Summary of knowledge points that are easy to confuse and make mistakes in high school history multiple-choice questions

There are many common error-prone knowledge points in multiple-choice questions. If we do this part well, we can greatly improve the accuracy of our topic selection. I have compiled the relevant information here, hoping to help you.

The Formation and Development of Capitalist World Market

1. The landmark events of the beginning, initial and final formation of the capitalist world market are the opening of new air routes, the first industrial revolution and the second industrial revolution.

2. The beginning of the industrial revolution was marked by Jenny's spinning machine invented by Hargreaves, not Kate's shuttle or Watt's improved steam engine.

3. The symbol of the completion of the industrial revolution is not that large machine production replaced the workshop handicraft industry, but that machines were made with machines.

4. Capitalist production forms have gone through three stages: handicraft workshops, factories and monopoly organizations. Manual workshop is the earliest form of manual production of employment, and it is a transitional form to large machine production; The factory is a mechanized production with steam engine as the main power; Monopoly organization is an electrified production with science and technology as the guide and competition as the means.

5. In terms of particularity, the first industrial revolution began in the 1960s of 18 and ended in the 40s of 19 (Britain); Generally speaking, the first industrial revolution began at the end of 18 and ended in the middle and late period of 19.

6. The industrialization of European and American countries was established through two industrial revolutions. The first industrial revolution realized industrialization with light industrial textiles as the pillar, and the second industrial revolution realized industrialization with heavy industry and petrochemical as the pillar.

Innovation and adjustment of economic systems in various countries

1. Soviet Russia's New Economic Policy and American Roosevelt's New Deal & ldquo New & rdquo； Performance: Theoretically, the former uses the concept of commodity market; The latter uses the theory of state intervention in the economy (Keynesianism). From the point of view of means, the former uses the relationship between goods and money to develop socialism; The latter takes measures of state intervention in the economy to develop capitalism.

2. Roosevelt's New Deal is&; The New Application of ldquo's Old Democratic Order &; The essence of rdquo is the adjustment of capitalist relations of production, and it has not fundamentally changed the capitalist system.

3. Private monopoly capitalism was formed during the second industrial revolution, when production and capital were highly concentrated; State monopoly capitalism is a capitalist economy that combines state power with private monopoly capital, and its main feature is the strengthening of state control over the economy.

4. After the war, capitalist countries made economic plans, but they were not planned economic systems.

5. Mercantilism, liberalism and Keynesianism are capitalist economic thoughts in the period of workshop handicraft, liberal capitalism and monopoly capitalism respectively. Mercantilism advocates the development of industry and commerce, encourages foreign trade and reserves more gold and silver; Liberalism advocates free operation, free competition and free trade; Keynesianism advocates government intervention in economy from credit, investment, production and sales.

6. The wartime policy of * * * is an extraordinary measure taken by the Soviet Union and Russia in a specific environment, which meets the needs of wartime and is necessary. But as a direct transition to capitalism, this is wrong; The new economic policy uses the relationship between market and commodity currency to promote the development of productive forces, which is the correct way to transition to socialism.

7. The surplus grain collection system is an extraordinary measure to meet the needs of wartime, but it exceeds the development level of productive forces; The fixed grain tax reduced the burden on farmers and adapted to the development level of productive forces, but unfortunately it was cancelled soon; The implementation of agricultural collectivization basically adapted to the development level of productive forces at that time, but improper measures dampened farmers' enthusiasm for production and were not conducive to the development of agricultural economy.

8. Stalin model is the exploration and innovation of the Soviet Union in socialist construction, which played an active role in the early period and during World War II; In the later period, because Soviet leaders did not adhere to the principle of seeking truth from facts and did not adjust production relations in time, the system hindered the development of productive forces more and more.

9. The wartime capitalist policy and Stalin system rejected the role and value law of commodity markets, which increasingly hindered economic development; The new economic policy uses the function of commodity market to promote economic recovery and development.

10. Khrushchev reform and Brezhnev reform are partial adjustments to Stalin's system; Gorbachev's reform is a complete denial of Stalin's system, that is, giving up the socialist system.

