How to Develop Various Forms of Adequate Scale Operation to Promote the Transformation of Agricultural Development Mode

Many people and little land is China's basic national conditions, the average household operating land size of only 7 acres, small-scale decentralized operation of farmers has been the main mode of agricultural business in China. This mode of agricultural operation is not conducive to the optimal allocation of resources and effective improvement of labor productivity, to a certain extent, slowing down the process of agricultural modernization. In recent years, with the accelerated development of industrialization and urbanization, more and more surplus agricultural labor force has been transferred to non-agricultural employment, which creates conditions for moderately expanding the scale of agricultural operation and effectively improving labor productivity, and various forms of useful exploration have been carried out around the development of moderately large-scale operation in agriculture, and rich practical experience has been accumulated. In the long run, to promote the transformation of agriculture from the traditional decentralized operation of farmers to a new type of management system combining intensification, specialization, organization and socialization is the necessary way to build a modern agricultural powerhouse in China. Recently, the General Office of the State Council issued the "opinions on accelerating the transformation of the mode of agricultural development" once again stressed that the current and future period to accelerate the modernization of agriculture, we must develop a variety of forms of moderate scale operation as the core, and effectively transform the mode of agricultural development.

I. Steadily carrying out the work of confirming and registering the right to operate rural land contracting

Establishing and improving the system of registering and certifying the right to operate land contracting is an important basic work to stabilize the relationship of rural land contracting, to promote the transfer of the right to operate land, and to develop the appropriate scale of operation.

In February 2015, six ministries and commissions, such as the Ministry of Agriculture, issued the Opinions on Doing a Good Job of Confirming and Registering the Right to Operate Rural Land Contracting in a Serious Way. Opinions on the Work of Registration and Certificate Issuance", adding nine provinces (autonomous regions) such as Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Hubei to carry out pilot projects for the whole province, and expanding the overall pilot projects in other provinces to be carried out in counties, so far 1988 counties have carried out the confirmation and certificate issuance of the right to land ownership. All localities should, in accordance with the unified deployment of the Central Authorities, grasp the work of confirming, registering and certifying the right to contract and operate on rural land, appropriately resolving problems such as the inaccuracy of the size of the plots contracted by farmers and the lack of clarity as to the four boundaries of the plots, and encouraging areas with the conditions to explore the quantification of the contracted land and the distribution of the contracted land according to the shares on the basis of confirming, registering and certifying the right to contract and operating the contracted land, so as to develop an appropriate degree of large-scale operation. At the same time, should be strengthened to the rural land contracting right registration certificate work and rural land management right transfer policy propaganda, so that farmers fully understand the purpose, significance, role and procedural requirements of the registration certificate work, give full play to the main role of the peasant masses, and improve the farmers to safeguard the rights and interests of land contracting awareness and ability.

Second, the development of various forms of moderate scale operation

The 2015 Central Document No. 1 pointed out that we should adhere to the status of the main body of the farmers' family business, innovate the way of land transfer and large-scale operation, cultivate professional large-scale, family farms, farmers' professional cooperatives, industrialized leading enterprises and other new business main body, and actively develop various forms of moderate scale operation. The development of agricultural scale operation should be "moderate", not blindly seeking large, forced to promote. From a national point of view, due to the agricultural resource endowment, farmers' employment and income structure and other natural economic conditions vary greatly, it is impossible to have a one-size-fits-all land management scale appropriate standards. Therefore, the reasonable determination of the scale of land management suitable for the local area should be explored by the localities from the practice. From the practical point of view of many places, the scale of land operation of agricultural income is equivalent to the local secondary and tertiary industry labor income, the scale of land operation is equivalent to the local average household contracted land area of 10-15 times, is more suitable for the production needs of most areas, should be given key support. Not only is the appropriate scale of agricultural business standards vary from place to place, the realization of the form of large-scale agricultural operations should also be adapted to local conditions, localities should be combined with the actual situation to continue to explore and enrich the effective forms suitable for local development. Conditional places in accordance with the wishes of the farmers, can unify the continuous collation of arable land, the land will be folded into the quantitative, confirmed rights to the household, the proceeds of the operation of income distribution according to the shares. Farmers are encouraged, on a voluntary basis, to resolve the problem of fragmentation of contracted land by swapping land. Contracted farmers are encouraged to transfer their contracted land by way of subcontracting, renting, swapping, transferring and acquiring shares in accordance with the law. Places with the necessary conditions should formulate supportive policies to guide farmers in the long-term transfer of contracted land and to promote the transfer of employment. Farmers are being guided to form land-share cooperatives with shares of contracted land, and contracted farmers are being encouraged to carry out joint operations, guide the development of farmers' cooperative associations, expand the area of production and operation, solve the problems of land fragmentation and low output capacity, and promote intensive and large-scale operations. Guidance has been provided to encourage leading enterprises and farmers or farmers' cooperatives to realize large-scale operations in the form of "order farming". In recent years, some regions have achieved good results in exploring the development of moderate-scale management through farmland trusteeship. This mode of operation can adhere to the premise of the unchanged family contract management system for farmers to provide pre-production, production and post-production socialized services, which allows farmers to retain the right to land contracting can also get more than the transfer of land income, both to save the cost of production and the liberation of the rural labor force, not only for the farmers to open up a stable channel to increase income and improve the scale of production brought about by the yield income, is an effective form of spontaneous flow of land to the transition to large-scale management. It is an effective form of transition to large-scale operation. Shandong Supply and Marketing Society through the land trusteeship services, change the original one-family decentralized business model, the implementation of large-scale production, standardized planting, intensive management, so that more farmers to benefit, very popular with the farmers, land trusteeship area of more than 10 million mu. Practice has proved that agricultural land trusteeship can better adapt to the new situation of agricultural land transfer, effectively avoid the administrative promotion of agricultural land transfer brought about by the many disadvantages, has a solid mass base and a broader scope of application, is a grounded form of large-scale business realization. Therefore, we should encourage localities to actively promote the trusteeship service model that does not change the contractual relationship of farmers and ensures that the land is planted. To encourage large grain farmers, agricultural machinery and agricultural machinery cooperatives to carry out the whole hosting or the main production chain hosting, to realize the unified farming, the development of moderate scale operation.

