What kind of trend is the development of centralization? What impact does this trend have on China society?

Centralization centralization-feudal absolutism in ancient China feudal absolutism in centralization was a decision-making method, which was characterized by the emperor's personal arbitrariness and the supremacy of state power. It is arbitrary and arbitrary from decision-making to the exercise of military, political and financial power. Compared with decentralization, centralization is characterized by the fact that local governments have no independence in politics, economy and military affairs and must strictly obey the orders of the central authorities. Authoritarianism embodies the relationship between monarch and minister; Centralization deals with the relationship between the central and local governments. Monarchy must be centralized, but centralization is not necessarily authoritarian. Centralized, feudal society generally practiced absolute monarchy. With the development of society, the absolute monarchy will be eliminated and the central government will continue to exist. China is currently implementing a centralized administrative system, but it is not a monarchy. This passage originated in the Warring States period, and the supreme rulers of all countries honored themselves as kings. After the King of Qin unified the six countries, Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established centralization.

Considering that he was highly respected and contributed to the Five Emperors, the title of Wang could no longer show his supreme power and status, so he changed his name and combined the titles of the most distinguished three emperors and five emperors in ancient legends into one, calling himself the emperor. From then on, the emperor became the title of the supreme ruler of feudal countries. In addition, it is stipulated that the emperor calls himself "I", "destiny" refers to "system", "decree" refers to "imperial decree" and "seal", and the "posthumous law" of discussing fathers and ministers is abolished. It is stipulated that the emperors are arranged by generations, the first generation is called the first emperor, and the descendants are calculated according to the second and third generations, which is "circulated endlessly". These regulations all show that the emperor enjoys the highest power and status in feudal countries. Legal System During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang changed the law into law according to Li Kui's Jurisprudence, which became the earliest written law in Qin State. Since Xiaozong, Qin law has been supplemented and revised many times, and after Qin unified the six countries, a relatively complete feudal code was formed. Qin law has long been lost, and its specific content is only recorded sporadically in history books. During 1975, more than 1000 pieces of Qin bamboo slips were unearthed in Shuihudi, Yunmeng County, Hubei Province, most of which were Qin law documents, which provided very important information for understanding and studying Qin law. Confirmation of private ownership of land. This period was established in 22 BC1year. After the unification of the six countries, Qin Shihuang set about establishing and perfecting autocratic centralization to consolidate his rule over the whole country, and completely broke the traditional aristocratic enfeoffment system, laying the foundation for the formulation of the ancient unified dynasty, improving administrative efficiency and strengthening local rule. However, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the strengthening of the system seriously hindered the development of capitalism, thus hindering the social transformation of China.

Emperor system

After Ying Zheng, the king of Qin, unified the whole country, he thought he was highly respected in Huang San and had surpassed the Five Emperors. The title of king can no longer be concentrated.

In order to show his supreme power and status, he changed his name and surname, and combined the titles of Huang Sanhe and the five emperors in ancient legends into one, the so-called "emperor". From then on, the emperor became the title of the supreme ruler of feudal countries. In addition, it is also stipulated that the emperor calls himself "I", "Zhi", makes him "Zhao" and seals it. Abolish the "posthumous law" that children discuss their fathers and ministers discuss their princes, and stipulate that emperors should be arranged according to their seniority. The first generation was called the first emperor, and the descendants were counted by the second and third generations, and even "circulated endlessly". These regulations show the sacred status and supreme power of the emperor. It also enabled the emperor to monopolize the judicial, legislative, administrative and military power of the country.

The system of three public officials and nine ministers

The central organ of the Qin Dynasty was the system of "three public officials and nine ministers". Sangong is the Prime Minister, Qiu, and the Imperial Adviser, who is in charge of government affairs, military affairs, and supervision. The three publics are not unified and restrict each other, and they are all directly responsible to the emperor, so that power is concentrated on the emperor. Under the three fairs, there are nine Qing, specifically: serving the constant attendants and taking charge of the ancestral temple etiquette; Wei Wei, in charge of the palace security; LangZhongLing, in charge of the palace guards; Too servant, in charge of the palace chariots and horses; Dianke, dealing with minority affairs and diplomacy; Ting Wei, in charge of justice; History of millet, responsible for tax collection and national finance; Zong Zheng, managing the internal affairs of the royal family; Shaofu, in charge of the national mountains, rivers, lakes and seas taxation and handicraft manufacturing; Ting Wei, who is in charge of justice and public security in the capital, is appointed and removed by the emperor and is not hereditary.

system?of?prefectures?and?counties

In the local administrative organs, Qin Shihuang completely abolished the ancient enfeoffment system, extended the county system that had been implemented during the Warring States period to the whole country, and established a whole set of local bureaucratic systems at all levels. For example, the county has a sheriff, a sheriff and an censor, who are in charge of government affairs, military affairs and supervision respectively. Several counties were under the jurisdiction of one county, and the county Chao Cuo eliminated governors and strengthened centralization.

