What kind of sports are there?

Although sports has a long history, the word "sports" appeared relatively late. Before the word "sports" appeared, countries all over the world had different names for sports.

The word "physical education", originally in English, refers to education through physical activities, which is literally translated as physical education. In ancient Greece, games, wrestling and gymnastics were once listed as educational contents. From 17 to 18, hunting, swimming, mountain climbing, running and jumping were added to western education, but there was no unified name. At the end of 18, German J.C.F Gutz Jordan Mutch once classified and integrated these activities, which were collectively called "gymnastics". /kloc-in the 9th century, on the one hand, a new gymnastics system was formed in Germany, which was widely spread in Europe and America; On the other hand, many new sports have emerged one after another. In the school, more and more sports beyond the original scope of gymnastics have been gradually developed, and a new concept of "physical education is education through physical activities" has been established. Therefore, for a considerable period of time, the words "gymnastics" and "sports" coexisted and mixed with each other, and it was not until the beginning of the 20th century that they were gradually called "sports" internationally.

1762, Rousseau published Emile in France. He used the word "sports" to describe the process of physical education such as physical maintenance, training and training for Amir. Because this book strongly criticized the church education at that time and caused great repercussions in the world, the word "movement" also spread around the world. From here, we can clearly see that the word "sports" comes from the word "education", and its earliest meaning refers to a special field in the education system. By the19th century, the word "sports" was widely used in developed countries in the world. However, due to China's closed-door policy, gymnastics was not introduced to China from Germany and Sweden until the middle of19th century, and then the Qing government set up a "gymnastics ball" in the "foreign school". Around 1902, some students studying in Japan came from Japan with the word "sports". With the continuous influx of western culture into China, the content of school physical education has also developed from a single gymnastics to a diversified one, and basketball, track and field, football and so on have appeared in the classroom. Many people of insight suggested that the school physical education class should not be called gymnastics class, and the concept level must be made clear. 1923 "Gymnastics" was officially changed to "physical education class" in the Outline of Primary and Secondary School Curriculum (Draft).

Since then, the word "sports" has become a special term to mark school sports. ?

The word "sports" also has an evolutionary process in meaning. When it was first introduced to China, it referred to sports, which appeared as a part of education and was an educational process related to various activities to maintain and develop the body, which was consistent with the international understanding of "sports". With the progress of society and the continuous development of sports, its purpose and content have gone far beyond the original category of "sports", and the concept of sports has also been interpreted in a broad and narrow sense. When used broadly, it generally refers to sports, including physical education, competitive sports and physical exercise; When used in a narrow sense, it refers to sports in general. In recent years, many scholars have put forward some explanations for the concept of "sports", but the consistent explanation is that "sports is a social and cultural phenomenon or educational process with physical activity as the medium, seeking individual physical and mental health and all-round development as the direct purpose, and cultivating perfect social citizens as the ultimate goal". This definition of sports not only explains the essential attribute of sports, but also points out the category of sports, which is different from its adjacent or similar social phenomena. However, the concept of sports is not static. With the development and progress of society, the understanding of sports will also develop.

Meaning and concept

Sports is a purposeful, conscious and organized social activity in the process of human social development, which follows the laws of human physical and mental development according to the needs of production and life, and takes physical exercise as the basic means to enhance physical fitness, improve sports technical level, carry out ideological and moral education and enrich social and cultural life. It is a special scientific field gradually established and developed with the development of human society. The concept of sports has broad sense and narrow sense.

1. A broad concept of sports (also known as sports). It refers to a conscious and organized social activity that takes physical exercise as the basic means to enhance people's physique, promote the all-round development of education, enrich social and cultural life and promote the construction of spiritual civilization. It is a part of the whole social culture, and its development is restricted by the politics and economy of a certain society and serves it.

2. The narrow concept of sports (also called sports). It is an educational process to develop the body, strengthen the physique, impart physical exercise knowledge and skills, and cultivate moral and will quality; It is the process of cultivating and shaping the human body; Is an important part of education; It is an important aspect of cultivating people with all-round development.

3. Competitive sports is also called "competitive sports". It refers to the scientific and systematic training and competition in order to beat opponents, achieve excellent sports results, and maximize the potential of individuals and groups in physical, physical, psychological and sports abilities. Including sports training and sports competition. Features are:

1) fully mobilize and bring into play the potential of athletes in physical strength, intelligence and psychology;

2) Strong antagonism and competitiveness;

3) The contestants are full of physical strength and superb skills;

4) Competing according to internationally recognized uniform rules;

5) entertainment. Competitive sports in today's world are the product of social history. As early as 700 BC in ancient Greece, there were running, throwing, wrestling and other events, and there have been hundreds of them so far. Common sports are track and field, gymnastics, basketball, volleyball, football, table tennis, badminton, weightlifting, swimming and cycling. Various countries and regions also have their own special national traditional projects, such as China Wushu, rattan ball in Southeast Asia, Cabadie and so on. Its development is closely related to politics, economy, culture, education and science and technology of countries and regions.

4. Leisure sports refers to sports activities that are conducted in leisure time or at a specific time for the purpose of entertaining the body and mind. It has the characteristics of amateur, recreational and entertaining. The content generally includes ball games, activity games, tourism, chess and cards and traditional national sports activities. According to the organization of activities, it can be divided into individuals, families and collectives; According to the activity conditions, it can be divided into indoor and outdoor; According to competitiveness, it can be divided into competitive and non-competitive; According to the mode of operation, it can be divided into commercial and non-commercial; According to the way to participate in activities, it can be divided into ornamental activities and sports activities. Carrying out recreational sports activities is conducive to physical and mental health, cultivating sentiment and cultivating noble character.

