Jing Ke Assassination of King of Qin Character Evaluation

Wang Jian, the Qin general, broke Zhao, captured the king of Zhao, and took all his land, and marched his troops to the north, to the southern border of Yan.

The Prince Dan was afraid, and asked Jing Qing to say, "If the Qin soldiers cross the Yishui River at night and day, then even if they want to serve you for a long time, will they be able to do so?" Jing Qing said: "micro Prince said, I would like to get to visit, this line and no letter, the Qin can not be pro also. Fan general, the king of Qin purchased a thousand kilograms of gold, Eup 10,000 families. Cheng can get Fan general head, and Yan Dugong hyper map dedicated to the king of Qin, the king of Qin will say see me, I was able to have to report to the Prince." The Prince said: "General Fan to poor to return to Dan, Dan can not bear to their own selfishness, and hurt the intention of the elders, I hope that the foot more consideration!"

Jing Ke knew that the Prince could not bear, but then he met with Fan Yuqi in private, saying: "Qin's encounter with the General, can be said to be deep. The parents and the family are all killed. Now I heard that the purchase of the general's head, gold thousand pounds, eup ten thousand families, will be how?" General Fan looked up to the sky and breathed tears, "I think about it every time, often pain in the bone marrow, but I do not know what to do!" Ke said: "There is a word that can solve the problem of Yan and avenge the General's revenge, what is it?" Fan Yuqi said, "How can I do that?" Jing Ke said: "I would like to get the general's head to offer Qin, the king of Qin will be happy and good to see me. I left hand to put his sleeve, and right hand to thrust his chest, then the general's revenge, and Yan see Ling's shame removed. Does the general have any intention to do so?" Fan Yuqi partiality and wrist and into said: "this minister day and night cut teeth pat heart also, is now to hear the teachings!" He then cut his own throat.

The Prince heard, sped to the body and cried, extremely sad. The first time I saw this, I could not do anything about it, but I tried to collect the head of Fan Yuqi, and sealed it in a letter.

Then the Prince sought the world's sharp daggers, and got the dagger of Zhao's Mrs. Xu, took a hundred gold, and made the workers quench it with medicine. The dagger was then quenched with medicine and tested on people, and when the blood was moistened, no one was left standing. He then sent Jing Ke in a costume.

Yan state has a warrior Qin Wuyang, twelve years old murder, people do not dare and disobedience. He was ordered to be the deputy of Qin Wuyang.

Jing Ke had something to look forward to, and wanted to be with him, but he stayed for a long time.

The Prince was late in sending the message. Doubt that he has changed his mind, was again invited to say: "Day to the end of the day, Jing Qing is not intentionally? Dan please first send Qin Wuyang!" Jing Ke angrily, scolded the Prince said: "Today to go and not reverse the person, the vertical son also! This time to mention a dagger into the unpredictable strong Qin, servant so stay, to wait for my guests and club. Now Prince late, please resigned decided!" I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do that.

The crown prince and his guests, who knew him, were all dressed in white to send him off.

To Yi Shui Shang, both ancestors, take the road. Gao Jianli struck the building, Jing Ke and sang, for the sound of the change of symbols, the soldiers were all tears and tears. And then before and for the song said: "wind Xiao Xiao Ruoxi easy water cold, strong man a go Ruoxi not come back!" The soldiers stared at him angrily, and his hair went up to his crown. The first time I saw Jing Ke, he went to his car and left, and then he was gone.

When he arrived at Qin, he gave his favorite minister, Mengjia, a generous gift of a thousand gold coins.

Jia for the first speech in the king of Qin, said: "The king of Yan sincere Zhen horror of the king's power, do not dare to raise an army to resist the king, I would like to raise the country as a vassal. Than the ranks of the vassals, give tribute to the county, and get to worship the ancestral temple of the late king. Fear does not dare to present itself, I would like to behead Fan Yuqi, and dedication of Yan's Dugang of the map, letter seal, the King of Yan worship sent to the court, so that the ambassador to hear the Great King. Only the Great King's order."

The king of Qin heard this and was greatly pleased. He was dressed for the court, set up nine guests, and met the Yan messenger at the Xianyang Palace.

Jing Ke was presented with a letter from Fan Yuqi, while Qin Wuyang was presented with a box of maps. To His Majesty, Qin Wuyang color change vibration fear, the ministers blame, Jing Ke Gu laughs at Wuyang, before thank you said: "Northern barbarians of the despicable, have not seen the Son of Heaven, so vibration deterrence, I hope that the King of the less false borrowing, so that the Bi to make the front." The king of Qin said Ke: "up, take Wuyang held the map!"

