovation, to produce new and broader innovations, so as to promote the overall innovation of the entire international economy.

Contemporary international trade innovation is a major event in the history of the development of modern international trade, but also a prominent phenomenon in the development of the contemporary international economy. It presents the following distinctive features:

First of all, contemporary international trade innovation is a comprehensive and three-dimensional innovation. This comprehensive and three-dimensional international trade innovation situation can be summarized as the concept of innovation as the basis, to pattern innovation as a breakthrough, to the essence of system innovation, through policy innovation, composition innovation and tool innovation specific embodiment of all aspects of international trade, through the whole process of international trade innovation.

Secondly, contemporary international trade innovation has a relatively obvious time watershed. Contemporary international trade innovation because of its comprehensiveness and three-dimensionality, in time will show obvious synchronization, and constitute a clearer division of international trade in different stages of development of the time watershed. This watershed is roughly the period 1990-1995. Although some aspects of international trade innovation may clearly predate this period, and the process of contemporary international trade innovation has not yet been completed, it is certain that the main processes, aspects and content of contemporary international trade innovation basically took place in the five years or so following the major shift in the contemporary international political landscape. This period is also a period of major restructuring of the world economy and international relations. Contemporary international trade innovation heralds the advent of the era of international economic and trade development.

Again, contemporary international trade innovation highlights the theme of openness and freedom. Contemporary international trade innovation is a distinctive feature is advocating openness and freedom, efforts to break away from the mid-1970s began to form a growing global wave of protectionism on the development of international trade liberalization for nearly 20 years of confinement, distinctly raised the banner of openness and freedom, and promote the liberalization of international trade process. From conceptual innovation to institutional innovation, from pattern innovation to policy innovation, all of them have embodied the spirit of openness and freedom in different degrees and in different ways. In this sense, contemporary international trade innovation is the innovation of openness and freedom, which is a strong counterattack to the long-term rampant trade protectionism. It ushers in a new era of progressive liberalization and development of international trade. However, we cannot fail to note that this achievement is in fact the result of a long struggle of liberalism against protectionism, and also the result of a certain degree of liberalism's compromises and concessions. This is highlighted by innovations in the pattern of international trade. Liberalization within trade blocs can be seen as a triumph of liberalism, but the very legitimacy of external protection that promises trade bloc members*** unanimity marks the shallowness of such liberalization. Contemporary innovations in international trade, therefore, do not in any way imply a fundamental victory for trade liberalism or the end of trade protectionism. In fact, contemporary innovations in international trade have done little more than relatively increase the tendency to liberalize trade and, to some extent, dampen the momentum of protectionism.

Finally, the developed countries is the contemporary international trade innovation initiator, dominant and the main participants. This is another important feature of contemporary international trade innovation. Contemporary international trade innovation is first based on the Western developed countries to promote. After the fundamental change in international politics, the western developed countries, which have the closest relationship with it, have promoted the launch and deep development of contemporary international trade innovation both for the sake of striving for greater self-interest and for the sake of safeguarding the international interests of the ****same, and have directly become the main participants in various fields and aspects of innovation. At the same time, the Western developed countries have been manipulating the whole process of contemporary international trade innovation and grasping the development direction of innovation. These have ensured that the developed countries eventually become the largest recipient of contemporary international trade innovation.

Second, the contemporary international trade innovation reason analysis

Contemporary international trade innovation as a product of the 90's this particular era, has its formation of the deep historical background and a strong foundation of reality. Comprehensive in-depth analysis of the causes and conditions of the formation of contemporary international trade innovation, is conducive to grasp the trend of contemporary international trade development. Contemporary international trade innovation can be analyzed from the following aspects.

(a) the contemporary international political pattern of rapid transformation for contemporary international trade innovation provides a very loose international political environment The history of international trade development clearly shows that the development of international trade and the international political environment has a close correlation between. The period of healthy and stable international political environment is often the period of vigorous development of international trade; international political environment is volatile, especially in large-scale war, international trade will stagnate or even shrink. Therefore, a relaxed international political environment is a prerequisite for the development and innovation of international trade.