5. Mass sports is also called "social sports" and "mass sports". It is the general name of sports activities widely carried out in the society for the purpose of entertaining the body and mind, strengthening the body, preventing and treating diseases and cultivating sports reserve talents. Including staff sports, farmers sports, community sports, elderly sports, women sports, disabled sports and so on. The main forms are exercise groups, sports teams, counseling stations, sports homes, sports activity centers, sports clubs, chess clubs, and individual free physical exercise. To carry out mass sports activities should follow the principles of people, places, times, amateur, voluntary, small, diverse and civilized. Carrying out mass sports activities extensively is an important way to give full play to the social function of sports, improve the quality of the people and complete sports tasks.

6. Medical sports refers to a medical method that uses sports to treat certain diseases and injuries and restore and improve the body function. Compared with other treatment methods, it is characterized by:

1) is an active therapy, which requires thinkers to actively participate in the treatment process and treat diseases through exercise;

2) It is a kind of systemic therapy, which improves the whole body function through nerve and nerve reflex mechanism, so as to achieve the purpose of strengthening physique and improving resistance;

3) It is a kind of natural therapy, which uses the inherent natural function of human beings (exercise) as a treatment method, and is generally not limited by time, place and equipment conditions. Medical gymnastics, jogging, walking, cycling, qigong, Tai Ji Chuan, special sports equipment (such as tensioners and automatic treadmills). ), sunbathing, air bath and water bath are usually used as treatment means. Should vary from person to person, persevere, step by step, with drug or surgical treatment, psychological counseling. Two cadres have used "guidance" and "health preservation" as a means to prevent and treat diseases many years ago, and then they have been continuously developed and improved, becoming an important part of sports medicine in China.

7. The essence of sports. It refers to the inherent fundamental characteristics of sports and is a kind of sports activity and social and cultural activity of human society.

8. The essential characteristics of sports. It develops the body, strengthens the physique, promotes the all-round development of people and serves the social development through physical exercise. In the process of social development, it is restricted by certain politics and economy, and serves certain politics and economy. Sports has the dual attributes of nature and society. Natural attributes such as methods and means of exercise; Social attributes such as sports concept and system.

National traditional sports

Traditional sports in China is an important part of sports in China and a valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation. Many excellent national traditional sports not only have strong fitness value, but also have high artistic value and rich entertainment and educational functions. After the founding of New China, the government paid special attention to the development of traditional sports of ethnic minorities, and has excavated and sorted out more than 1000 sports. For example, Mongolians are known as "men's triathlon" in wrestling, horse racing and archery. Kicking shuttlecock and tug-of-war of the Hui nationality; Tibetan yak race; Miao people ride and row dragon boats; Zhuang nationality has changed from young men and women expressing love to "throwing hydrangeas" in confrontational competitions; Korean springboard; Manchu skating; Riding a wooden horse of the Dong nationality (on high feet); Yao plays the top; Gaoshan people fly kites; The Kirgiz's Chasing Girls; Brown rattan balls and so on. Dragon Boat Race, Kite, Yangko, Go, Qigong, Tai Ji Chuan, etc. It is a traditional sport that both Han and ethnic minorities love.

The dragon is a symbol of the Chinese nation. Dragon boat, named after the dragon, is a unique creation of people of all ethnic groups in China in long-term production practice and social activities. Dragon boat races are entertaining and competitive, and have a broad mass base in southern water towns.

Kite is one of the important inventions in ancient China and the earliest man-made aircraft in the world. Its production is very common in China. Kites from Beijing, Tianjin, Weifang, Shandong and Nantong, Jiangsu are unique and world-famous. Every April is the annual Kite Festival in Weifang, where fans from all over the world exchange skills and spread friendship.

Yangko is a folk dance accompanied by rhythmic music, which is mainly popular in northern China. Because of its large dance range, it has gradually changed from artistic performance to fitness exercise, which is especially popular with middle-aged and elderly women.

Weiqi originated in China, and there were written records about Weiqi in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Later, it spread to Japan, South Korea and European and American countries. After the founding of New China, it was listed as a formal sports competition and spread and developed all over the world.

Wushu, based on boxing, equipment, routines and actual combat forms, can not only strengthen the body, but also defend itself and preserve health. It has been widely circulated among the people for thousands of years.

Tai Ji Chuan is one of many martial arts in China with a history of 300-400 years. It is a combination of ancient Taoist health preservation and yin-yang meridian theory. Tai Ji Chuan originated in Chenjiagou, wen county, Henan Province, and there are schools such as Chen, Yang, Wu, Sun and Wu. Its movements are slow and coherent, requiring the command of mind, the coordination of mind, qi and body, static braking and softness.

Qigong is an excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation with a long history of thousands of years. It has a positive effect on getting rid of diseases, strengthening the body and cultivating temperament. Therefore, Wushu and Qigong are not only popular in China, but also widely spread all over the world.

China also regularly holds national traditional sports meetings for ethnic minorities, where athletes from all ethnic groups gather to compete for their skills.

From Baidu Encyclopedia: /view/8323.html? wtp=tt