Three, the implementation of financial, credit and other support policies to support the moderate scale of operation

Recently, the Ministry of Finance has formulated the "support for various forms of moderate scale of operation to promote the transformation of the mode of agricultural development views", after the CBRC, the Ministry of Agriculture has issued the "on the financial support of large-scale production of agriculture and intensive operation of the guiding opinions". Other relevant departments have also issued a series of supportive policies to promote the moderate-scale operation of agriculture. Localities should grasp the implementation of the support policies to ensure that all powerful measures can really be implemented in place. At present, we should focus on two aspects of policy implementation. First, accelerate the cultivation of new agricultural business subjects. In recent years, a large number of various types of new agricultural business subjects have emerged around the country, which has strongly driven the development of moderate-scale operation. By the end of 2014, there were 3.41 million large professional households and family farms, 1.29 million cooperatives, and more than 120,000 leading enterprises. With the approval of the State Council, three subsidy policies (referred to as the "three subsidies" in agriculture), including crop seed subsidies, direct subsidies for grain farmers and comprehensive agricultural subsidies, were adjusted and improved in 2015, and were used to support the development of moderate-scaled operations, with emphasis on new types of business entities such as large-scale grain growers, family farms, farmers' cooperatives, and agricultural socialized service organizations. The focus is on large grain farmers, family farms, farmers' cooperatives, agricultural socialized service organizations and other new types of business entities. Finance at all levels should also increase support for farmers' cooperatives, focusing on supporting the development of family farms of a moderate scale with family members as the main workforce, with agriculture as the main source of income, and engaged in specialized and intensive agricultural production. Encourage the development of large-scale agricultural machinery financial leasing pilot and innovative agricultural machinery credit services, multi-channel and multi-form to meet the main body of the moderate-scale operation of the purchase and use of machinery needs. Promote the effective docking of financial agricultural support projects with new business subjects, so that they can participate more widely and y in the construction, operation and management of financial agricultural support projects. Secondly, support and guide the innovation of institutional mechanisms conducive to moderate-scale operation. Steadily push forward the pilot scheme of mortgaging and guaranteeing land management rights. Promote the formation of government-funded county financial guarantee organizations that focus on agricultural credit guarantee business, and accelerate the construction of a nationwide agricultural credit guarantee service network. Actively promote the construction of an inclusive financial service system, continue to give full play to the guiding role of the targeted fee subsidies for rural financial institutions and the incentive policy for county financial institutions to increase the volume of agriculture-related loans, and encourage financial institutions to increase their support for moderate-scale operations. Adopting the methods of loan interest subsidy, risk compensation, financing credit enhancement, venture capital fund, etc., to help moderate-scale operation main body to broaden the financing channels and reduce the cost of financing. Further improve the agricultural insurance catastrophe risk dispersion mechanism, effectively improve the level of risk protection for moderate-scale operations.