After the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union gradually formed the confrontation of the "Cold War" international political pattern of the whole world in the long-term shrouded in the threat of political and military confrontation, the development of the international economy and trade is undoubtedly affected by all aspects of the direct and indirect impact and constraints. With the sudden disintegration of the Soviet Union and the dramatic changes in the countries of Eastern Europe, the political pattern of the "cold war" was finally broken. However, because of the "suddenness" of the breakup of the old international political pattern, a new international political pattern could not be formed, and thus a "patternless" period of gestation and formation of a new pattern emerged in the international political landscape. During this period, the international political environment was unprecedentedly relaxed. The United States and other developed countries in the West showed a never-before-seen relaxation of their political nerves due to the sudden absence of political rivals, and international political contradictions and confrontations were temporarily put aside, making the theme of the era of peace and development clearer than at any time in the past. In this period of "no pattern", countries have turned their attention to the development of economy and trade in order to rapidly expand their economic strength so as to be in a relatively favorable position in the new international political pattern in the future. In international bilateral and multilateral relations, economic and trade relations have gradually risen to the forefront. In order to promote the rapid development of their own economies and at the same time maximize the benefits of foreign trade, countries have adopted a series of guidelines, policies and measures to support and promote the development of foreign trade, and have made comprehensive and fruitful international cooperation and efforts to improve and maintain the international trade system, law and order. All these aspects have promoted and facilitated the formation and development of contemporary international trade innovations.

(b) the contemporary international economic interdependence of the growing relationship for the contemporary international trade innovation provides a wide range of international economic arena and innovation pressure the development of productive forces in the contemporary world to promote the socialization of the global economy, internationalization process, the social division of labor, the international division of labor is increasingly towards a broader and more profound direction, the entire international economy is becoming more and more a closely interlinked, indivisible The entire international economy is increasingly becoming a closely interconnected and indivisible development system. This is the most significant feature of contemporary international economic development.

In the interdependent international economic environment, international trade plays an extremely important role. First of all, international trade has the role of linkage. From the beginning of the international economy is through the trade link. It is because of the international trade this special bridge role of the existence and play, the whole international economy is condensed into a whole. Secondly, international trade has a penetrating effect. It through trade and trade-related other international economic activities on the international economy

comprehensive penetration, further to the entire international economy of the various components and fields into an organic development system. Again, international trade also has a guiding role. Trade is often the bilateral or multilateral economic relations development, the healthy development of trade relations can always promote bilateral or multilateral economic relations, including other political, cultural and other relations of the overall development. This puts the interdependent international economy on a deeper social footing. Finally, international trade also plays a catalytic role. The contribution of foreign trade to the development of a country's domestic economy is in fact also expressed in the contribution of foreign trade to a country's larger and greater integration into the international economic system. This dual contribution is an important source of impetus for the system of international economic interdependence. However, with the large-scale changes in the international political and economic environment, contemporary international economic interdependence has undergone profound changes in both its foundations and its manifestations. In terms of foundations, there is a transition from a single base of political alliances to a multi-base of predominantly geo-economic alliances. In terms of manifestations, interdependence is gradually manifesting itself in the form of interdependence among countries with different levels of development and different social systems, while at the same time generating a strong and constant desire to harmonize the policies and interests of countries on a broader basis. In order to adapt to these changes so as to be able to continue to play a linking, penetrating, guiding and facilitating role in the new historical conditions, international trade must be innovative. This is an important reason for the formation of contemporary international trade innovation.

(C) the rapid development of contemporary scientific and technological revolution and the rapid growth of international productivity for the innovation of contemporary international trade provides a solid technical foundation and strong material basis for the information revolution, bioengineering and other characteristics of the contemporary scientific and technological revolution in the past 10 years has made brilliant achievements. It is not only manifested in the invention of new technologies day by day, but also more prominently manifested in the rapid progress in the application of new technologies. This has not only brought new vitality to the development of international trade, but has also provided a solid technological basis for innovation in contemporary international trade. In fact, the increasingly widespread use of electronic data interchange and the launch of the global "information superhighway" plan, the formation and development of international service products with modern technical services and information transmission, and the growing trade in modern technology with high-tech products as the object of trade are both the basis of innovation in contemporary international trade. They themselves constitute an integral part of contemporary international trade innovation.

Half a century after the Second World War, the relatively peaceful international environment has brought about the rapid growth of international productivity. This is not only manifested in the western developed countries in general the decline in the degree of economic recession and the shortening of the period, but also manifested in the vast number of developing countries in the revitalization of the national economy and prosperity. The development of international productivity has directly led to innovations in the composition of contemporary international trade, and has also contributed to innovations in other areas and aspects of contemporary international trade. In order to adapt to and accommodate the needs of the contemporary international productivity expansion, but also can in turn further promote the contemporary international productivity faster growth, contemporary international trade must be in the concept, system and policy to realize the overall innovation.

(4) the solution of the problems and difficulties faced by the contemporary economies of the contemporary international trade innovation provides the external compulsion when the countries began to focus their main attention to economic development, those who have been "cold war" state of economic development problems covered up or downplayed began to more and more clearly exposed. Although different countries have their own problems, most of them are faced with the following questions: First, how to realize the integration of the domestic economy and the international economy more effectively? How can foreign trade play its role as the "engine" of domestic economic growth? Secondly, how to maintain a basic balance in the international balance of payments? How to eliminate the deficit in the trade balance? Third, how to implement international coordination of the economic and trade policies of various countries? How to rationally divide the benefits of international trade?

