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"Manchu-Mongolian Marriage" and "Reserve" System

The Manchu royal family, nobles and Mongolian princes in the Qing Dynasty practiced "Manchu-Mongolian marriage" from generation to generation, which was an important national policy of the Qing Dynasty and one of the measures to soften Mongolian tribes and consolidate their rule, occupying an important page in history of qing dynasty. The so-called "continuation of relatives in the north" is for the continuation of the marriage relationship between the Qing royal family and the Mongolian princes.

The meaning of "Manchu-Mongolian marriage" includes two parts: First, the Qing royal family married the daughter of a Mongolian maharaja as a concubine. Second, the royal princess and the imperial clan princess married Mongolian princes and nobles. In the early years of Daoguang, the Qing Dynasty also formulated a "reserve" system. Among the children of seven princes, such as Horqin, Bahrain, Harqin, Naiman, Onniut, Tumote and Aohan, as well as the children of married princesses and Gege, in the early period of Monan Mongolia, smart and handsome people were selected from 15 to 20 years old to register and reported to the Qing court for the selection quota (Manchu, meaning son-in-law). On the first day of New Year's Day, he was taken to Beijing for pilgrimage by his father and brother, and then he was raised in the palace to prepare for the forehead of Princess and Gege. This system strengthened the Qing rulers' control over Mongolian ministries.

Princess and Gege have different identities, so their foreheads are called different levels of foreheads. Generally, the daughter born to the queen is Princess Glen, and her husband's name is Glen. The daughter born to the imperial concubine or adopted in the palace is Princess Heshuo, and her husband is Heshuo. The daughter born to princes, county kings, Baylor, Beizi, Zhen Guogong, and Fu Guogong is Gege, and her husband is called five products, namely county magistrate, county magistrate (isolated mountain) and township head. When the princess and Gege get married, the royal family will give different amounts of money and silks and satins according to their status, and give different levels of money and a considerable amount of money to North Korea to enjoy generous treatment to attract Mongolian princes.

According to historical statistics, the number of Mongolian empresses of the Qing emperor was: 2 Nuerhachi, both from Horqin Department; Huang taiji 7, Horqin, Zalute, Chahar, Abaga; Shunzhi 9, Horqin, Abaga, Haoqite; Kangxi 2, Qianlong 1, both in Horqin department; Daoguang 1 and Tongzhi Er are the daughters of the princes of the Eight Banners in Mongolia. Mobei and Moxi Mongolia don't want it. The Royal Princess and Gege married 48 Mongolian ministries, including 32 princesses (7 princesses in Kezuozhongqi married Mongolian princes), accounting for 66.7% of the total. The foreheads selected in the past dynasties were mainly seven Mongolians, including Horqin in southern Mongolia. The emperor's marriage to the princess and princess of Mongols in the north and west of Mongolia is only an individual phenomenon, and it is entirely to consolidate the frontier.

Jianzhou Jurchen (Manchuria) married Horqin and other ministries.

In the twenty-first year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (1593), Mongolian Yehe, Horqin and other nine departments jointly attacked Nuerhachi in Jianzhou. Although Nurhachi won, he was deeply in awe of Horqin, who was brave and indomitable in the nine films. As a result, they not only did not kill more than 20 captured Horqin leaders, such as Weng Guodai and Mungus, but also presented brocade clothes and war horses as a gesture of friendship. This touched the Horqin Department. In the second year, Ming 'an, one of the leaders of Horqin Department, took the lead in sending envoys, bringing one hundred horses and ten camel peaks to Nurhachi. Nurhachi also returned with weapons such as armor, bows and arrows. Since then, the two have been repaired.

In the 40th year of Wanli (16 12), Nurhachi sent envoys to Horqin Department to propose marriage, and Ming 'an Baylor married Nurhachi to Fujin (Manchu, meaning noble wife), which started the "Manchu-Mongolian marriage". In the 43rd year of Wanli, Nuerhachi married the daughter of Belle Andi in Guo Hong in the Ming Dynasty, and became a lateral Fujin. In the forty-fourth year of Wanli (16 16), Nurhachi established Jin (known as the "post-Jin" in history), and was named as the country of destiny. Mongolian Fujin was promoted to queen and Mongolian Fujin became a princess. In the forty-second year of Wanli, Nuerhachi married Huang Taiji of Baylor, the younger brother of Ming 'an, as a doctor. 14 years later, Huang taiji ascended the pole and was named Chongde. Zhezhe was canonized as the head of the fifth house and the queen of loyalty and filial piety. In this way, in a short period of five years, the Ming 'an three brothers, the leader of Horqin, each had a daughter who married the two earliest emperors in the Qing Dynasty. Later, there was Nurhachi Grand Belle Daishan, who married the daughter of Zhong Nen Belle of Zharute, Mongolia. Sanbeile Mangutai married Qibeile's sister in Zalute Department; Nurhachi's ten sons Dege also married the daughter of Zerzig of Zarut. Since then, the Jin royal family has established a close marriage relationship with Mongolian nobles such as Horqin, which laid the foundation for the "Manchu-Mongolian political alliance" in the Qing Dynasty.

