What are the characteristics of the Kazakh folk dance and the distribution of the population in Xinjiang? Types of musical instruments?

The Kazakhs are a cross-border ethnic group with a population of nearly 15 million people worldwide, mainly in Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Turkey, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and 44 other countries. The Kazakh ethnic group in China is mainly located in the Ili, Tacheng, and Altay districts of the Ili-Hasak Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, and in the Jimusar, Mubi, and Barkun Grassland, there are a small number of living in Qinghai Province, Golmud and Gansu Province, Akse Kazakh Autonomous County.

Kazakh dance

The Kazakh dance has a strong atmosphere of grassland life, the dance step is light and strong, robust and strong, the movement is elegant and graceful. Dance mostly with "moving shoulders", footwork mostly with "horse step", strong rhythmic, performance style rough swarthy.

The Kazakh nation is mainly a nomadic people, so their dance to horseback riding as the theme of more, there are "horseback riding dance", "horse taming dance", "horseback riding warrior dance", "lovely pony", "horse herding dance" and "horse racing dance" and so on. The dance mainly shows various proud and healthy postures of horses running on the grassland, which expresses the national character and temperament of the Kazakh people.

There is also a class of dances that express the life, production and labor of the Kazakh people, mainly including the Felt Rolling Dance, Milking Dance, Shearing Dance and Carpet Weaving Dance, etc., which express a busy and joyful labor scene.

Hunting is also an important production activity of the Kazakh people living on the steppe. During the long-term hunting activities, they observed various animals in detail, grasped the various characteristics of the animals, and accumulated the experience of fighting with them. All these were choreographed by the Kazakh people and enriched the art of dancing of the Kazakh people. There are "Eagle Dance", "Bear Dance", "Fighting Bear Dance", "Crippled Bear Dance", "Lonely Goose Dance", "Crippled Duck Dance", etc., which show the situation of the Kazakh people during hunting, and these dances are full of rich national life flavor.

Kazakh national musical instruments

◆The main percussion instruments are Dabul, Dawulpaz, Provincial Dawul, Danghara, Stelmak, Ati Pushyak, Aktayak, Yuztayak Ledak and so on. <BR> Dabule, is the Kazakh people an ancient war drum, combat, used to inspire morale. When celebrating, to set the mood. The earliest by a section of the village hollowed out the trunk made of sheepskin, cowhide or other animal skins on both sides, the original drum volume is not large, often carried on the back of a horse or camel. Later, the types continue to increase, the volume also increased, and installed a leather rope or wooden handle, easy to move. The shape of the drums is similar to the capricorn drums of the ancient Yuezhi people, which is probably due to the mutual influence of some Yuezhi people after their integration into the Kazakh people. Dawulpaz, the original is a wooden frame, taut leather music drum, under the three column feet. Because of its control device, so the Kazakhs also called "can tighten and loosen the drum skin of the drum". Later, the wooden frame was changed to a copper or iron frame, and the sound was powerful with two sticks. This kind of musical instrument is often used in hunting and war in history. The provincial Dagul is actually a variation of the Dagul Paz. Small size, easy to carry, made of copper, single-sided skin, struck a sharp ear, often used in hunting. Kazakhs call copper drum or three-legged drum. Danghala, the original shaman shaman with the sacred tools, equivalent to the current tambourine. Kazakhs call it "tambourine with ring". It is similar to the Uyghur dafu, the Uzbek yila and the Mongolian dengel. The original danghala is a section of hollowed out tree trunks or thin boards bent into a drum circle, covered with a layer of leather, the drum circle around the string of many can move the small iron ring, playing tinkling. Asatayak, is held in the hands of the shaking sound instrument, also used by the shaman witch jumping god, shaped like an umbrella, composed of a small two, dome surrounded by a number of small necklaces of silver ring, cover carved out of a variety of beautiful patterns, the total length of about 1.3 meters. Play mainly by shaking the rustling sound, rhythmic. Therefore, also known as rocking rod or stick stick sound, and the Uyghur shabayi similar, but in the production of some complex. Stelmak, this instrument is shaped like a shield, with many small rings, the top of which is inserted with a few bundles of owl feathers, so it is also known as the "owl sound". Because the instrument with a handle, the hitter can hold the handle to shake to help the rhythm, listen to the crisp and pleasant. Ati push Yak, is a percussion instrument, composed of two pairs, playing each other, imitating the sound of the horse's hooves, the shape is also like a horse's hooves, so the Kazakhs also known as the "horseshoe sound". Yuztak Ledak, made of two different sizes of cow's horns, is mainly used to beat the rhythm by hitting with mallet and making the sound of duk-duk wood fish. ◆Blowing Instruments

The main ones are the colorful Buzik, Karde Nai, Adelna and various Srnay.