Ke has taken the map and presented it to the king, and sent it to the king, and the map is poor and the dagger is visible. The dagger was not a dagger, but a dagger, which was held in his right hand and thrust at him. The king of Qin was shocked, and he rose up and cut off his sleeve. He drew his sword, which was long, and manipulated his room. The first time I saw him, I was afraid that he was in a hurry, and the sword was strong, so I couldn't pull it out immediately.

Jing Ke expelled the king of Qin, who returned to the pillar and left. The king's ministers were shocked and surprised, and they lost their way. The King of Qin, Jing Ke, was not able to call down the soldiers, so Jing Ke expelled the King of Qin, and the pawns were in a state of anxiety and could not hit Ke, and they were wrestling with their hands***.

Then the doctor Xia Wu, who was in charge of the army, took Khorne's medicine bag and brought it to the king. The king of Qin returned to the column, and the pawns were in a state of panic, not knowing what to do. He said, "The king has lost his sword! The king has lost his sword! He then pulled it out and struck Jing Ke, breaking his left femur. Jing Ke was ruined, but he drew his dagger to the King of Qin and missed, hitting the pillar. The king of Qin hit Ke again, and was hit by eight wounds.

Khor knew that he would not be able to do anything, but he leaned on the pillar and laughed, and then scolded him, saying, "The reason why things do not work out is that I want to rob him of his life, and I will be able to get a contract to repay the prince."

Both left and right before, beheading Jing Ke. The king of Qin was dazzled for a long time.

Translation

Wang Jian, a general of Qin, broke through the state of Zhao, captured the king of Zhao, occupied all of Zhao's territory, and marched northward to encroach on the land, reaching the southern border of Yan.

The crown prince of Yan was very afraid, so he asked Jing Ke, "The Qin army will soon cross the Yishui River, so although I want to serve you for a long time, how can I do it?" Jing Ke said, "Even if the crown prince does not say so, I will still ask for action, but if I go now without any credentials, then I cannot get close to the king of Qin. The king of Qin has offered a thousand pounds of gold and a fief of ten thousand families as a reward for the head of General Fan. If I can really obtain General Fan's head and a map of the area around Dugang in Yan and present it to the King of Qin, the King of Qin will surely be pleased to summon me, and I will have a way to repay the Crown Prince." The Crown Prince said, "General Fan has come to me because he is desperate and in a difficult situation, I can't bear to hurt the heart of a man of virtue due to my own personal vendetta, I hope you will consider your countermeasures separately!"

Jing Ke knew that the crown prince was intolerant, so he met with Fan Yuqi in private and said, "The state of Qin's treatment of the general can be said to be vicious to the core. My father, my mother, and those of my own clan were all killed or forfeited to the government as slaves. Now I hear that a thousand pounds of gold and a fief of ten thousand families are offered as a reward for the general's head; what will you do?" General Fan threw his face to the sky, sighed long and hard, and said with tears in his eyes, "Whenever I think of this, I often hate it to the marrow of my bones, but I can't think of any plan!" Jing Ke said, "Now how about a suggestion that can be used to relieve Yan of its worries and avenge the general's deep hatred?" Fan Yuzhi then went up and asked, "What should I do?" Jing Ke said, "I hope to get General Fan's head to offer it to the state of Qin, and the king of Qin will be pleased and friendly to receive me. I will seize his sleeve with my left hand and stab him in the chest with my right. In this way, the general's revenge will be avenged, and the disgrace of Yan's being bullied will be removed. Does the general have this in mind?" Fan Yuzhi took off one sleeve to reveal one arm, and holding his right wrist in his left hand, he took a step nearer and said, "This is something for which I have gnashed my teeth and pounded my chest day and night, and it is only today that I have received your instruction!" And so he wiped his own neck.

When the crown prince heard of this, he ran in his carriage and cried over Fan Yuzhi's body in great sorrow. There was no way to undo what had happened, so he packed up and laid Fan Yuqi's head in peace, and sealed it in a box.