1 1. Khrushchev and Brezhnev focused on different reforms, Khrushchev focused on agriculture and Brezhnev focused on heavy industry.

12. the drastic changes in eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet union are only the failure of Stalin's model, not the failure of the socialist system.

The Formation and Development of Capitalist World Economic System after World War II

1. After World War II, the capitalist world economic system consists of the monetary system, namely the Bretton Woods system (including the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank) and the multilateral trade agreement, namely the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

Both IMF and World Bank can provide loans to member countries, but they are different. The International Monetary Fund is aimed at countries with temporary difficulties in international payments, and the loans are short-term; The World Bank is a global development aid agency, and its loans are long-term.

3. 1973 The disintegration of the capitalist world monetary system centered on the US dollar does not mean that the US dollar is no longer the most important international currency in the world, but reflects the vacillation of American economic hegemony.

On the surface, GATT is just a&; Ldquo agreement &; Rdquo, but it is actually a&; Ldquo organization rdquo, a multilateral international agreement and organization on tariffs and trade norms, is the predecessor of WTO; China is a signatory of GATT, and officially became a member of WTO on 200 1.

5. European isomorphism is not short for European economic isomorphism. The beginning of European economic integration is the isomorphism of European coal and steel, not European isomorphism. The fundamental reason of European economic integration is not the United States and the Soviet Union &; Ldquo Cold War&; Rdquo threat, but the needs of economic development in European countries.

6. Europe is an international organization that promotes economic and political integration in Europe, with certain supranational mechanisms and functions; The EU is a regional integration organization integrating political and economic entities.

7. Today, the trend of world economic development is economic globalization, not global integration. There are both connections and differences between them, not two versions of the same concept.

8. The biggest beneficiaries of economic globalization are developed countries, not developing countries. This is because economic globalization is dominated by developed countries. In contrast, developed countries have absolute advantages in capital, technology, market and management.

China's ancient traditional thought

1. Laozi is the founder of Taoism, but he is not the founder of Taoism. Taoism rose in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

2. Confucius' thought of ruling by virtue serves the slave-owning class; Mencius'. A benevolent government. Thought serves the emerging landlord class; Mohist thought is based on the interests of small producers.

3. Mencius &; Ldquo's kind government Not to Confucius &; Ldquo kindness &; rdquo； From a vertical perspective, Mencius' political thought is a simple inheritance from Confucius &; Ldquo Governing the Country by Virtue &; Inheritance and development of rdquo thought. Confucius'. Kindness & rdquo； It is a kind of ethics with broad meanings, and its basic spirit is&; Ldquo lover rdquo. Mencius studied Confucius &; Ldquo kindness &; rdquo； Thought, expand and develop it into a policy agenda including ideological, political, economic, cultural and other aspects, namely &; Ldquo's kind government .

4.& ampldquo People are more important than kings &; The idea of rdquo was put forward by Mencius; & ampldquo Zhou Junmin Water &; The idea of rdquo was put forward by Xunzi.

5.& ampldquo ousted a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone &; Rdquo does not mean that only Confucianism has been inherited and carried forward, but also absorbed the ideas of Legalism, Taoism, Yin and Yang and Five Elements.

6. Lu Wang's theory of mind is also Neo-Confucianism, but it is obviously different from Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism.

(1) From a philosophical point of view, Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism insists on&; Ldquo is rational &; Rdquo basic concept, establish a set of&; Ldquo reason &; rdquo； For ontology, take &; Ldquo exhaustiveness &; As a method system of Neo-Confucianism, rdquo belongs to objective idealism. Lu Wang's insistence on psychology &; Ldquo mind is rational &; The basic concept of rdquo has established a set of&; Ldquo heart & rdquo； (Moral kindness) or&; Ldquo conscience &; rdquo； For ontology, take &; The essence of ldquo invention &; Rdquo or&to conscience &; The psychological system of rdquo method belongs to subjective idealism.

(2) From the moral point of view, Neo-Confucianism advocates that people should take external justice as the code of conduct; Mind advocates that we should take &; Ldquo internal rdquo self-study, introspection and conscience, so as to be good.