The above questions boil down to one point, that is, countries are eager to "cold war" after the development of international trade in all aspects of a new arrangement. This objectively plays an externally coercive role in contemporary international trade innovation. As a result of this coercive effect, countries have begun to reflect on and innovate trade concepts, and are engaged in rare and sincere international cooperation on international macro-arrangements and micro-implementation of international trade systems, patterns and policies. The comprehensive innovation of international trade has been strongly supported and promoted by all countries in general.

(E) the contemporary international trade development problems and difficulties faced by the solution for the contemporary international trade innovation to provide the inherent power of contemporary international trade development by two aspects of the obstruction. The first aspect is international trade has long been facing and can not be eliminated obstacles. Two of the most prominent of these obstacles are: first, the dilemma of free trade and protection of trade. The vacillation of countries' foreign trade policies and systems has artificially created disorder and non-cyclical turbulence in the development of international trade. The second is the functional handicap and inefficiency of the multilateral trading system. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is unable to regulate all trade practices, and its only jurisdiction is characterized by "soft constraints". This has exacerbated the disorderly and non-cyclical nature of the development of international trade. The second aspect is that international trade is also facing the challenges of the new international environment. Specifically embodied in: first, how to timely change a series of ideas and concepts about international trade; second, how to adjust the international trade pattern after the "cold war"; third, how to reform and improve the international trade system on the basis and framework of the existing; fourth, how to fully reflect the contemporary scientific and technological revolution and modern economic and trade theories on the composition, means and tools of international trade. The third is how to reform and improve the international trade system on the basis of the existing foundation and framework; and the fourth is how to fully reflect the contemporary scientific and technological revolution in the composition, means and tools of international trade and the latest achievements of modern economic and trade theory.

The above two problems and difficulties faced by the development of contemporary international trade are seriously hindering the healthy development of international trade and the normal play of its role in promoting the international economy. They are from the deepest level of international trade inherently drive the comprehensive innovation of international trade itself. This is where the intrinsic power of contemporary international trade innovation lies. It is because of this intrinsic power drive, contemporary international trade has occurred from the concept to pattern, system, policy, composition and tools of the comprehensive and profound innovation.

Third, a few revelations

From the preliminary analysis of the reasons for the innovation of contemporary international trade, the following revealing conclusions can be drawn, which can trigger people to think further about the development of China's foreign trade and economic cooperation.

First, a relaxed political environment is not only conducive to the development of economy and trade, but also may become a prerequisite for the revitalization and take-off of economy and trade.

Contemporary international trade innovations have benefited from the substantial transformation of the international political landscape, and the real arrival of the era of peace and development. China's foreign economic and trade development is also inseparable from the stability of China's political environment. This is to ensure the ultimate success of China's reform and opening up the fundamental premise.

Second, only resolutely to the Chinese economy to a greater extent into the international economic development system, China's economy and trade will have a real take-off tomorrow contemporary international trade innovation is built on the basis of the growing interdependence of the contemporary international economy. Without this interdependence, international trade innovation is difficult to form. In fact, if a country's economy is detached from such interdependent international economic relations, it is unlikely to benefit from such interdependence. Although there are costs and sacrifices involved in dissolving into a system of interdependence, this is all the more true in the case of China, which has had a closed economy for a long time. In the long run, this is the basic way out for a nation to stand among the world powers.

Third, the development of science and technology is the basic growth point of economic and trade development, scientific and technological progress and wide application of contemporary international trade innovation is an important foundation, which directly affects and constrains the contemporary international trade innovation in the composition of the innovation and tool innovation, and through a variety of ways to the role of the entire international trade. The development of China's foreign economic and trade is also inseparable from the foundation of science and technology. Therefore, not only in the concept, but also in practice, should really see science and technology as a strong support for the development of economic and trade, and even the fundamental support.

Fourth, the intrinsic power of economic and trade development lies in its own development of the maladaptation of contemporary international trade innovation of the main power from two aspects: First, the economic and trade development of countries facing the problem of international trade development of the pressure caused by the development of international trade; second is the international trade of its own defects on the self-improvement of the drive. The latter is the more important driving force for innovation. Therefore, China's foreign economic and trade development should not rely on the supply and promotion of external power, and more should be from the foreign economic and trade development of their own problems to find the reform, innovation power.

Fifth, foreign trade innovation is the fundamental way out of China's foreign trade development without innovation there is no development. In the contemporary new international political and economic environment, China's foreign trade requirements for the development of foreign trade must be realized from the concept of foreign trade innovation, foreign trade strategy, policy, institutional innovation, until the foreign trade legal system, trade composition and trade tools of the overall innovation.