The Han Dynasty turquoise culture scattered discussion of five

Hao with Wei

(Hubei Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources)

Han Dynasty, following the fall of the Qin Dynasty, the rise of the dynasty. The Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to 23 A.D.) and the Eastern Han Dynasty (25 to 220 A.D.) ruled before and after for 426 years, and the regime was strong and powerful, with a thriving economy and a developed culture. During this period of history, the cultural landscape of China was thus fixed. The Western Han Dynasty implemented the policy of light labor and thin taxes, the "rule of Wenjing", strengthened centralized rule, "dismissed the hundred schools, exclusive respect for Confucianism", the conquest of Xiong Nu, expanding foreign contacts, the Silk Road appeared, and the central and neighboring nationalities to develop relations. Its social and cultural literature, history, art, science and technology and other aspects of a boom. Western Han turquoise culture, from a large number of unearthed artifacts, also inherited the pre-Qin tradition, in the dramatic changes in society, there is an endless stream of turquoise new forms, categories appeared, unique, the performance of the majesty, opulence, gorgeous, by the symbolist approach to realism, not only the performance of the world of the gods and goddesses, business is full of vigor, full of earthly realism and more practicality, the huge turquoise ornaments remains, the world of the gods, business is full of vigor and vigor, full of earthly realism and more practical, huge turquoise ornaments, the world of the gods and goddesses. Breathtaking, many difficult to solve the mystery, to be studied in depth and decrypted one by one. Here only on the turquoise culture of the Han dynasty scattered a number of things. Public to the same.

One, turquoise in the Han culture kernel show indispensable

Han art both magnificent atmosphere, and inheritance of Chu culture of the vernacular color. By a few Han crafts turquoise ornaments can be appreciated in the art of turquoise culture of the image of the magnificent and meaningful.

In 1965, Ding County, Sanpan Mountain found in the Zhongshan Kang Wang Liu Kun Yu tomb (M122) unearthed a lot of burials, one of them as a car umbrella cover handle, known as inlaid turquoise gold and silver wrong hunting gods and goddesses auspicious pattern of copper car decorations [1, 2], 26.5 cm long, 3.6 cm in diameter, bamboo tube, hollow, the original according to the heart of the wood, for the car umbrella cover handle. The surface of the raised wheel joints, the surface of the vessel is divided into four segments, each with gold and silver fault, embedded turquoise, lacquer and other methods of decorating with 125 figures, animal figures. Four segments of decoration is not the same, but the content of the hunting and hunting related, each inlaid with round and rhombic turquoise, a total of **** up to 71, of which 45 round, rhombic 26. The decoration is fine and golden. Gold and silver wire as fine as a millimeter, ghostly craftsmanship, for the Western Han Dynasty decorative artwork at the peak of the work (Figure 1).

The four segments are all decorated in the clouds that surround the mountains, flowers and trees. The first segment of three people riding on the back of an elephant, and there are feathered men, dragons, horses, bears, rabbits, deer, cranes, birds of prey, etc., and there is also a turtle with a long neck outstretched crawling on the ground behind the elephant. In the second segment, a hunter on horseback, shooting a tiger in reverse, and a large number of flying birds and animals. In the third segment, a man rides on the back of a camel, again with flying birds and beasts. In the fourth segment, a peacock opens its screen and chirps with its head held high, echoed by smaller peacocks, again accompanied by many flying birds and animals.

Figure 1 Turquoise inlaid gold and silver wrong hunting gods and goddesses auspicious pattern copper car decoration

[Hebei Dingxian Sampanshan Zhongshan Kang Wang Liu Kun Rui Tomb (M122) unearthed]

1-bronze car decoration; 2- decoration unfolding

Western Han Dynasty year of the great poet and calligrapher Sima Xiangru (about 179 BC ~ 118 years ago). ~ 118 years ago) a "Zi Xu Fu", [3, 4] by the Shu people played the Emperor Wu, read very like and sigh: "I A shall not be at the same time with this person!" The emperor was told that it was the work of Si Ma Xiangru, and was immediately summoned to see him. Sima Xiangru replied that it was his work, but it was not enough to write about the vassals. Please write for the son of heaven, "hunting fu", fu into the play, the emperor was greatly appreciated, authorized as Lang, that is, the attendant. Rhetoric with extremely exaggerated techniques, describing the emperor's court of the sheng, field hunting spectacular, the scene is grand, rich and beautiful rhetoric, although the king of Chu, the actual narrative of the scene and hunting conditions, surprisingly in a short section of the car decoration, Han artists with artistic exaggeration, the image of exotic birds and beasts and the hunters show the most especially inlaid with round and rhombus-shaped turquoise, regularly scattered in the decorations, and even more! Added the emperor garden caught in the East China Sea imitation of the atmosphere of the immortals, cloud gas pattern backing, reflecting the desire to become immortal and ascend to heaven. Han Fu has become extinct, the artistic image of this bronze car decoration will remain permanently in the world. There are also inlaid turquoise sparrow cup (Zhongshan Jing Wang Liu Sheng tomb unearthed), wrong gold and silver inlaid turquoise standing bird copper pot (Lianshui Sanlitun Western Han Dynasty aristocrat tomb unearthed), all contain the original vitality of the Chu culture and the traditional romantic fantasies, different from the North, Southwest outside the border of the nation's art, a new creation and interpretation, thus forming the artistic tradition of the Han Dynasty.