So the prince sought in advance for a sharp dagger in the world, and got the dagger of Mrs. Xu of the State of Zhao, bought it with a hundred gold, and asked the craftsman to quench it with poisonous water. He experimented with people, and blood stained his clothes. There was not a single person who did not die immediately. So he organized his traveling clothes and sent Jing Ke on his way. There was a warrior in Yan, Qin Wuyang, who had killed a man when he was twelve years old, and the people dared not look him in the eye, so they asked him to be their assistant.

Jing Ke waited for a man and wanted to go with him. The man lived far away and did not come, so he stopped and waited for him. When he did not move after a while, the crown prince, suspecting that Jing Ke was late and that he had changed his mind and regretted it, pleaded with him again, saying, "The days are numbered, have you no intention of moving? Please allow me to dispatch Qin Wuyang first!" Fuming with rage, Jing Ke rebuked the Crown Prince, saying, "He who goes today and fails to return properly to resume his duties is a useless brat! Now bare a dagger into the unforeseen and rapacious Qin, and I stayed because I waited for my guest so that I could go with him. Now that the Prince resents my late departure, allow me to bid farewell!" And so departed.

The crown prince and those of his guests who knew of it wore white garments and white hats to see him off. When they reached Yishui, they sacrificed to the road god and were about to go on their way. Gao Jianli was playing the building, and Jing Ke sang to the beat, making a variable sound, and all the guests cried with tears in their eyes and little voices. Jing Ke went up again and sang, "The winds are soughing and the water is bone-chillingly cold, and this departure of the brave man will never be returned!" And then made a sad and impassioned feather sound. All the guests are wide-eyed, hair are up top of the hat. Then Jing Ke got into his car and left, never looking back.

After arriving at the state of Qin, he took a gift worth a thousand pieces of gold and gave it generously to Meng Jia, the middle son of the king's favorite minister. Mengjia spoke to the king of Qin on his behalf, saying, "The king of Yan is indeed so afraid of the king's power that he dares not send out his troops to resist, and is willing to be a subject of the state of Qin for the whole country, and to be ranked among the vassals (meaning: Yan is willing to honor the king of Qin as the son of heaven along with the other vassals), and to pay taxes like the counties in the state of Qin, in order to be able to keep the ancestral temples. They were too terrified to come and make the presentation themselves, and respectfully cut off Fan Yuzhi's head and offered a map of the area around Dugang of Yan, sealed it in a box, which the king of Yan sent out at the court with a great bow and sent a messenger to report to the great king. Everything is at the command of the great king." The king of Qin was very glad to hear what Mengjia said. So he put on his court dress and arranged a grand ceremony of the nine guests and received Yan's messenger at the Xianyang Palace.

Jing Ke, holding the box containing Fan Yuqi's head, and Qin Wuyang, holding the map box, entered the palace in order, and when they reached the bottom of the steps in front of the palace, Qin Wuyang's face changed and he was very afraid, and Qin's ministers wondered at this. Jing Ke smiled back at Qin Wuyang and went up to the king of Qin to thank him for him, saying, "A vulgar man from the northern barbarian region has not paid a visit to the son of heaven, so he is afraid, and I hope that your majesty will forgive him a little and allow him to fulfill his mission in the presence of your majesty." The King of Qin said to Jing Ke, "Arise, and fetch the map which Wu Yang has taken!"

Jing Ke took the map and held it out to the King of Qin, and opened it, and when the map was opened all the way, the dagger was revealed. So Jing Ke grabbed the King of Qin's sleeve with his left hand and stabbed him with the dagger in his right hand. Before he could stab the King of Qin, the King of Qin was so shocked that he straightened himself and stood up, breaking his sleeve. The king of Qin drew his sword, which was too long, and held the scabbard. At that time, the king of Qin was afraid and anxious in his heart, and the sword was inserted very tightly, so he could not pull it out immediately. Jing Ke chased the King of Qin, who ran around a pillar. Qin's rulers and ministers were stunned; things happened suddenly and unexpectedly, and everyone lost their normality. And according to the law of Qin, the courtiers who served in the palace could not carry a bit of weapons; those court guards holding weapons were arranged at the bottom of the palace steps, and could not go up to the palace without the king's order. In times of crisis, it was too late to summon the guards at the bottom of the steps, so when Jing Ke chased the king of Qin, everyone was in a panic and had no weapons to use to kill Jing Ke, but only used their empty hands to fight together with Jing Ke.