Color Buzik means "blowing" in Kazakh. Sebuziq is a wind instrument most often used by Kazakh folk artists, known as the "heart flute" by the Kazakh people. This instrument is similar to the Han Chinese vertical Xiao, which is a vertical wooden flute. Originally made from a kind of grassland "from Wenyi grass", today it is developed to use pine, bone, copper, iron and steel pipes as raw materials. The length of the Sebuzik varies from about 50 centimeters to 70 centimeters. Tube open 3 holes, 4 holes or 5 holes. The original tube outside the tie set of sheep's intestines thin rope to protect, now changed to copper wire. When not blowing set of wooden plugs to protect the wooden flute. Before blowing, the mouth of the pipe is moistened with water, and the tip of the tongue is used to block the mouth of the pipe, leaving a small hole for the blowing hole. Blowing different scales, while using the throat to send out a sustained bass, forming a double voice, smaller volume, soft tone, like a deer.

Kaldera Nai, is a kind of loud sound similar to the horn of the long simple horn, according to evidence may be by the ancient western region immediately musical instrument bone horn or copper horn development. Currently seen for the brass made, mouthpiece small, large sound hole, the tube in the middle of the corner of the zigzag shape. In ancient times, this kind of instrument was used as a horn to encourage morale in battle, or a tool to transmit alarms to distant places. The Koldenai can also be used for military music, and is played at welcome ceremonies, rallies and triumphs.

The Adelna (one-hole flute), an ancient Kazakh instrument, is about 60-70 centimeters long and louder, with a smaller instrument shape than the Kaldenei and a slightly larger one than the Sebuzik. Folk hunting, using it to simulate the bird's song, wolf howl, camel's wail, the horse's long neigh. Especially with its simulation of the sound of the deer Yoyo extremely real, can trap prey, so the folk also called two deer flute. In the war years, the Kazakhs commonly used Adelina charge, signaling, encouraging the morale of the battle.

Sirnay, the Kazakh people called the mouth string. It has various forms in folklore. The clay string is called Shazi Srnay; the string made of reed is called Hamus Srnay. The string is also known as the harmonica, the eye reed, the mouth scorn, the mouth hu. In ancient times, the production materials were simple and primitive, originally made of clay, horn, bone and reed. Now mostly made of iron, copper, silver and other metals. Its shape is like a pair of pincers, the middle of the outer ring is connected to the reed, and the tip of the reed tongue is bent upward and protrudes. When playing the left hand to hold the mouth string, placed between the lips, the right hand dial spring tongue tip, to gas vibration forehead pronunciation, can play a low and clear music, giving a person a sense of whispering. It is usually played by women. There is also a kind of wind instrument in Kazakh folklore, which also belongs to the class of mouth string.

◆Pulled musical instruments

Kubuz, made of whole wood carved and chiseled, is a curved handle spoon shape, short neck, piano belly is a large spoon shape, full length of 60-70 cm, speaker ventral open, the lower part of the back of the camel lamb skin or sheepskin. Two or three strings made of horsetail or cow or camel's tendon are spread on the instrument, and the strings and bowstring are wiped with pine gum, and the instrument is strong without fingerboard and taste. When playing, the instrument is held between the two knees, one hand presses the strings, and the other hand uses the horsetail bow to play. The sound of the instrument is similar to that of a violin, and the playing method is more complicated than that of a violin. Modern Kubuz improved, increased to four strings, and the installation of cardboard and *** sound box, play up, the sound is delicate, deep, elegant, soft, expressive. Currently commonly used in dance accompaniment.

Kele Kubuz and Shankubuz real Kubuz simple and complex two similar instruments.

Kelekubuzi Qin production without a certain scale, can only be found in remote and isolated mountain herdsmen's homes, is one of the old Kazakh folk musical instruments. The body of the instrument is chiseled from a block of wood, a string without fingerboard, commonly used horse tail string system, the instrument is bow-shaped, simple and simple.

