The system of five academies and six departments in Ming Dynasty

Five houses should refer to the five armies protecting houses.

The establishment of the office of the Fifth Army Command;

The Chinese, left, right, front and rear armies all have their own capital protection offices.

Governor Zuo? Are you alone? Zhengyipin? Dudufu

Right, governor? Are you alone? Zhengyipin? Dudufu

The governor knows the same thing? No quota? From yipin? Dudufu

What happened to the governor? No quota? Positive binary product? Dudufu

Experience? Are you alone? From five products? Governor's office? Experience department

Everything? Are you alone? From seven products? Dudufu

The Historical Development of Khufu, the Fifth Army in Ming Dynasty

In the 13th year of Hongwu (1380), the viceroy was too powerful. At the same time, in order to prevent excessive concentration of military power, the commander-in-chief was abolished and changed to the commander-in-chief of the central, left, right, front and rear five armies, in charge of the capital and local health centers respectively. The five armies have left and right governors respectively. Zhengyipin; ? The Governor knows the same thing. From a product; What happened to the governor? Positive binary product. With what? Zhong Jun Duff? Judges are judges of the Fifth Army.

In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (AD 1382), Shiwei, the fifth army, joined the army. In the seventeenth year of Hongwu (AD 1384), there were two judges in each of the five armies, and 1 person was charged with the case.

In the 23rd year of Hongwu (A.D. 1390), he was promoted to judge of the Fifth Army and was in charge of the prison of the Fifth Army. Divided into five divisions, each division has five people, namely, Renji, Ji Yi, Ji Li, Ji Zhi and Ji Xin, all of which are positive seven products, and each manages its own military prison. At the same time? In order to prevent the autocratic power of generals, Zhu Yuanzhang also stipulated that the governors of the five armies had no right to transfer troops, and the right to transfer troops was directly under the control of the emperor; Although the Ministry of War has the right of appointment, promotion and training, it does not unify soldiers. Whenever there was a war, the emperor temporarily appointed a special person as the company commander to direct the troops of the health care center to go out. After the war, the company commander will return to India and the troops will return to the health center.

In the first year of Yongle (1403), the governor's mansion was built in Beijing, and it was still divided into five houses, called "governor, left, right, front and back". In eighteen years, Beijing was its capital. In the first year of Hongxi (1425), it was renamed as "Hangzai" except the word "Hangzai".

In the third year of Xuande (1428), the governor's office was reformed. After six years of orthodoxy (1442), five houses were rebuilt without the word "walk in". Every viceroy has a left viceroy and a right viceroy (the first rank). Dudu Tongzhi (from the first grade) and Dudu Shituo (from the second grade) belong to experienced teacher experience (from the fifth grade) and everything (? From seven products) and so on. In the early days, the viceroy took officials, officials and officials as officials and was able to participate in military affairs; Later, he led officials, officials and officials as military counsellors. Qing? Yuan Fucheng's "Suiyang Shangshu Yuan Jiapu": "Nine uncles (? Yuan Keli's son), originally awarded by regular students? James's official position is a clerk. He served as the commander of the Nanjing Governor's Office. "

Six-part system in Ming dynasty

During the period of Zhongshu Province in the Ming Dynasty, officials in the Qing and Seven Dynasties were good at three things.

The six departments include the official department, the household department, the ritual department, the military department, the punishment department and the Ministry of Industry. The highest officials they belong to are the ministers of the official department, the household department, the military department, the criminal department and the Ministry of Industry in the Ming Dynasty. They are often called "Jiuqing" together with the general political envoy of the General Political Department and the minister of Dali Temple of Duchayuan.

The appointment of important ministers in the Ming Dynasty was recommended by Jiuqing, the governor and the governor, which was called the recommendation of the imperial court. State affairs and important matters that cannot be decided by ministries alone must be voted by nine ministers. This is the procedure. For large-scale prison litigation that cannot be decided by the three major legal departments, Jiuqing will hold a meeting to decide whether the prison side is a court bow or a garden trial. Together with the cabinet of the Ming Dynasty, it constituted the administrative power center and decision-making core of the Ming Dynasty.

The Six Departments of Ming Dynasty were directly responsible to the emperor and became the highest institution in charge of state administrative affairs. Each department has a minister who is in charge of the government affairs of the department, an assistant minister and an assistant minister, all of whom are vice ministers.

Civil office Committee

The official department is the organ that manages civil servants. It is responsible for the system of rank selection, testing methods to encourage students, issuing codes to reward them, and finally finalizing the system.

There are four departments under the official department: the Qing and Ming departments, namely, the departments of selecting articles, cleaning officials, checking seals, receiving honours and examinations. The official selection department is responsible for reviewing the ranks of civil servants, and listing, rewarding, selecting, promoting and handling monthly elections.

The seal inspection department is in charge of titles, official positions, favors, difficulties, invitations and donations. Ji Xun was in charge of the civil service, and finally supported it, dealing with the inheritance, naturalization, renaming and surnames of officials.