7. Huang Zongxi's opposition to absolute monarchy is only aimed at personal cruelty &; Ldquo is evil. Jun. The world is for the public and the monarch is the guest &; The rdquo proposition does not really reflect &; Ldquo sovereignty lies with the people &; Rdquo's thought is essentially the people-oriented thought of feudal tradition; The rule of law advocated by him is mainly a series of ruling methods, not a series of basic principles of the rule of law.

China's Ideological Emancipation in Modern Times and Its Ideological and Theoretical Achievements

1. Lin Zexu is the first person in modern China to see the world &; Rdquo, but he didn't know much about the west, but he was the first to learn from it.

2. The Anti-Japanese War and Westernization belong to the political factions of the landlord class, but their purposes are different. The resistance movement advocated &; Ldquo learns from foreigners to control them &; Rdquo is mainly to resist foreign aggression; Westernization advocates &; Ldquo learns from foreigners and strives for self-improvement &; Rdquo is mainly to suppress the people's struggle.

3. Kang Youwei used the authority of Confucius to publicize the reform, while the New Culture Movement shouted &; Ldquo Down with Kongjia Store &; But the essence of both is to promote bourgeois ideology and culture.

4. Reformists and Westernization are different in learning from the West. The main difference is whether to learn from the western political system. The root of the difference lies in the different class interests they represent.

5. Reformers, reformers and revolutionaries all belong to bourgeois political factions, but their specific opinions are different. Both reformists and reformers demanded that the Qing Dynasty be preserved and a constitutional monarchy be implemented. The revolutionaries demanded the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of bourgeois democracy and system. Reformers and reformers oppose the means and methods of revolution, while revolutionaries insist on armed uprising.

6. The relationship between the three contents of the New Culture Movement: democracy and science are the guiding ideology in the early period of the New Culture Movement, new morality is the premise of democracy and science, and new literature is the carrier of democracy and scientific thought.

7. The New Culture Movement before the May 4th Movement was a cultural movement of old bourgeois democracy, and the New Culture Movement after the May 4th Movement was a cultural movement of new bourgeois democracy.

8. The European Renaissance promoted bourgeois culture with the help of classical Greek and Roman culture; China's New Culture Movement totally negates traditional culture, criticizes Confucianism and promotes western bourgeois culture.

9. The thought of the Three People's Principles is not perfect, but it has its limitations. Nationalism did not explicitly put forward anti-imperialist claims, democracy did not take the whole landlord class as the revolutionary object, and people's livelihood did not solve the land problem of farmers.

10. New Three People's Principles and&; Three major policies of ldquo &; Rdquo's New Three People's Principles is the revolutionary program and specific goal; & ampldquo; Three major policies &; Rdquo is the guiding ideology, methods, approaches and specific policies. & ampldquo; Three major policies &; Rdquo It is the symbol and soul of the New Three People's Principles. The new Three People's Principles fully embodies &; Three major policies of ldquo &; The spirit of rdquo; & ampldquo; Three major policies &; Rdquo is the essence of the New Three People's Principles and the sublimation of Sun Yat-sen's democratic revolutionary thought.

Mao Zedong Thought cannot be equated with Mao Zedong Thought. Mao Zedong Thought is a scientific ideological system and the crystallization of the collective wisdom of China's Producer Party, while Mao Zedong Thought is Mao Zedong's personal thought. Mao Zedong's personal correct thought belongs to Mao Zedong Thought's category, but his wrong thought does not belong to Mao Zedong Thought's category.

12. The four theoretical achievements solve different problems: The Three People's Principles focus on solving &; Ldquo Do you want revolution or democracy &; Rdquo problem; Mao Zedong Thought focuses on solving &; What is the task of ldquo Revolution and how to accomplish it&; Rdquo problem; Deng Xiaoping Theory focused on solving &; Ldquo What is socialism and how to build it&; Rdquo problem; & ampldquo Theory of Three Represents Theory. Focus on solving important ideas &; What kind of party should ldquo build and how to build it&; Rdquo problem.

