Give examples: What common building materials will do harm to human body and environment?

Building materials are the general name of all kinds of materials and their products used in building engineering. They are the material basis of all construction projects, and a lot of building materials are needed to build residential buildings, office buildings, shops and hotels. There are many kinds of building materials, including steel, aluminum, copper and other metal materials. Non-metallic materials, such as sandstone, brick, ceramic products, lime, cement, concrete products, glass, mineral wool; Plant materials, such as wood and bamboo; Synthetic polymer materials, such as plastics, coatings and adhesives. There are also many composite materials.

Decorative materials refer to materials used to decorate building surfaces (walls, cylinders, floors, ceilings, etc.). ), also known as decorative materials. Generally speaking, it refers to the materials used in the final decoration stage after the completion of the main building project (structural engineering, pipeline installation, etc.). Interior decoration has a long history at home and abroad, especially after the reform and opening up, with the improvement of people's living standards, people are no longer just satisfied with housing, but require a comfortable, beautiful and elegant living environment. Therefore, the interior decoration is getting more and more popular, and the grade of decoration is also constantly improving. There are many decorative materials, such as floor tiles, floor leather, carpets, low walls, cinnamon carpets and so on. With the development of the construction industry and the improvement of people's aesthetics, various new building materials and decorative materials are constantly emerging. People's living environment has also been continuously improved. However, while enjoying all this, people can't ignore the pollution of building materials and decorative materials to the living environment and the harmful effects on human health.

People's living environment is a tiny environment surrounded by building materials and decorative materials, and some components of these materials have a great influence on the quality of indoor environment. For example, some stones and bricks contain high background radium, which can be converted into highly radioactive radon, which can lead to lung cancer. Many organic synthetic materials will release many volatile organic compounds into indoor air. For example, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, ethers and esters pollute indoor air. Some people have detected more than 500 kinds of organic chemicals in indoor air, of which more than 20 kinds have carcinogenic or mutagenic effects. Although the concentration of these substances is sometimes not very high, under their long-term comprehensive effect, people living in rooms polluted by volatile organic pollutants will have bad building syndrome, construction-related diseases and other diseases. Especially in buildings with air conditioning systems, these adverse reactions and diseases are more likely to occur because indoor pollutants are not removed in time. The following introduces the influence of several commonly used building materials and decorative materials on indoor environment and their harm to human health.

Inorganic materials and recycled materials

Inorganic materials for building or decoration mean that the components of these materials are basically inorganic chemicals, including metallic materials and nonmetallic materials. Metal materials include steel, copper, aluminum, etc. Non-metallic materials include natural stone, clay products, glass, inorganic fiber materials, gel products and so on. With the development of science and technology, sometimes in order to save money, people use steel-making waste residue and cinder to make bricks and other recycled building materials.

The prominent health problem of inorganic building materials and recycled building materials is radiation. Some building materials contain R radiation exceeding the national standard. Due to the different positions of materials, the radioactivity of various building materials is also different. The national standard stipulates that the R radiation of building materials is below 20μ g/h ... The survey shows that the radiation amount of most building materials in China basically meets this standard, but there are also many building materials whose radiation content exceeds the standard. For example, after investigating the R radiation of building materials in major markets, it is found that the R radiation of gray bricks is 25.03 μ g/h..

Some materials such as stone, brick, cement and concrete contain high background radium, which can be converted into radon and enter the room through the gap between walls and windows, causing indoor air radon pollution. Radon is a highly radioactive element. Long-term exposure to radon, even if the concentration is very low, will increase the risk of lung cancer for indoor personnel.

Foamed asbestos is a kind of thermal insulation, sound absorption and shock-proof material commonly used in building construction. It is made of chrysotile fiber as the main raw material. When installing, maintaining and dismantling asbestos materials in buildings, asbestos fibers will be dispersed into the air and enter the body with people's breathing. After a long time, it will cause pulmonary fibrosis (asbestosis), bronchial tumor, pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma and other tumors, which will seriously endanger the health of anxious people.