After that, "Manchu-Mongolian marriage" further developed. Only three of Huang taiji's first four concubines were aristocratic girls in Horqin Department. Ten years of destiny (1625), in August, Huang taiji married Bumu Butai, the daughter of Zhasang, the son of Mungus, as the side Fujin, and was named Zhuang Fei after reaching the summit. She/kloc-entered the palace at the age of 0/2. After four emperors, she assisted three dynasties and two young masters, and became the female politician Xiaozhuang Wen and the filial piety empress after her son succeeded to the throne for more than 50 years. In October of the eighth year of Chongde (1634), 26-year-old Zhuang Fei's sister Hai Lanzhu also married Huang Taiji and was named Chen Fei. In the late Jin Dynasty, there were 12 sons of Nurhachi, Azig of Dourgen, 14 sons, and Su Taizi Haug, son of Huang Taiji, who all married Mongolian girls in Horqin Department as Fujin.

The royal aristocrats in Manchuria also married the princess and Gege to Mongolian ministries. In February (16 17), Nurhachi married the daughter of his younger brother Shu 'erhaqi to Engel, a Belt member of Gurkha, as Fujin, and Engel became the first Mongolian aristocrat in Manchuria. In February of the ninth year of Destiny (1624), Taiji Oba of Horqin Department was dissatisfied with Li Dan Khan bully of Chahar Department, and led Horqin, Zalut, Dulbert and Guoerluosi to join the latter Jin Dynasty. Nurhachi married the princess to Oba. In May of the 11th year of Destiny, Oba led his men to Shengjing (now Shenyang) with mink, camel and other gifts, thanking Nurhachi for helping him repel Ligedan Khan last year. Nurhachi greeted him personally, married his granddaughter Zhu Zhe to Oba, and was awarded the title of Tusi Tuhan.

After Huang Taiji succeeded to the throne, the eldest daughter of the king of Keqin County was raised in the palace as a daughter, pointing out that the fourth brother who married Zhuang Fei, Horqin Taiji Man Zhu Xi, was named Heshuo. Give four daughters, Princess Gulunyong, to the eldest brother of her son, Zhuang Fei, and three daughters, Princess Gulunyong, to Chitat, the first generation king of Duoluo County in Kezuo Zhongqi. Huang taiji also married his younger brother, Gege of Abatai Baylor, to Chuer Jiji in Zuo Ke Zhongqi.

The marriage quota of Huang taiji and Monan Mongolia is determined by the relationship between Mongolian ministries and the late Jin Dynasty. The two wings of Horqin were the earliest attachment, which made great contributions to Li Jing after its establishment and should be the first choice. Huang taiji also chose the forehead among other ministries that defected in time to consolidate his rule over Mongolian ministries. After surrendering to Aohan Department for half a year, she married Princess Hada to Zizazak Zonomuduling. Seven years later, he married his eldest daughter, Princess Gulun Duanmin, to the king of Bundhit, the son of Zonomuduling. During this period, the daughters of the late Jin royal family also married the princes of Mongolian ministries. In the first month of the fifth year of Tiancong (163 1), Huang Taiji married his younger brother, Gege of Bellemangutai, to Laskabu, king of Harqin County. Su Nite Tengkisbaylor, Arukerqin Zhang Mu Baylor, etc. It also became the forehead of the royal family.

When Huang taiji married with Mongolian ministries, he also tried to choose influential princes in Mongolian ministries as his forehead. In the sixth year of Tiancong (1632), Huang Taiji personally signed the Chahar Department, and Li Dan Khan fled without fighting. In the eighth year of Tiancong, Lidan Khan died of illness on the way to Qinghai. The following year, the son of Lidan Khan, Ezhe, received a bonus. Because Lidan Khan is the great Khan of Mongolia, and his position is prominent, Huang Taiji decided to marry Princess Wen Zhuang, the second daughter of Gulun, and Zherongcheng Gulun Emakata, which brought the relationship with Chahar Department closer.

According to the statistics of History of Qing Dynasty, before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, it was the heyday of the marriage between Monan royal family and Mongolian ministries. There were 33 marriages with Horqin alone, ranking first among the 24 ministries, among which 2 1 married the Mongolian princes and 21married the princess and Gege.

The royal family of the Qing Dynasty has always maintained "North Korea relations" with various Mongolian ministries.

In the first year of Chongde (1636), sixteen princes of Mongolia gathered in Shengjing, honoring Huang Taiji as "Bokeduochechen Khan" and changing the title to Qing. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), he entered the customs, made his capital in Beijing, and continued to maintain the marriage relationship with Mongolian ministries. Filial piety faithfully carried out the national policy of "Manchu-Mongolian marriage" on his son's marriage. In the eighth year of Shunzhi (165 1), she married the daughter of her niece and uncle Wu Keshan to Shunzhi, made her queen, and became a quiet princess three years later. In June of the following year, Empress Xiao Zhuang called her two granddaughters and two daughters of Zi Chu Giebeler, the second brother, into the palace at the same time. Her sister was awarded the title of filial piety queen, and her sister was awarded the title of Shu. Earlier, Churchi's other three daughters married two grandchildren of Jane's Prince Dudu and Prince Abatai. In this way, only once during the Shunzhi period, all five daughters of Churgibaylor were married to the royal family. The two daughters of Manzhu Xili, the fourth elder brother of Xiaozhuang, entered the palace in an hour, ready to be the emperor shunzhi's concubines. She died before she got married, and the other became the emperor shunzhi's younger brother, Fujin of Bogor. These marriages were all facilitated by Xiao Taihou Wen Zhuang.