Set county magistrate or county magistrate, in addition to county commandant and county magistrate. Within a county, there are several townships, and there are pavilions and alleys in the countryside, which constitute a set of strict local institutions. The autocratic centralization founded by Qin Shihuang was basically inherited by later feudal rulers. Edit the reasons and economic roots for the implementation of this paragraph.

The need to maintain the feudal economic base. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the improvement of social productive forces led to the disintegration of the old relations of production, and Shang Yang's reform in Qin established the dominant position of feudal economy, which was manifested as a self-sufficient natural economy. It is a feudal individual small-scale peasant economy. This economic model needs a strong state power to safeguard national unity and social stability and ensure the production and reproduction of small-scale peasant economy. The emerging landlord class also needs to establish centralization to consolidate its dominant position, safeguard its political and economic interests and protect its land ownership. This feudal mode of production decided the establishment of centralization of authority.

Social roots

The need to consolidate and safeguard national unity. Qin learned the lesson of the warlord regime's incompetence next week, and established autocratic centralization after unifying the whole country, in order to eliminate local separatist forces and safeguard national unity.

ideological roots

Legalist thought laid a theoretical foundation. Since Shang Yang's political reform, the Qin Dynasty has always taken legalism as its ruling ideology. Han Feizi summed up a hundred theories and founded a complete set of centralized political theory, which laid a theoretical foundation for Qin Shihuang to establish autocratic centralization.

Geographical reasons

Because China belongs to the great river civilization, agricultural production is the mainstay, and the land has bound too many laborers, so it is impossible to develop more commerce and handicrafts. Moreover, it has a large territory and needs unified management. The editorial paragraph is characterized by centralization: it is relative to decentralization, and its characteristic is that local governments have no independence in politics, economy and military affairs, and must strictly obey the orders of the central government and obey everything. Edit the historical position of this paragraph. Feudal private ownership of land is the economic basis of landlord class rule. After Qin unified the six countries, in 2 16 BC (the 31st year of Qin Shihuang), the landowner was ordered to declare the amount of land occupied by the court, and the court levied land rent according to the amount. This means that private land is protected by feudal regime, which means that the ownership of feudal land is officially confirmed nationwide. This had a positive effect at that time. Unified writing unified writing, weights and measures and currency Before the unification of the six countries, the vassal states were divided into different writing, weights and measures and currencies, and Qin Shihuang took many unified measures after the national reunification. Before the unification of Qin dynasty, the form of characters was very chaotic, and the phonetic symbols and shape symbols used in the same word were very different. This has caused serious obstacles to the implementation of government decrees and cultural exchanges. Therefore, Qin Shihuang ordered Prime Minister Li Si, CZ government affairs minister Zhao Gao, Taishi minister Hu Wujing and so on. Sorting out the characters and formulating seal script as a standard character, which is often used in official documents and decrees. Later, according to the popular fonts at that time, Cheng Miao sorted out a simpler new book style-official script, which was popularized nationwide as a lingua franca. Qin bamboo slips unearthed in Yunmeng, Hubei Province prove that official documents of the Qin Dynasty have used official scripts. After this arrangement, the font structure of ancient Chinese characters in pre-Qin period was simplified and stereotyped, which played an important role in popularizing law and spreading culture. Edit this paragraph to improve and develop (1) the basic characteristics and evolution law of authoritarian centralization. The centralization of absolutism is the basic political system of China feudal society. Refers to the political system in which the monarch holds the supreme power of the country and manages and controls the country through the military and political bureaucracy. Including the imperial system, official politics and centralization, its basic characteristics are that the imperial power is supreme and indivisible, the imperial power is non-transferable, the throne is hereditary, and the monarch respects the minister. The imperial power is more and more respected, and the subjects are more and more humble, which is the general trend of the centralized development of ancient absolutism. (2) The development and change of centralized absolutism.