The Rise and Development of Western Humanistic Spirit

1. The spirit of humanism originated in ancient Greece in the 5th century BC (the origin of the Wise School); The revival of modern humanism in Italy in 14 and 15 centuries; The religious reform movement began in the period of German separatist regime in16th century. The Enlightenment originated in Britain, where capitalism was the most developed in the 7th century.

2. Ancient Greek humanism focused on philosophy, Renaissance humanism focused on literature and art, Reformation humanism focused on religion, and Enlightenment humanism focused on politics.

3. Renaissance and Reformation opposed feudal churches and religious thoughts, but they did not give up.

__4. The theory of decentralization was first put forward by Locke, a British enlightenment thinker, and Montesquieu developed and improved it; The theory of social contract was first put forward by Hobbes, an English enlightenment thinker. Rousseau not only studied the theory of social contract, but also put forward a more radical theory of people's sovereignty.

The development of world science and world literature and art since modern times

1. Galileo's outstanding achievements laid the foundation for the establishment of Newton's classical mechanics and marked the real beginning of physics; The establishment of Newtonian mechanical system marks the formation of modern science.

2. Einstein's theory of relativity is a generalization of Newtonian mechanics, not a negation. Einstein's theory of relativity only denies Newton's absolute view of time and space. Newtonian mechanics is a special case of low-speed relativistic mechanics.

3. Newton's mechanical system is the first theoretical generalization and summary of the laws of nature; Relativity profoundly reveals the essential attributes of time and space; Quantum theory makes human's understanding of objective laws go deep from the macro world to the micro world.

4. The invention of the steam engine promoted the development of the first industrial revolution, and human society entered age of steam; The emergence of power technology inventions such as generators has promoted the arrival of the second industrial revolution, and human society has entered the electrical age; The rapid development of information technology represented by the Internet has greatly changed people's lives, and human society has entered the information age.

5. Realism and modernism in Europe and America are two different literary schools. The school of realism is characterized by truly reflecting reality, exposing and criticizing reality; Modernism is characterized by anti-tradition and anti-rationality, and attaches importance to subjective feelings and forms of expression.

?

Culture, Education and Science and Technology in Modern China

1. After the reform and opening up, the improvement of rice yield mainly depends on science and technology, followed by policy.

2.& ampldquo Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom & rdquo refers to the different forms and styles of literature and art, which can develop freely; & ampldquo A hundred schools of thought contend &; Different factions in rdquo science, free debate. Its essence is to recognize the multi-level and diversified pattern of socialist culture on the premise of adhering to the party's leadership and socialism.

3.& ampldquo Two educational systems &; Rdquo is two different forms of education system, not the old and new education systems with different nature. Liu Shaoqi advocated &; Ldquo Two Educational Systems &; Rdquo is a full-time school and a part-time school with different teaching forms. They are all implemented to promote the implementation of the educational policy and belong to socialist education.

4.& ampldquo Educational Revolution &; Rdquo is not progress, but error:

5.& ampldquo Science and technology are productive forces &; Rdquo This was first put forward by Marx, not by Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping first proposed &; Ldquo Science and Technology is the Primary Productivity &; Rdquo This is the enrichment and development of Marxism.

6.& ampldquo rejuvenating the country through science and education &; Rdquo strategy is not the fundamental reason for China's scientific and technological achievements, but an important reason. & ampldquo rejuvenating the country through science and education &; Rdquo strategy belongs to the policy level and plays an important role in promoting the development of science and technology, but fundamentally, the development of science and technology depends on the economic foundation.

High school history multiple-choice questions are easy to confuse and mistake, and the relevant articles are summarized;

1. High School History Required 1 Error-prone and Confused Point Induction and the strongest answer template for high school history questions.

2. 40 common mistakes in high school history and their analysis.

3. Knowledge points that are easily mistaken and confused in the history of college entrance examination.

4. Summary of the knowledge points that are easy to make mistakes and confuse in the compulsory political course of senior one.

5. Sort out the error-prone knowledge points of political philosophy in senior high school.