Then the king's attendant, Xia Wou (jū), hit Jing Ke with a medicine bag he was holding. The king of Qin was still running around the pillar, and in his haste he was frightened and did not know what to do. The ministers then said, "Your Majesty, put your sword on your back! Your Majesty put the sword on your back!" The king of Qin then drew his sword and used it to attack Jing Ke, cutting off Jing Ke's left thigh. When Jing Ke fell, he raised his dagger and threw it at the king of Qin, missing and hitting a pillar. The King of Qin attacked Jing Ke again, and Jing Ke was wounded in eight places. Knowing himself that things would not succeed, Jing Ke leaned against the pillar and laughed, and sat down on the ground with his legs spread out like a handful of skips, and cursed, "The reason why things did not work out is that I wanted to hijack you alive, and I must get the deed of covenant in return for the crown prince of Yan!"

The king of Qin's retainers came forward and beheaded Jing Ke. Afterward, the king of Qin was still dizzy for a long time.

Wang Jian, a Qin general, broke through Zhao, captured the king of Zhao, and took all of his land, advancing his troops to the north, to the southern border of Yan.

The Prince Dan fear, is to ask Jing Qing said: "Qin soldiers day and night across the Yi Shui, although I want to serve long under the foot, can not get it?" Jing Qing said: "micro Prince said, I would like to get to visit, this line and no letter, the Qin can not be pro also. Fan general, the king of Qin purchased a thousand kilograms of gold, Eup 10,000 families. Cheng can get Fan general head, and Yan Dugong hyper map dedicated to the king of Qin, the king of Qin will say to see me, I was able to have to report to the Prince." The Prince said: "General Fan to poor to return to Dan, Dan can not bear to their own selfishness, and hurt the intention of the elders, I hope that the foot more consideration!"

Jing Ke knew that the Prince could not bear it, but then he met with Fan Yuqi in private and said: "Qin's encounter with the General, can be said to be deep. The parents and the family are all killed. Now I heard that the purchase of the general's head, gold thousand pounds, eup ten thousand families, will be how?" General Fan looked up to the sky and breathed tears, "I think about it every time, often pain in the bone marrow, but I do not know what to do!" Ke said: "There is a word that can solve the problem of Yan and avenge the General's revenge, what is it?" Fan Yuqi said, "How can I do that?" Jing Ke said: "I would like to get the general's head to offer Qin, the king of Qin will be happy and good to see me. I left hand to put his sleeve, and right hand to thrust his chest, then the general's revenge, and Yan see Ling's shame removed. Is it not the intention of the general to do so?" Fan Yuqi biased wrist and into said: "this minister day and night teeth patting heart also, is now to hear the teachings!" He then cut his own throat.

The Prince heard, sped to the body and cried, extremely sad. The Prince of China, who is a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), is a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), a member of the CPPCC.

Then the Prince sought the world's sharp daggers, and got the dagger of Zhao's Mrs. Xu, took a hundred gold, so that the workers quenched with medicine. To test people, blood moistened strands, people do not not stand dead. He was then sent to Jing Ke in a costume.

Yan state has a warrior Qin Wuyang, twelve years old, killing people, people do not dare and disobedient vision. He was ordered to be the deputy of Qin Wuyang.

Jing Ke had something to look forward to, and wanted to be with him, but he stayed for a long time.

The Prince was late in sending the message. Doubt that he has changed his mind, was again invited to say: "Day to the end of the day, Jing Qing is not intentionally? Dan please first send Qin Wuyang!" Jing Ke angrily, scolded the Prince said: "Today to go and not reverse the person, the vertical son also! This time to mention a dagger into the unpredictable strong Qin, servant so stay, to wait for my guests and club. Now Prince late, please resigned decided!" I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do that.

The Prince and his guests know his people, all white crown to send. Gao Jianli struck the building, Jing Ke and song, for the sound of the change of symbols, the soldiers are all tears and tears. He then sang, "The wind is Xiao Xiao and the water is cold, the strong man will never come back!" When he sang again, all the soldiers stared at him angrily, and his hair went up to his fingers and crown. So Jing Ke went to his car and ended up not caring about it.

Before he arrived at Qin, he held a thousand gold coins, and left a generous gift to Meng Jia, a favorite minister of the King of Qin.

Jia for the first speech in the king of Qin, said: "The king of Yan sincere Zhen horror of the king's power, do not dare to raise an army to resist the king, I would like to raise the country as a vassal. Than the ranks of the vassals, give tribute to the county, and get to worship the ancestral temple of the late king. Fear does not dare to present itself, I would like to behead Fan Yuqi, and dedication of Yan's Dugang's map, letter seal, the King of Yan worship sent to the court, so that the ambassador to hear the Great King. Only the Great King's order."