The two concubines of Emperor Kangxi were Mongolian girls. One is the daughter of the grandson of Guo Honger, the king of Kezuoqianqi County. She entered the palace in her early years and died unfortunately. Kangxi named her Hui Fei. The other is the granddaughter of Prince Manzhu in Kezuo Zhongqi, who was named Imperial concubine of Xuan.

From the early years of Shunzhi to the middle and late period of Qianlong, it has entered the Central Plains and gradually established a nationwide feudal ruling order. In order to consolidate the centralized system and complete the unified inheritance, the marriage between the royal family and Mongolian ministries in the Qing Dynasty turned to the marriage between princess royal and Gege, and the scope of choosing Mongolia gradually expanded to Mobei Mongolia and Moxi Mongolia, with emphasis on Monan Mongolia.

During the Shunzhi dynasty, seven princesses of Huang taiji were married to H.R. Jigbele of Zalute. Princess Xi married Baylor of Abaga; The fifth princess married the king of Sebuteng County, Bahrain Right Banner; Princess Hachi married Prince Aslan of Keyou Zhongqi. The two Heshuo princesses in Shunzhi Palace both married the king of Horqin County and Baylor; There are also four Mongolian princes in Horqin.

In the Kangxi Dynasty, the third princess of Emperor Kangxi married the king of Urgun County in Bahrain. The fifth princess married the king of Gazang County in Harqin Department; The fourth daughter, Princess Jingyi, married the king of Dorje County, Grdan, the leader of the four departments of Kerkha in Mobei. Because the princess didn't want to go north, she built a princess mansion in Guihua City for a long time. Since the princess's marriage, Mobei Halka's Four Departments have been submissive to the Qing Dynasty, maintaining peace and stability for more than 200 years. Emperor Kangxi also married the Ten Princesses to the Prince of Lingze in the Sanoyen Department of Mobei. Thirteen princesses married the king of Cangjin county, Weng Niu special department; Princess XV and the daughter of her brother Prince Gong were both given to marry Tai Chi in Horqin Department.

During the Yongzheng period, the sixth daughter of the prince and the eldest daughter of the emperor's younger brother Zhuang all married the king of Horqin County. The fourth daughter of the first prince married Prince Kerkabu.

At the end of Qianlong period, Yincui gorge and Yincui gorge both married two princes in Horqin department. The seventh princess married Prince Lavandoz of Mobei. The younger brother and daughter of the pro-king married lord protector of Bahrain.

Jiaqing emperor gave yincui gorge to the king of Sotnamuduobuzhai county in Kezuohouqi; Sixiang married King Mani Badala of Tumote.

Princess Daoguang married the King of Zabudoro County, Demciuc, Naiman Banner. During Guangxu period, the sister of Prince Ci of Su was Fujin, the prince of Gongsannobu in Harqin Department. The niece of Empress Dowager Cixi became the blessing of Prince Zagar of Bahrain.

From the Qing Dynasty to the last years of Qianlong, marriage began to develop from southern Mongolia to northern Mongolia and western Mongolia, and all Mongols worked for the Qing Dynasty, thus consolidating their rule over Mongolia. From the end of Qianlong to the end of Qing Dynasty, Kangxi pacified galdan Mongolia in Mobei, and after solving the Junggar rebellion, the rule of Mongolian ministries was consolidated, the role of Mongolian princes became less and less important, and the relationship with Mongolian princes became alienated. In-laws with Mongolian princes show that the number of Mongolian temples chosen by the royal family has dropped sharply, and the geographical and tribal scope has narrowed. The "reserve" also limits the selection scope to seven flags of Monan Mongolia 13.

The policy of "Manchu-Mongolian marriage" and "reserve amount" in Qing Dynasty was an important measure of Huairou Mongolian ministries in Qing Dynasty. Through the establishment of marriage and consanguinity, Manchu and Mongolia formed a political alliance, stabilized the northern frontier, and consolidated national unity and the rule of the Qing Dynasty. The consanguineous combination of royal aristocrats and Mongolian princes in Qing Dynasty promoted the integration of Manchu and Mongolian nationalities to some extent. More importantly, the two peoples have extensive exchanges in politics, military affairs, economy and culture, which have promoted social progress. For example, on the basis of learning Mongolian, Nurhachi presided over the creation of Manchu, which made many documents such as Old Files of Manchu and New Secrets of Manchu created later spread to this day and became precious historical materials for studying Qing history.