Second, interpretation of the Han dynasty gilt copper dendrobium inscription "Green Bi" and inlaid turquoise with the same

In the early 1950s, the Palace Museum collection of inlaid turquoise gilt copper dendrobium (Figure 2) [5], height 32.5cm, caliber 35.5cm, tray height 9.5cm, tray diameter 57.5cm.

The lid has two raised broadband patterns, leaning in one would have had three birds, one lost, two only remaining feet, the center of the lid has a four-petal leaf pattern, in the middle of the an a twist, has been lost. The body of the dendrobium has four raised broad bands of string pattern, and the abdomen has a symmetrical armature ring of three animal heads, which is finely crafted. Dendrobium and plate each has three feet for the three bears, the bear's front right foot tray (Figure 3: 1, 2), the left rear foot kneeling, the front left foot to support the knee, the head open mouth, the dendrobium of the three bears is slightly smaller than the former (Figure 3: 3, 4), the front foot are supported in the kneeling after the knees of the two feet. Bear body are set with turquoise, crystal stone, set hole is divided into oval, peach-shaped two kinds, most of them have been removed, there are seen inside the hole coated with a layer of cinnabar. Hair on the bear with a very fine shadowy curved performance, giving a sense of reality, the bear body hollow, the tray is engraved under the edge of the inscription of 62 words, all recorded as follows:

Figure 2 inlaid with turquoise gilt copper dendrobium

(taken from the National Palace Museum Bronze Museum)

Figure 3 inlaid with turquoise gilt copper dendrobium squatting bear's feet

(taken from the National Palace Museum Bronze Museum)

1, 2 - tray squatting bear; 3, 4 - tray dendro squatting bear

"Jianwu twenty-one years, Shu County, West Works made by a dendro, bearing spin carving squatting bear feet, green and blue Min magnificent decorations. Copper bearing spin diameter two feet two inches. Copper Tu Gong Chong, carving industry, boiler work Kang, made industry, made escort workers pawn Shi Yun, long flood, Cheng Meng, life Shi Utopia Lord." Inscription "Jianwu twenty one years", that is, the Eastern Han Dynasty Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu's year, equivalent to 45 A.D., Shu County royal administration system is quite complete under the supervision of the manufacture of royal gilt copper dendrobium and trays, squatting bears for the foot, inlaid with green Bie (turquoise), Min Cui (crystal), and the size of the trays, the manufacture of the various processes responsible for the person and the leading system of management. The size of the tray, the person in charge of each manufacturing process, and the person in charge of the management, etc. Here, "qingbi" is the name of turquoise at that time, and it is also the earliest name **** with the appearance of the object. Min Cui, that is, Coco Cui, Yan Shigu (581 ~ 645) note "Coco Cui, the name of the beautiful jade also". It may refer to red agate, red crystal and so on. Squatting bear body shed inlays in the hole is now coated with cinnabar, will be colorless and transparent crystal embedded in the hole, the natural reflection of red. That is, Min Cui for red crystal is also. Thus, the term "blue" as early as in the Warring States, Western Han Dynasty has appeared.

Further exploration of "green turquoise" is turquoise. East Han Xu Shen "Shuowen Jiezi" said: "Bi, stone of the green and beautiful." [6] The "Shuo Wen Jiezi". [6] "Mountains and Seas" book *** eighteen volumes, not the same time the same person made, there are clouds fourteen volumes for the early Warring States period, four volumes for the Western Han period works [7]. One of the "West Mountain Scripture - West Mountain sub-second Scripture": "and West hundred and fifty miles of high mountains, on which more silver, under which more green than blue and yellow, Xionghuang, and its wood, which is much more than the chime stone, green than". The reason for quoting this paragraph is that all names refer to specific objects. Thus, the term "Qingbi" as early as the Warring States, Western Han Dynasty has appeared.

And "the book of the later Han Dynasty - the western region" [8] Volume 1.18: "Da Qin more gold and silver treasures, there are luminous jewellery, bright moon beads, hacking chicken rhinoceros, coral, amber, glazed glass, Lang Rengan, Zhudan, green Bi ...... ". Here, the "qingbi" for the name of the object, and Jianwu twenty one year gilt copper dendrobium inscription in the "qingbi" corresponds to. Undoubtedly, "qingbi" that is the Han dynasty, even the warring states period of turquoise name.