The king of Qin heard this and was greatly pleased. He was dressed for the court, set up nine guests, and met the Yan messenger at the Xianyang Palace.

Jing Ke was presented with a letter from Fan Yuqi, while Qin Wuyang was presented with a box of maps. To His Majesty, Qin Wuyang color change vibration fear, the ministers blame, Jing Ke Gu laughs at Wuyang, before thank you said: "Northern barbarians of the despicable, have not seen the Son of Heaven, so vibration deterrence, I hope that the King of the less false borrowing, so that the Bi to make the front." The king of Qin said Ke: "up, take Wuyang held the map!"

Ke has taken the map and presented it to the king, and sent it to the king, and the map is poor and the dagger is visible. The dagger was not a dagger, but a dagger, which was held in his right hand and thrust at him. The king of Qin was shocked, and he rose up and cut off his sleeve. He drew his sword, which was long, and manipulated his room. The first time I saw him, I was afraid that he was in a hurry, and the sword was strong, so I couldn't pull it out immediately.

Jing Ke expelled the king of Qin, who returned to the pillar and left. The king's ministers were shocked and surprised, and they lost their way. The King of Qin, Jing Ke, was not able to call down the soldiers, so Jing Ke expelled the King of Qin, and the pawns were in a state of anxiety and could not hit Ke, and they were wrestling with their hands ****.

Then the doctor Xia Wu, who was in charge of the army, took Khorne's medicine bag and brought it to the king. The king of Qin returned to the column, and the pawns were in a state of panic, not knowing what to do. He said, "The king has lost his sword! The king has lost his sword! He then pulled it out and struck Jing Ke, breaking his left femur. Jing Ke was ruined, but he drew his dagger and lifted the King of Qin, but missed and hit the pillar. The king of Qin hit Ke again, and was hit by eight wounds.

Khor knew that he would not be able to do anything, but he leaned on the pillar and laughed, and then scolded him, saying, "The reason why things do not work out is that I want to rob him of his life, and I will be able to get a contract to repay the prince."

Both left and right before, beheading Jing Ke. The king of Qin was dazzled for a long time. [edit paragraph] Author, works The Strategies of the Warring States is an important historical work edited by people in the late Warring States period and the Qin-Han period, as well as an important collection of essays. The author is no longer available. Initially, there are "state policy", "state affairs", "short and long", "matter language", "long book", "repair book" and other names, after the Han dynasty, Liu Xiang collation editing, began to be named "warring states policy". The whole book *** thirty-three, edited by country, in the following order: a Western Zhou, an Eastern Zhou, five Qin, six Qi, four Chu, four Zhao, four Wei, three Han, three Yan, Song, Wei, and one Zhongshan. The recorded historical facts from the Eastern Zhou Zhen Ding Wang seventeen years (452 years ago), to the Qin Shihuang thirty-one years (216 years ago), *** 245 years.

The content of "Strategies of the Warring States" mainly records the political ideas and stories of the splitting of arms and deceitfulness of the strategists and advisors of the Warring States period who lobbied the lords or conducted discussions and debates, and also describes the behavior of some righteous warriors who defied the strongest and were brave enough to fight.

The author of "Strategies of the Warring States" exaggerated the role of strategists and advisers in recounting historical events, and sometimes even fabricated some plots in order to emphasize the decisive role of the strategists and advisers in historical events, which was contrary to the reality of history.

The Strategies of the Warring States is long on discussion and narration, and its writing is fluent and lively, which has an important position in the history of prose in China.

Author: Liu Xiang (77 BC - 6 BC), real name Changsheng, character Zizheng, Western Han Dynasty scribe, cataloger and literary scholar, authored the Sayings of the Garden and the New Preface, which contains many vivid fables and legends that are thought-provoking. [edit paragraph] Jing Ke's person Jing Ke (? - Jing Ke (????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? The people of Wei called him Qingqing, and when he came to Yan, the Yan people called him Jingqing. The state of Wei was originally a great power in the Spring and Autumn Period, but later it was increasingly invaded, and most of its land was taken away by Zhao and Wei, and at the end of the day, there was only one city left in the state of Wei, Puyang, which was reduced to a vassal of Wei. The Tianping Mountain Scenic Area in Linzhou, Anyang, Henan Province, has been confirmed by experts as the birthplace of Jing Ke, the hero of the Qin Dynasty.