Synthetic insulation board

Building energy saving is the basic trend of the development of the world construction industry in recent years. There are many measures to save energy in buildings, one of which is to use thermal insulation materials when building houses. Reasonable use of these thermal insulation materials in buildings can improve the performance of buildings, better meet the requirements and ensure normal production, work and life; Using necessary thermal insulation materials in heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and other buildings can reduce heat loss and save energy. It can be seen that the use of thermal insulation materials in construction projects is of great significance. Thermal insulation materials can generally be divided into inorganic and organic two categories. Inorganic insulation materials usually contain asbestos, while synthetic insulation board is a commonly used organic insulation material. This material is made of various resins as basic raw materials, and a certain amount of auxiliary materials such as foaming agent, catalyst and stabilizer are added, which is heated and foamed, and has the properties of light weight and heat preservation. The main varieties are polystyrene foam, PVC foam, polyurethane foam and urea-formaldehyde resin foam. Some unpolymerized free monomers or some components of these materials will gradually escape into the air during use. In addition, with the extension of use time or high temperature, these substances will decompose to produce many gaseous organic chemicals, causing indoor air pollution. There are many kinds of these pollutants, mainly formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, benzene, toluene, ethers, toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and so on. For example, it has been found that PVC foam can volatilize 150 kinds of organic substances during use. These volatile organic compounds have a certain irritating smell, which can cause irritation symptoms of skin, respiratory tract and eye mucosa. Long-term contact can cause immune dysfunction, affect the function of nervous system, and cause symptoms such as headache, lethargy, fatigue and chest tightness. It will affect the digestive system, and in severe cases, it will damage the liver and hematopoietic system, such as loss of appetite and nausea, and it will also lead to many health problems such as allergic reactions.

Wallpaper, carpet

Decorative wallpaper is the most widely used wall decoration material at home and abroad. It has various patterns, rich colors and flexible production, and can imitate the appearance of many traditional materials, so it is loved by people. There are many kinds of materials for making wallpaper, which can be roughly divided into four categories: paper, textiles, natural materials and plastics.

Wallpaper not only beautifies the living environment, but also adversely affects the indoor air quality. The influence of wallpaper decoration on indoor air mainly comes from two aspects: first, the influence of harmful substances in wallpaper itself. Because the composition of wallpaper is different, its influence is also different. The fabric fragments in natural textile wallpaper, especially pure wool wallpaper, are allergens, which will cause human allergies. Some chemical fiber textile wallpaper will release harmful gases such as formaldehyde and pollute indoor air. Plastic wallpaper has developed rapidly because of its beautiful appearance, low price, durability, easy cleaning, long life and convenient construction. At present, the per capita consumption of plastic wallpaper in developed countries is above 10㎡ per year. In China, the production and use of this kind of wallpaper are also increasing. This kind of wallpaper contains unpolymerized monomers and aging decomposition of plastics, which will release a lot of organic substances indoors, such as formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, etc., and seriously pollute the indoor air. If the doors and windows of the room are closed, the indoor polluted air cannot be replaced by fresh and clean outdoor air, and these organic pollutants will gather together, which will damage the health of residents over time.

Another sanitary problem of wallpaper is that it will absorb other indoor pollutants, such as formaldehyde. In addition, wallpaper is also a breeding ground for indoor pathogenic microorganisms such as dust mites. Especially pure wool wallpaper is a good place for mites to breed.

Carpet is another kind of interior decoration with a long history. According to Zhou Li, it was used as early as the Warring States period. Traditional carpets are hand-woven from animal hair. This kind of carpet is expensive and is usually used in high-end hotels, VIP rooms and other public places. At present, the commonly used carpets are all made of chemical fiber. Chemical fibers used to weave carpets include polyacrylamide fiber (nylon), polyester fiber (polyester), polypropylene fiber (polypropylene fiber), polyacrylonitrile (acrylic fiber), viscose fiber and so on. Carpets will have adverse effects on indoor air when used. The fine wool of pure wool carpet is an allergen, which can cause skin allergy and even asthma. Chemical fiber carpets will release formaldehyde and other organic chemicals such as acrylonitrile and propylene into the air. Another hazard of carpet is its strong adsorption capacity, which can absorb formaldehyde, dust, pathogenic microorganisms and other harmful gases, especially pure wool carpet is an ideal breeding and hiding place for dust mites. A foreign scholar found that indoor high carpets have a certain relationship with the occurrence of cancer in residents, which was later confirmed to be mainly related to the absorption of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by rubber-soled shoelaces on carpets. This example shows that the harm of carpet due to its adsorption can not be ignored.