Three, the Kunlun Mountains, "Bishu" and Hami turquoise mine corresponds to

Western Han - Liu An and other "Huainan Zi - shape training" [9] Volume IV: fell "Bishu". Eastern Han Dynasty - Gao Yin note: "Bi, green jade is also." But "Shuowen Jiezi - jade part": "Bi, stone of green beauty. "Bishu" of the "tree" word has the meaning of planting, Gao bait did not pay attention to, only refers to the "Bie, green jade also". Today, Xinjiang Hami area turquoise mine, left many ancient mining pit. Because it seems to refer to. But turquoise is not jade, and Xu Shen will be positioned as a "stone of green beauty", that is, a member of the beautiful stone.

Four, will be no county east mountain out of the Bie, green Bie, river, cave out of Biezhu are turquoise

Western Han Dynasty, Ban Gu, "Han Shu - Geography," Volume 28 on the: "Build County will be no." Tang Yan Shigu note: "East Mountain out of Bi." Song "Taiping yuanshan - treasures department eight - Bi", Volume 809 [10]: "Cited in the Southern Song Dynasty, Liu Jingshu" foreign court "Yue A Huiwu County, Ma River, there is a shrine, the river has a blue bead, if not sacrificed, take it is ominous.

Jin Chang Qu (291 ~ 361) "Huayang Guo Zhi - Shu Zhi" [11] Volume III: Vietnam build county will be no county "the Pu people (Yin and Zhou period of the ancient clan name) Eup also. Now there are Pu people mound, mound not closed, its cave has blue beads, people can not take, take it is ominous. The river has a copper tire, now sacrificed to the sheep, can be taken, the river to see the survival. East Mountain out of the green turquoise." The ancestors have to turquoise beads with the custom of burial, Pu man mound for a long time washed by the water, the hole in the grave, or burials fell into the river, so the cave or the riverbed can be seen in the burial of the "Biju", should be turquoise beads.

HuiWuXian for today's sichuan province, huili county, the territory of the famous large lala copper mine, is a fine bi-hornblende - porphyry related to volcanic - sedimentary metamorphic rock type copper deposits, the ore body seems to be layered, lenticular body, the ore was striped, dipping shape. The mineral combination of the ore is dominated by copper minerals, but also malachite, apatite and so on. Although we have not seen reports of turquoise, but the sulfide bed oxidation zone, or its side geological conditions, with the possibility of forming turquoise, or because turquoise for secondary leaching action formation, generally endowed with copper deposits in the oxidation zone, above the water table in the parts, perhaps as early as the collection and depletion. Such as the ancient cloud will not County, "East Mountain out of green turquoise," "East Mountain out of blue," "the river in the blue beads," "cave with blue beads "

The record is not an empty cave.

Fifth, "misty blue", "green blue" for the earliest expression of turquoise color changes

"Selected Writings" Volume 4 contained Zhang Ping "Nandu Fu": "green blue purple Ying The so-called "misty blue" refers to light blue or moon white, and "green blue". That is, green as the tone and change of color. Is in line with the turquoise multi-tone changes in the characteristics of the sky blue, dark blue, light blue, lake blue, blue-green, apple green, yellow-green, light yellow, light gray, moon white and so on. Thus, "misty blue" the earliest turquoise color change characteristics.

Sixth, conclusion

1)Turquoise is indispensable in the display of the core of Han culture.

2)Jianwu twenty one years, gilt copper dendrobium squat bear inlaid turquoise, and the inscription "green blue" with the appearance of the name of the Han dynasty turquoise.

3) "Bishu", corresponding to the turquoise produced in Hami, Xinjiang. Turquoise is not a type of jade but a type of stone.

4)Historical records show that in Huiwu County, there are "Bi", "Bi Zhu" and "Qing Bi". Will not County now the southwest of Huili County, both large and rich Lara copper deposits, known as the "Copper". According to the geological background, with the generation of turquoise ore conditions, so "Bi", "Bizhu", and "green" are turquoise.

5) "misty turquoise", "green turquoise" for China's earliest expression of turquoise color changes.

References

[1]Shi Shuqing. China's ancient gold error craft. Cultural relics, 1973(6):66-72

[2]Wu Hong. Talk about several Zhongshan State artifacts modeling and decoration. Cultural relics, 1979(5):45～50

[3]Liang-Xiaotong. Selected Writings Volume IV, VII, VIII. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore, 1993, 50-55, 102-113

[4]Western Han Dynasty - Sima Xiangru, by Jin Guoyong, Sima Xiangru's Collected Works. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1993, 1-91

[5]Fang Guo Jin. Gilt copper dendrobium. Cultural relics reference material, 1958, 69～70

[6]Han - Xu Shen wrote, Qing - Duan Wang Ci note, say Wen Jiezi note. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore, 1992

[7]Qing Hao Yi form, Shan Hai Jing notes. Chengdu: Bashu Bookstore, 1985

[8]Southern Song Dynasty - Fan Ye, Hou Han Shu - Western Regions. Volume One Hundred and Eighteen

[9]Western Han Dynasty - Liu An and others, Huainanzi. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1994, 40

[10] Song - Li Fang, et al, Taiping Yuban. Volume 809. Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1992, 39-94

[11]Jin Changqu, Ren Naiqiang. Huayangguozhi xi A tuzhi. Volume III. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1987, 210