Jing Ke loved reading and fencing, and once lobbied Wei Yuanjun, but was not used. Later, he traveled the world and interacted with celebrities and heroes from all over the world. He once had a sword fight with Gai Nie in Yuji, but when they didn't get along, Gai Nie looked at him angrily, and Jing Ke left. In Handan, Jing Ke played chess and gambled with Lu Goujian, and quarreled with each other. Lu Goujian rebuked him angrily, but Jing Ke still left. He went to Yan, where he befriended Gao Jianli, a local dog butcher who specialized in building construction, and became a close friend. Jing Ke liked to drink, so he and Gao Jian Li drank in the market every day, and when he was drunk, Gao Jian Li struck the drum while Jing Ke sang, and cried when he sang, thinking that there was no confidant in the world. Tian Guang, a scholar from Yan, also knew Jing Ke and thought he was not an ordinary man.

The Prince Dan was often thought to be a young and impatient man, but in fact, he was not, he was a semi-old man. He was already at least eighteen years old when he went to be a hostage in Handan, Zhao (otherwise he wouldn't have run away to be a hostage), while Qin Wangzheng was less than eight years old at that time. Now Qin Wangzheng has become a 32-year-old strong man, and Crown Prince Dan should be in his forties or fifties, an old crown prince.

Jing Ke's life

Famous assassin during the Warring States period of China. Also known as Qing Qing, Jing Qing, Qing Ke, Qin Zhuo County people now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province is the Spring and Autumn Period Qi state doctor Qing Feng's descendants. He was entrusted by Prince Dan of Yan to assassinate the King of Qin, but failed and was killed. At the end of the Warring States period, he was a native of the state of Wei, an ethnic Han Chinese who liked reading and fencing and was generous and chivalrous. After traveling to Yan, he was called "Jing Qing" (or Jing Shu), and was then recommended to Prince Dan by Tian Guang, a wise and courageous man of Yan, and was appointed as the upper minister. After the destruction of Zhao, Qin's troops were directed at the southern border of Yan. Prince Dan was frightened and decided to send Jing Ke to Qin to assassinate the king. Jing Ke planned to use the head of Qin's rebel general Fan Yu Shi and a map of Yan Dugang (a fertile land in the area of Zhuo County, Yixian County and Gu'an County in Hebei Province today) to present to the King of Qin for the purpose of assassinating him. Prince Dan could not bear to kill Fan Yuqi, so Jing Ke had to see Fan Yuqi in private and told him the truth, and Fan Yuqi killed himself to fulfill Jing Ke's wish. In 227 B.C., Jing Ke took the map of Yan and the head of Fan Yuqi with him and went to Qin to assassinate the king of Qin. Before his departure, many people saw Jing Ke off at the edge of the Yishui River, a very sad scene. "The wind is Xiao Xiao and the water is cold, once a strong man is gone, he will never return", was the poem sung by Jing Ke when he was saying goodbye. After Jing Ke came to Qin, the king of Qin grandly summoned him to the Xianyang Palace. When Jing Ke presented a map of Yan Dugang, he failed to stab the king and was killed. [edit paragraph] Historical Records The part of Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian: A Biography of Assassins" that describes Jing Ke