Wood-based panel and wood-based panel furniture

Furniture is an important indoor product and an important part of interior decoration. There are many kinds of materials for making furniture, such as natural wood, bamboo, glass, metal, wood-based panels and so on. Among them, wood-based panel furniture also needs to be bonded with adhesive in the production process, and the furniture surface should be coated with various paints as needed. These adhesives and paints contain a lot of volatile organic compounds. When using these furniture, these organic substances will be continuously released into the indoor air. Furniture containing polyurethane foam will also release toluene diisocyanate (TDI) when it is used. Causing indoor air pollution. For example, many investigations have found that dozens of toxic chemicals such as formaldehyde and benzene can be detected in rooms with new furniture. Inhalation of these substances by residents living in the living room for a long time will cause damage to the respiratory system, nervous system and blood circulation system. In addition, some wood-based panel furniture also contains pentachlorophenol and other anti-corrosion and moth-proofing agents, which will also be released into the indoor air during use, causing indoor air pollution.

coating

A material coated on the surface of an object can adhere well to other materials, forming a complete and tough protective film, which is called coating. Paint and coating are the same concept in architecture.

The composition of coatings generally includes film-forming substances, pigments, additives and solvents. The composition of the coating is very complex and contains many organic compounds. The main components of film-forming substances are phenolic resin, acidic phenolic resin, urea-formaldehyde resin, cellulose acetate, ethylene peroxide resin, styrene-butadiene rubber, chlorinated rubber and so on. These substances will release a lot of harmful gases such as formaldehyde, vinyl chloride, benzene, hydrogen chloride and phenols into the air during use, and the solvents used in coatings are also an important source of air pollution. These solvents are basically volatile organic compounds, commonly used are aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, terpenes, chlorine-containing organic compounds and so on. In principle, these solvents do not constitute coatings and should not remain in coatings. Their function is to dissolve and disperse the film-forming substance of the coating into liquid, making it easy to smear and form a solid coating. When its task is completed, it will evaporate into the air. Therefore, the paint solvent is an important indoor pollution source. For example, more than 50 kinds of organic substances such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, acetone, butyl acetate, acetaldehyde, butanol and formic acid can be detected in the air of a room that has just been painted. Additives in coatings may also contain heavy metals such as lead, mercury, manganese, arsenic, sodium pentachlorophenol and other harmful substances, and may also cause harm to the health of indoor people.

Inhalation of organic matter emitted by paint through respiratory tract can cause dizziness, headache, nausea and other symptoms, irritate eyes and nose, and even cause asthma, unconsciousness, vomiting and bronchitis in severe cases. Children who take it by mistake can cause asthma, unconsciousness, vomiting and diarrhea. Inhaling paint fumes can cause pharyngitis and bronchitis. Children take lead paint by mistake, which leads to chronic lead poisoning. Even caused fatal injuries. A few people will be allergic to paint, leading to contact allergic dermatitis or systemic metamorphosis.

Sound absorbing and insulating material

Indoor noise pollution is one of the important factors affecting people's lives at present. The sound of adjacent rooms can spread to each other. The noise of upstairs residents affects the rest of downstairs residents, which are important sources of indoor noise. This requires that the sound absorption or sound insulation effect of buildings should meet certain requirements of hospitals. Commonly used sound absorption materials include gypsum board and other inorganic materials; Organic materials, such as cork board and plywood. ; Foam glass and other materials; Fiber materials such as slag cotton and industrial felt. Foam glass and other materials; Fiber materials such as slag cotton and industrial felt.