Four, promote the development of agricultural socialized service organizations

Establishing a sound agricultural socialized service system is an important aspect of building a modern agricultural business system. The Third Plenary Session of the 17th Central Committee proposed to "accelerate the construction of new agricultural socialized service system based on public **** service institutions, cooperative economic organizations as the basis, leading enterprises as the backbone, supplemented by other social forces, public welfare services and business services, special services and comprehensive services coordinated new agricultural socialized service system". Practice has proved that, through the development of joint and cooperation between farmers and agricultural socialized services to improve the level of organization and scale, but also the development of large-scale agricultural business is an effective form of realization, and, the larger the scale of agricultural operations, the more the need for a perfect socialized service system to adapt to it. Localities should take financial support, credit support and other measures to implement relevant tax incentives to accelerate the cultivation of various forms of agricultural business service organizations. Take the government to buy services and other ways to support eligible operational service organizations to undertake agricultural public welfare services, can help farmers through the purchase of agricultural socialized services on limited arable land to achieve the application of modern agricultural technology and equipment, is an effective means to improve the agricultural socialized service system. For example, some places to explore through the purchase of social services, to encourage agricultural machinery, agricultural machinery cooperatives and other agricultural machinery service organizations to carry out cross-area deep-pine land preparation operations and other social services, played a very good effect. 2015 Central Document No. 1 put forward to take the purchase of services and other ways to encourage and guide the social forces to participate in the public welfare services of the clear requirements. At present, the Ministry of Agriculture in some counties and cities to carry out the organization of the government to operational service organizations to buy agricultural public welfare services mechanism innovation pilot, through the government subscription, directional commissioning, awards in lieu of subsidies, loan guarantees, bidding and other ways to support a certain degree of qualification of the operational service organizations engaged in quantifiable, easy to supervise, benefit from the wide range of public welfare services in agriculture; exploration of pilot counties of the operational service organizations and the main body of production and management Expand the scope of effective collateral, increase the credit limit, appropriate interest rate concessions; encourage the pilot counties to establish by the financial contributions of the agricultural guarantee company, for all types of business service organizations and production and management of the main body to provide loan guarantees. Encourage the local summary and promotion of financial support for agricultural production throughout the socialized services and new agricultural socialized services pilot experience, to promote the supply of seeds and fertilizers, agricultural machinery operations, agricultural extension, production management and product sales, such as the organization and unification of production and management, and to improve the efficiency of the regional scale of operation. Supply and marketing cooperatives have long been rooted in the countryside and close to farmers, with a relatively sound organizational system and business network, and have now established 340,000 comprehensive service cooperatives, which have unique advantages in providing services to farmers. Recently, the Decision on Deepening the Comprehensive Reform of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives issued by the Central Government and the State Council pointed out that supply and marketing cooperatives should extend their distribution services to the whole range of agricultural socialized services, focusing on agricultural production services, agricultural product distribution services, urban and rural community integrated services and rural cooperative financial services, and accelerating the construction of a comprehensive, large-scale and sustainable system of services for farmers. Everywhere to further deepen the supply and marketing cooperatives reform, to adapt to the requirements of modern agricultural development, make great efforts to improve agricultural socialized service capacity, supply and marketing cooperatives into a truly meet the needs of farmers' cooperative economic organizations.

Fifth, to carry out the pilot project of paid withdrawal of farmland contracted by farmers in a steady manner

For some residents who have settled in towns and cities for a long time and are steadily employed, the experimental areas of rural reforms can be explored to pay for the withdrawal of farmland contracted by farmers, but this must be established on the basis of adherence to the collective ownership of rural land and the farmers' full voluntariness. At the same time, it must be noted that, at this stage, the withdrawal of land contract management rights shall not be used as a condition for farmers to settle in the city; it is necessary to fully respect whether the farmers who have settled in the city have the will to withdraw with compensation. In addition to the subjective willingness of farmers, farmers contracted land compensation for the withdrawal process is closely related to the degree of improvement of the rural land system and the degree of promotion of the degree of economic and social development of agricultural transfer of the population to the public, and other economic and social development basis, at present, due to lifestyle choices and unwilling to give up the agricultural operation of farms will be a long-term existence of the overall does not have a large-scale to promote the contracted land of the farmers have to pay to withdraw from the subjective and objective conditions, so the reform of this The pilot must be carried out prudently and steadily within the rural reform experimental areas.

In addition, in the process of developing various forms of moderate-scale operation, we must pay attention to the issue of industrial and commercial capital into agriculture, and resolutely prevent the emergence of "non-agriculturalization". In recent years, some places appeared in the industrial and commercial capital to the rural areas after the transfer of land to engage in non-agricultural construction, affecting the protection of arable land and food production and other issues. To this end, the Ministry of Agriculture, in conjunction with the Central Agricultural Office and other departments issued "on strengthening the supervision of industrial and commercial capital leasing of agricultural land and risk prevention opinions", clear land transfer and the development of large-scale operations must adhere to the nature of public ownership of land does not change, arable land does not break through the red line, the interests of farmers are not compromised the three bottom lines; industrial and commercial capital to enter the agricultural sector, is mainly to encourage the local resource endowment, industrial characteristics, focusing on the development of capital, technology-intensive industries, engaged in the processing of agricultural products and the flow of agricultural products. Intensive industry, engaged in the processing and circulation of agricultural products and agricultural socialized services, the development of seedling breeding, high-standard facility agriculture, large-scale breeding and other suitable for entrepreneurial operation of modern farming; strengthen the industrial and commercial capital leasing agricultural land standardized management, improve the industrial and commercial capital leasing agricultural land risk prevention mechanism, strengthen the industrial and commercial capital leasing agricultural land supervision, strengthen the leasing of agricultural land use control, and to take resolute measures to prohibit The company has also taken resolute measures to strictly prohibit the "non-agriculturalization" of arable land. (Wang Bin)