Jing Ke was a native of Wei, who had migrated from Qi to China. He was a native of Qi, and migrated to Wei, where he was called Qingqing by the people of Wei. He was also known as Jing Qing (慶卿), and Yan (燕) as Jing Qing (荆卿). Jing Ke is good at reading and swordsmanship, and he said that Wei Yuanjun was not using his skills. ...... Jing Ke arrived in Yan, and loved Gao Jianli, who was a dog butcher and a good builder in Yan. Jing Ke was addicted to wine, and drank with Dog Tu and Gao Jianli in the city of Yan. When he was drunk, Gao Jianli struck the building, and Jing Ke sang with him in the city, enjoying each other's company; and then he sobbed with each other, as if there were no one else around. Though Jing Ke traveled to the wine world, he was a deep and well-read man; all the lords he traveled to were friends with their wise and powerful elders. When he went to Yan, Mr. Tian Guang, a Yan official, treated him well and knew that he was not a mediocre person. Residence in a short while, will Yan Prince Dan quality Qin died back to Yan. Yan Prince Dan, so tasted quality in Zhao, and Qin Wang Zheng was born in Zhao, when he was young and Dan like. And political establishment for the king of Qin, and Dan quality in Qin. The king of Qin did not treat Yan Daizi Dan well, so Dan complained and returned. The king of Qin was a small country, so he was unable to do so. Subsequent to the Qin day to send troops to Shandong in order to attack Qi, Chu, three Jin, a little nibbling at the vassals, and to Yan, Yan officials are afraid of the disaster to. Prince Dan suffered, ...... Jing Ke then see the Prince ...... Jing Ke sat down, the Prince avoided the seat and said: "...... Now the Qin have a greedy heart, and the desire is not enough! The Prince said, " Now Qin has a greedy heart, and the desire is not enough. Not all of the world's land, minister of the king of the sea, its intention is not tired. ...... Yan is small and weak, a number of trapped in the army, now counting the country is not enough when Qin. The lords serve Qin, and no one dares to cooperate with them. Dan's private plan, I thought that honestly get the world's warriors to make in Qin, peep to the heavy benefits; Qin king greedy, its potential will get what you want. Sincerely robbed the king of Qin, so that all the anti-vassals invade the land, such as Cao Mo's and Duke Huan of Qi, then the great good; is not, and thus assassinated. He Qin generals trespassing on the outside and inside the chaos, then the officials are suspicious of each other, to the interlude between the vassals to get together from, its break Qin will be carried out. This Dan above wish, but do not know the commission, only Jing Qing attention." For a long time, Jing Ke said: "This country's major events, I'm incompetent, I'm afraid not enough to make." The prince bowed his head and asked him not to let him go, and then he promised to do so. So he honored Jing Ke as his superior minister, and gave him the title of "superior minister". The prince created a door, for the prison equipment, foreign objects into the car ride beauty Jing Ke desire, to suit his will. After a long time, Jing Ke had no intention of traveling. ...... (hereinafter Jing Ke assassination of the King of Qin plot) has been and discuss the merits of the reward group of ministers and when the sitter has a difference, and give Xia Wu and gold 200 overflowing, said: "Wu and love me, is a medicine bag to mention Jing Ke also." So the king of Qin was furious, and sent more troops to Zhao, and ordered Wang Jian's army to attack Yan. In October, he overran the city of Jicheng. The king of Yan, Wang Xi, and Prince Dan led their troops to the east of Liaodong. The Qin general Li Xin pursued the Yan king and said, "The reason why Qin pursued Yan is because of Crown Prince Dan. If you kill Dan and offer him to the king of Qin, the king of Qin will be relieved, and the gods of the earth and the gods of China will be lucky to have blood to eat." Later, Li Xin chased Dan, who was hiding in the water, and the king of Yan made an envoy to behead Prince Dan to offer him to Qin. The king of Yan then sent an envoy to behead Prince Dan and offered him to Qin, who then attacked him with their troops. Five years later, Qin destroyed Yan and captured King Xi of Yan. In the next year, Qin merged the world and established his name as Emperor. Evaluation of Emperor Qin Shi HuangHow was the first feudal emperor in Chinese history evaluated? Since the death of Qin until today, it is still a question with many different opinions. Some people praise him as "the first emperor of the ages" (Li Zhi, "Collection of Books - Volume II Catalog"); some say that Qin Shi Huang "although four or three emperors, six or five emperors, was not enough to compare with the Long also" (Zhang Taiyan, "Qin Political Records"); some people sing the praises of the unification of the cause of the first emperor of Qin Shi Huang: Some people sing the praises of Qin Shi Huang's unification endeavor: "The Lord of Qin swept away the Six Harmonies, and the tiger's eye was not strong enough!" (Li Zi, "The King of Qin Sweeps the Six Harmonies") All of them spoke highly of Qin Shi Huang's achievements and affirmed his role in history as a great historical figure. Others cursed Emperor Qin Shi Huang for "harboring a greedy and despicable heart and practicing self-exciting wisdom" and "starting the world with tyranny and abuse" (Jia Yi, "The New Book of Excessive Qin"); and "Emperor Shi Huang was tyrannical and abusive to the extent that his son perished" (the The Essentials of Zhenguan Politics", Volume 8); "Emperor Shi Huang was rigid and hostile, happy to take torture and murder as the authority, and specialized in appointing jailers and pro-pleasure, and the sea was sad and bored" (quoted from Chen Deng Yuan's "Old News of the State History"). They all denounced the cruelty of Qin Shi Huang's rule as a tyrant. All these views have some truth in them, but they are also one-sided due to the different positions and starting points of the commentators.