Shang Kubuz is a popular composite musical instrument for Kazakh folk in recent times. This instrument is made of iron, plow-shaped, above the fixed steel strings. The player's hand over the sound of the hand bell, playing the steel strings. When playing, the strings and bells merge into one, forming unique tunes and sounds, and this instrument is mostly played by women in folklore.

◆Playing Instruments

The main instruments are the dongbura, shaletir, saz, jhotegun and pikli.

Dombra is the most popular traditional musical instrument in Kazakh folklore. There are many kinds of dongbura, mostly chiseled from a whole block of pine or birch, carved fine, inlaid beautiful. Dongbula form, a kind of speaker is triangular, Kazakh modern poet Abai named, called "Abai Dongbula"; a kind of speaker is oval, named after the Kazakh folk Aken Jiangbu, called "Jiangbu Dongbula". These two kinds of winter Bula, different shape, tone also has a different flavor. Most of the two strings, there are three strings, strings are generally made of sheep intestine, now has been wrapped in nylon wire strings instead of sheep intestine strings, and increase and use of copper taste. After the reform of the Dongbula, on the basis of the original expansion of the range, increased volume. Dongbula generally have 5, 7, 9 pins, some Dongbula have 13, 14 pins, recently appeared tuned 21 pins of Dongbula. According to the groove of the Dongbula, overhand, curved head, size, length, the number of taut strings and winding bit as well as the number of telescopic range and volume of the size of the Dongbula, some people will be named as five different types of Dongbula, that is: 4 strings of 12 pints of the highest tone of the Dongbula, known as the "Piklo"; 4 strings of 15 pints of soprano Winter, known as the "Rurima". Rurima"; the alto dongbura of the 13th (or 14th or 16th) pins of the 2-string is called "dongbura"; the tenor dongbura of the 17th pins of the 2-string is called "bazi"; and the bass dongbura of the 10th pins of the 2-string is called "dongbura". The tenor dongbura of 2-string 17-pin is called "Baz", and the bass dongbura of 2-string 10-pin is called "Kulal Baz". In addition, also due to the Kazakh history, region, tribe, cultural psychology, differences in living customs, in the folk also exists in various other forms of Dongbula, according to incomplete statistics of its varieties of about a dozen kinds.

Sheler Tiel, chiseled from a block of wood, the belly of the piano masked leather for the speaker, generally about 65 a 70 centimeters long, the form is similar to the winter Bula, but there is no zither (zither level), so often called Pinless winter Bula, most of the two strings, there are also three strings, so the folk called the two-stringed XieLeTiel and the three-stringed XieLeTiel. The strings are often fixed directly with horsetail silk, and those made of male horsetail silk are the best ones. There is no wooden shaft at the head of the zither, and the tuning is adjusted by means of the string shaft.

Sazi, is the Kazakh people's traditional recreational activities as well as folk singing commonly used accompaniment. The length of 50 centimeters - 1 meter. Shape handle long strings more, with six axes, taut livestock intestinal strings, often painted on the piano panel with folk motifs, or painted birds, grass and trees.

Sections of the Tegan (also known as sections of the Tegan, sections of the Tekang), the body is about 1 meter long, rectangular, carved from a block of wood, wooden basin-shaped sound chamber, similar to the Han Chinese guqin and guzheng type of horizontal playing instruments, with horsetail filament fixed 7 strings, strings under the ankle bone by 7 animals when the code. There is no axle to loosen or tighten the strings, but the ankle bones are moved from side to side to adjust the pitch of the instrument. Because the piano has a good **** sound box, equipped with more strings, so play up the volume, wide range, beautiful and beautiful tone.

Pikli, is a carved fine, inlaid beautiful two-stringed playing instrument, the shape of small and exquisite, similar to the mandolin. Some people will be categorized in the Dongbula instrument class, called it a polyphonic Dongbula, however, it is not 4 strings 12 products, so another category.

To summarize the Kazakh playing instruments, can be roughly divided into horizontal and vertical two categories, the latter is the main, the former for the vice, can be called the main body of the Kazakh instrument class. The Kazakh plucked instrument is strong, the aftertone is short and powerful, penetrating, bright, crisp tone, flexible skills, the main instrument for the ethnic group singing music, can also be used for solo type ensemble.