Originally formed in the Warring States Period.

During the Warring States period, the development of feudal economy, the growth of the emerging landlord class and the emergence of local national unity created social conditions for the formation of centralization. In order to meet the needs of new landlords to strengthen dictatorship and protect feudal economic development, a political system of centralized monarchy was initially established. This provided a successful experience for Qin to establish autocratic centralization. Han Feizi, an important representative of Legalism, put forward the idea of centralization and governing the country according to law, and formed a systematic centralization theory.

The Qin dynasty was formally established.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, he inherited the achievements of Shang Yang's political reform, put Han Feizi's theory into practice, and established an autocratic centralized political system. It includes not only the emperor's control of central officials, but also the control of local officials and people at all levels, thus organically combining the autocratic decision-making model with the centralized political system and formally establishing the authoritarian centralized political system. This is a great progress of the enfeoffment system before the Warring States Period. It plays a very important role in consolidating national unity and maintaining the foundation of feudal rule.

Consolidation of the Western Han Dynasty

After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, the parallel system of counties and countries was implemented, which led to the emergence of kingdom problems and made the authoritarian centralized political system face severe challenges. In order to solve the problems of the kingdom, Emperor Han Jing, on the basis of separatist vassals, put down the chaos of the seven countries in the Western Han Dynasty and recovered the right to appoint and remove officials from the kingdom. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, other measures were promulgated to alleviate the threat of the kingdom. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and implemented "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", and finally found the theoretical basis most suitable for the feudal autocratic and centralized political system. Since then, the political system of the feudal political system has been basically shaped, and the autocratic centralization of authority has been consolidated.

Perfection in Sui and Tang Dynasties

In the process of strengthening the autocratic and centralized political system, we should not only overcome the contradiction between the central and local governments, but also overcome the contradiction between monarchical power and relative power. The Sui Dynasty implemented the system of three provinces and six ministries, and dispersed the power of the former prime minister in three provinces and six ministries. This new measure was inherited and developed by the Tang Dynasty, which made centralization more perfect. The imperial examination system since Sui and Tang Dynasties also adapted to the development of the political system at that time. The implementation of "three provinces and six departments" and "imperial examination system" in the Tang Dynasty improved administrative efficiency, expanded the ruling foundation, improved the cultural quality of the bureaucratic team, and further improved the autocratic centralization.

Strengthening in northern song dynasty

After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizu learned the lessons of the separatist regime in the buffer region since the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, accepted Zhao Pu's suggestion, and took measures such as "a glass of wine to disarm and return to the field", recovered the military power of the generals in the DPRK and our army, restored the local administrative, military and financial power to the central government, and prevented the emergence of local separatist forces. This strengthened the discussion in the central government, but it also caused some adverse consequences, leading to the formation of a huge bureaucracy and a huge army in the Northern Song Dynasty, which led to.

The New Development of Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty achieved great national unity. In order to strengthen feudal rule and jurisdiction over vast territory, Zhongshu Province was established. The local government implements the bankbook system. It is not only a successful attempt to consolidate a unified multi-ethnic country in the Yuan Dynasty, but also a new measure to strengthen centralization. It is a major development of the ancient county system and has a far-reaching impact on later generations.

The Ming and Qing dynasties reached their peak.

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, in order to deal with the relationship between monarch and minister and the relationship between the central and local governments, the prime minister was abolished in the central government and the power was divided into six parts, which ended the prime minister system since the Qin Dynasty. In the provinces where the localities were abolished, three divisions were established, and the local power was further weakened. The establishment of factories and health secret service agencies in various parts of the Ming Dynasty and the recruitment of officials by stereotyped writing are outstanding manifestations of the strengthening of absolutism. The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system, and then set up the Ministry of War and the literary inquisition, which made China's authoritarian political system reach its peak. The emergence of centralization is a political structure of Legalism, one of the schools of thought in China during the Warring States Period. Han Feizi, one of the representatives of Legalism, believes in his works that under the current chaotic social situation and powerful separatist forces, it is necessary for the king to unify all domestic forces to maintain his rule, which requires a centralized government to assist the king in governing the country and expanding his territory. At the same time, in the society at that time, agricultural natural economy needed a relatively stable environmental development. At the same time, landlords, as the owners of the main means of production in society, also need a strong government to suppress farmers' resistance to safeguard their land.