The issue should be viewed historically, i.e., by placing Emperor Qin Shi Huang in the historical conditions of his time to analyze his merits and faults, and to study his contributions and sins. And in studying the historical environment in which Emperor Qin Shi Huang lived, attention should be paid not only to the general trend of historical development at the end of the Warring States period, but especially to the historical features of the Qin state that have developed since its foundation, and to their influence on Emperor Qin Shi Huang. This latter point is one that has been overlooked by most people in their evaluation of Qin Shi Huang so far. When we have systematically studied the history of Qin and then evaluated him, we can hope to avoid the one-sidedness of the past and arrive at a more historically accurate conclusion.

Based on this observation, it should be said that Qin Shi Huang was an outstanding historical figure who made great contributions to the development of China's history, and at the same time was a cruel tyrant. His merits are the main aspect, but they should not be used to cover up his sins; his sins are deep, but they should not be used to erase his great historical achievements.

The most important historical achievement of Qin Shi Huang was the completion of his unification and the establishment of the first feudal, centralized state in history.

Of course, the unification of Qin was an inevitable trend of historical development, and the objective situation had already created the conditions for the unification, and Qin Shi Huang came to the orchard when the fruit of unification was ripe. But this historical inevitability does not mean that the role of the individual is insignificant. Why was the unification realized by Qin? Why was the unification accomplished in 221 BC? In these respects the personal role of Qin Shi Huang is shown.

Besides making historically significant decisions, Qin Shi Huang's contribution to unification was in his ability to employ people well and to correct mistakes. Some critics have praised Qin's "military command", but there is little basis for such an assessment. Compared with his predecessors, such as the Duke of Qin Mu and the Duke of Qin Wu, who had led their armies into battle many times, it can be said that Qin Shi Huang almost never commanded a battle directly; however, Qin Shi Huang achieved even more brilliant results than his predecessors, which was mainly due to his good use of people and his courage in reforming his mistakes, in addition to the luck that history had brought to him. On the eve of the unification of China, the state of Qin gathered almost all the first-rate militarists and statesmen in the whole of China. There were Wang Jian, Wang Ben, Wei Liao, Li Si, Yao Jia, Dun Wei, etc. Most of them were not from Qin, but they were working for Qin with all their heart. All the plans of military attacks and political strategies to overcome the enemy were formulated and realized by them. The role of Qin Shi Huang was to make good use of them, to listen to their advice and to correct their mistakes. For example, after the defeat of Li Xin in the annihilation of Chu, he corrected himself immediately, invited Wang Jian to go to war, and delivered all the troops of the country to Wang Jian, which resulted in the victory. If you compare this situation with that of the king of Zhao, who didn't believe in Li Mu, and the king of Qi, who believed the slanderous rumors that led to his country's demise, you can see how important it was for Qin as a monarch to make good use of his people and have the courage to change his ways, which had a significant impact on the development of history.

The contribution of Qin Shi Huang also lies in the laying of the foundation of a multi-ethnic feudal state. Some of the policies and measures implemented after Qin's unification not only affected the feudal society for the next two thousand years, but also have a bearing on the present, such as the unification of the written language. The various unification measures and systems adopted by the First Emperor of Qin were bold innovations for the historical development of the time. He not only changed the politics and culture of the secular state, thus enabling the feudal socio-economic development to move forward smoothly, but also changed the Qin state in many aspects. He not only changed the politics and culture of the state of isolation, thus enabling the feudal society and economy to move forward smoothly, but also changed the inherent historical tradition of Qin in many aspects, such as the fact that Qin had been regarded as a backward region in the west by the central plains countries, and that Duke Xiaogong of Qin had been agonized by this. By the time of Qin Shi Huang, the country had reached an unprecedented level of vastness, and in the face of this situation, Qin Shi Huang created a variety of systems based on the Qin system, and he did not confine himself to the inherent systems and traditions of Qin, showing that his political vision was more far-sighted. From the fact that most of the systems developed by the Qin Dynasty were inherited by later generations, it can be proved that these systems and measures were adapted to the historical situation at that time. And the creation of these systems of Qin Shi Huang, his political vision if not beyond the confines of the western border of Qin, it is very difficult to do so.