The examination department is responsible for the division and discussion of civil servants, handling inspections and major plans in Beijing. Similar to the current organization department, discipline inspection commission and other departments. The official department minister is also called Tianguan.

China's feudal tax department.

The Ministry is responsible for the territory, land, household registration, taxation, wages and all financial affairs of the whole country.

Its internal government affairs are divided into 13 divisions according to the regional division of labor: Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Fujian, Yunnan and Guizhou.

Board of Rites

The etiquette department is in charge of etiquette affairs and school and imperial examination affairs. Test yourself, Jia, Jun, Bin and Fierce Five Rites; Manage state school affairs, imperial examinations and vassal contacts with foreign countries.

There are four divisions under the Ministry of Rites. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was the official system of rites, which was in charge of ceremonies, military ceremonies, management affairs and imperial examinations; Sacrifice lawsuits in the temple, in charge of auspicious ceremonies and fierce ceremonies; Preside over the cleaning work of the guest service department, be responsible for the guest service ceremony and receive foreign guests; Food cleaning department, in charge of banquets and prison affairs.

War Committee

Ming presided over the selection and award of military health and military attache throughout the country, and made concise decrees.

Wu Zhi officials at home and abroad granted the system of sealing the Yin Dian and posting posts, approved the simple method and the number of soldiers.

There are four divisions under the Ministry of War: selecting the army to clear the lawsuit, examining the rank of Wu Zhi officials and their selection, promotion, inheritance and knighthood, and managing the Tusi; Driving the Qing government office, in charge of the national horse administration and job biography; The official department of the staff department is responsible for the narration, examination, pension, brief reading, inspection and military patrol of Wu Zhi officials, and manages customs bans and sea bans; The armory lawsuit is responsible for the examination of the national army, military equipment and martial arts.

Ministry of Punishment (ancient China)

The Ministry of Punishment is the institution in charge of the national penalty laws and regulations and the trial of criminals. Together with Duchayuan and Dali Temple, it is in charge of the final review and examination of major cases, and * * * is the "three legal systems".

The specific duties of the Ministry of Punishment are: to examine various laws, examine criminal cases sent to the Ministry from all over the country, try cases of death penalty and "suspended sentence" in conjunction with Jiuqing, and directly try outstanding cases of crimes in Gyeonggi area.

The internal organization of the Ministry of Punishment is divided into 13 divisions by province, which have the same name as the departments of the Ministry of Housing.

Ministry of Industry in Feudal Period of China

The Ministry of Industry is the authority in charge of national engineering affairs.

Responsible for the system of civil construction, the use of instruments, the methods of dredging canals and weirs, and providing the code of hundreds of millions of tombs.

All civil engineering, water conservancy engineering, machinery manufacturing engineering (including weapons, munitions, military equipment, etc.). ), mining, metallurgy, textile and other government-run industries, but also some financial currencies and unified measurement.

There are four divisions under the Ministry of Industry in Ming and Qing Dynasties: training and clearing lawsuits, and building and repairing palace lawsuits; Yuheng is an honest official, in charge of the manufacture, sending and receiving of all kinds of official tools, and in charge of measuring and casting money; The official department of water supervision is responsible for estimating and selling the project cost and making imperial edicts and official documents; The waste removal lawsuit is responsible for the repair and approval of the mausoleum, receiving materials and part of the tax.

Extended data

Cabinet system in Ming dynasty

1380, Zhu Yuanzhang dismissed the prime minister and took charge of government affairs personally, but he was unable to do so, so he set up four assistant officials to assist government affairs, but this system was ineffective, and it was abolished in July 1382. In November, imitating the Song Dynasty, we set up college students in Gaihuatang, Wuyingtang, Wenyuan Pavilion and Dongge, and also set up college students in Wenhua Hall to tutor the prince, all of which were rated as positive five. After Judy acceded to the throne, Jie Jin, Hu Guang, Yang Rong and others were sent to the meridian gate to participate in the maintenance, thus establishing the cabinet.

The cabinet is only the emperor's adviser, and it is the emperor's task to approve the memorial. Most of the positions of cabinet college students are held by masters, scholars and ministers of the DPRK, and they are written only according to the will of the emperor, calling "government orders as pens."

Ming Renzong added a college student to the worship hall. During the Xuanzong period, because three young people, such as Yang Pu, Yang Yuan and Yang Yuan, entered the cabinet, Xuanzong approved the cabinet to state their opinions on paper, which was the so-called "draft by ballot" system. In the early Ming dynasty, the cabinet had no real power. After that, the status of the cabinet gradually improved and its authority gradually increased. By the time of Emperor Shizong of Ming Dynasty, the cabinet had finally jumped to six. After Jiajing, there were more than six classes in the DPRK. Since then, the Cabinet has become the highest decision-making body of the central government.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Ming Dynasty

Baidu encyclopedia-No.6 department

Baidu encyclopedia-Ming dynasty official position