What is included in and in the structure of traditional Chinese culture

and aesthetic concepts related to poetics. It represents the highest pursuit of the Chinese people for the aesthetic realm of the universe and life in general. At the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Shi Bo first put forward the aesthetic proposition of "and real creatures", which can be found in the "Guoyu - Zheng Yu": "If and real creatures, the same will not continue. He is the same, but not the same. He is said to be the same as he is the same, so he can be rich and long, and things return to him. If the same benefit the same, all is abandoned." Another cloud: "is to and five flavors to adjust the mouth, just four branches to guard the body, and six laws to Cong ear, ...... and music as one, ...... business and the same. Sound a no hear, things a no text, flavor a no fruit, things a not speak."

"And" is the contradictory unity of different things in natural society. One of the so-called "music" and, because the pre-Qin era poetry, music, dance, often with "music" as the general term of art, and therefore its theory of "and music", that is, through the literature and aesthetics. In the history of the development of ancient Chinese aesthetics, "and" has a rich aesthetic connotation, the key meaning of the following aspects:

One, "and" is the universe, nature, society, and life happen to be the law of the norm, the existence of the norm, the function of the good state. As quoted in the previous Shi Bo "and real life", that is, for the "and" the highest aesthetic meaning of the philosophical basis. Among them, "and the five flavors to adjust the mouth", "and the six rhythms to the ear", things mixed to become a "text" and other arguments, "and" the development of aesthetic categories. The development of "and" as an aesthetic category had a particularly strong influence. Taoism (Laozi) 42 chapters and the cloud: "Tao gave birth to one, a life of two, two gave birth to three, three gave birth to all things. All things are negative of yin and embrace yang, and impulse is harmony." From the level of cosmic ontology and biochemistry, it explains that "harmony" is the contradictory unity of yin and yang, which is the inner basis or state of existence for the generation of all things. And "Zhuangzi - the way of heaven," said "and people and the person, called the people of music; and heaven and the person, called the heaven of music," heaven and people and, that is, in accordance with nature, and do not artificially interfere with, or even destroy the nature, which is the beauty of the philosophical basis for the creation of all things.

The second, "and", is the physiological functions of the creative subject, behavioral attitudes, as well as the spiritual realm of the best state and ideal norms. If you hear and see correctly, you will be wise, and if you see correctly, you will be clear." Liu Mo "Wenxin Diao Long" will be "and" the theory (art theory) directly lead to literary creation, the "Nurturing Qi" article cloud: "spit out the art of literature, the service in the section Xuan, clear and its heart, smooth its gas, annoyed and that is to give up, do not make the yong stagnation." At the time of creation, the poet's body and mind smooth and clear, is to ensure the success of the work of one of the important factors. On the contrary, if it is "pin brazing essence and gall bladder, forcing and gas", will inevitably lead to the failure of the creation of this shows that the physiological and psychological harmony of the subject of aesthetics, is the inner foundation of its aesthetic creativity to play a normal role and even extraordinary performance.

Three, "and" is a work of art to create the elegance and peace, deep artistic realm, this aesthetic feature is highly respected by traditional poetic theorists. Confucius said: "Guan Suo" is joyful but not obscene, and sorrowful but not hurtful" ("Analects - Eight Quiet"). Kong Anguo noted: "Joyful but not obscene, and sorrowful but not hurtful, which means that it is harmonious. In the Spring and Autumn period, Confucius had already set the tone for the "harmony" of poetry, believing that "harmony" was the highest state of poetry. But at the same time, Confucius also emphasized that "Poetry - ... can be complained about" ("Lunyu - Yangguo"). It can be seen that the art of "harmony" contains the contradictory and unifying contents of society and life, and does not completely negate the realism of poetry and literature in exposing darkness and satirizing the current political situation. However, the development of Han Confucianism's "gentle and generous" poetic teachings, which advocated "to be sentimental and to stop at propriety and righteousness", the so-called "harmony" emphasized the unity of society and life and downplayed the contradictions, which weakened the critical role of literature on reality. The first is the "Criticism" of literature, which is a critical role of literature in reality.

This point of view, for the Ming and Qing Confucian orthodox poetic theory to play, and then appeared the pursuit of warmth and peace, implicit and euphemistic for the ultimate aesthetic theory tendency. It is characterized by the ideological norms and aesthetic pursuit into one, such as the Qing Shen Deqian, that is. And Zhang Qianyi is the opposite, its "cocoon Zhai Poetry Talk" Volume I cloud: "people say that the poem noble peace, as long as it does not hurt touching people. In fact, (300) in the curse very hard, such as 'Hu not left to die', ... cover the curse when the curse, such as knocking Park put into the thieves, it is the human condition in the section, so it is called and."

Four, "and" is the appropriate measure of artistic dialectics and the best realm. Such as "Zuo Zhuan - Zhaogong twenty years" cloud: "sound is also like taste, - ... ... clear and turbid, size, short and long, fast and slow, sad and happy, rigid and soft, late and fast, high and low, out of the people, weeks and sparsely, in order to help each other also. The gentleman listens to it in order to calm his heart, and his heart is calm and virtuous." The art form of poetic works should also pursue "harmony". Such as (Wenxin Diao Long - sound and rhythm) cloud: "is the sound and painting yan egg, sent in the chanting; chanting flavor, flow in the words; energy poor in and, rhyme. Dissimilar sounds from the so-called and, the same sound is called rhyme."

Fifth, "and" as a basic category in the concept of ancient Chinese miscellaneous literature, its meaning also includes the political edification function of literature to regulate social conflicts and improve the relationship between people, as well as the role of regulating and balancing physical and mental health. For example, Xunzi (Xunzi Lexue) says that when the ruler and his ministers listen to music together, "all of them are in harmony and respect", and emphasizes that "the musicians are trying to determine the harmony". The Book of Rites and Records of Music also plays on this. However, after the Han literary theorists, and more emphasize the aesthetic function of "and" and demand to transcend utilitarianism, the difference in their interests, it is not difficult to distinguish.