How many processes are there for dyeing cloth in a dyeing factory?

1. tenter (tenter)

Tenting finishing is a process that uses the plasticity of cellulose, silk, wool and other fibers in wet conditions to gradually widen the width of the fabric to a specified size and dry it to stabilize the shape of the fabric, so it is also called setting finishing. In some processes before finishing, such as scouring, bleaching, printing and dyeing, the fabric is often subjected to warp tension, which forces the fabric to extend in the warp direction and contract in the weft direction, and produces other shortcomings, such as uneven width, uneven selvage, rough feel and flat aurora. So that the fabric has a uniform and stable width, and at the same time, the above shortcomings can be improved and the deformation of the fabric during wearing can be reduced. Generally, after the dyeing and finishing process is basically completed, the fabric needs tentering finishing. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

Step 2 Pre-shrink

Pre-shrinkage is a technological process to reduce the shrinkage of fabrics after soaking in water by physical methods. In the process of weaving, dyeing and finishing, the fabric is stretched in the warp direction, and the height of warp buckling wave decreases, so the elongation phenomenon will occur. However, after the hydrophilic fiber fabric is soaked in water, the fiber expands and the diameter of the warp and weft increases, thus increasing the buckling wave height of the warp and shortening the length of the fabric, resulting in shrinkage. When the fabric is dried, the expansion disappears, but the friction between the yarns still keeps the fabric in a shrinking state. Mechanical pre-shrinking is to wet the fabric by spraying steam or spray, then mechanically squeeze it in the warp direction to increase the buckling wave height, and then loosely dry it. The shrinkage rate of pre-shrunk cotton cloth can be reduced to below 65438 0%, and the softness of fabric handle will be improved due to the mutual extrusion and friction between fibers and yarns. Wool fabrics can be relaxed and pre-shrunk. After the fabric is soaked in warm water or sprayed with steam, it is slowly dried in a relaxed state, which makes the fabric shrink in both warp and weft directions. Fabric shrinkage is also related to its structure. The degree of shrinkage of fabrics is usually evaluated by shrinkage.

3. Anti-wrinkle

The process of changing the original composition and structure of fiber, improving its resilience and making the fabric not wrinkle easily in wearing is called crease-resistant finishing. It is mainly used for pure spinning or blended fabrics of cellulose fibers, and can also be used for silk fabrics.

The development of crease-resistant finishing can be roughly divided into three stages: ① Before the mid-1950s, urea-formaldehyde primary shrinkage crease-resistant finishing was mainly used for viscose fabric to stabilize its size and reduce its shrinkage. ② From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, the United States began to produce non-ironing cotton fabrics, which have good wrinkle resistance in both dry and wet conditions. During this period, many new finishing agents appeared. After the mid-1960s, durable press finishing appeared. The finished products are mostly polyester-cotton blended fabrics. After pressing and ironing, it plays a role in heat setting of synthetic fibers, so it can keep flat and wrinkled during wearing.

After anti-wrinkle finishing, the recovery performance is improved, and some strength properties and wearability are improved. For example, the crease resistance and dimensional stability of cotton fabric are obviously improved, and the washing and quick-drying performance can also be improved. Although the strength and wear resistance will be reduced to varying degrees, the wear resistance will not be affected under the control of normal process conditions. In addition to crease resistance, the breaking strength of viscose fiber fabric is also slightly improved, especially the wet breaking strength. However, crease-resistant finishing has some influence on other related properties, such as the elongation at break of fabric decreases to some extent, the washing fastness varies with finishing agents, and the washing fastness of dyed products is improved, but some finishing agents will reduce the light fastness of some dyes. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

4. Heat setting

Heat setting is a process to make thermoplastic fibers and their blended or interwoven fabrics relatively stable. It is mainly used for processing synthetic fibers such as nylon or polyester, which are easy to shrink and deform after heating, and their blends. The fabric of thermoplastic fiber will produce internal stress in the textile process, and it is easy to wrinkle and deform under the action of moisture, heat and external force in the dyeing and finishing process. Therefore, in production (especially wet and hot processing such as dyeing or printing), it is generally treated under tension at a slightly higher temperature than the subsequent process, that is, heat setting, to prevent the fabric from shrinking and deformation and facilitate the subsequent processing. In addition, yarns such as elastic yarn (silk), low elastic yarn (silk) and bulky yarn can be manufactured by heat setting process combined with other physical or mechanical effects.

After heat setting, the fabric not only improves the dimensional stability, but also changes other properties, such as wet resilience and pilling performance, and feels stiff. The elongation at break of thermoplastic fiber decreases with the increase of heat setting tension, but the strength changes little. If the set temperature is too high, both will drop significantly. The change of dyeing properties after heat setting varies with fiber varieties. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

(2) appearance style finishing process

1. white powder

The process of increasing the whiteness of textile crystals by using the complementary color principle of light is called whitening finishing, also known as whitening. Bleached textiles still contain yellowish substances, and enhanced bleaching will damage fibers. The application of whitening agent can make blue and yellow complementary, and can improve the whiteness of textiles without damaging fibers. There are two whitening methods: bluing and fluorescence. In the former case, a very light blue dye or pigment is applied to the bleached fabric to offset the yellow color. As the absorption of light increases, the brightness of the fabric will decrease, slightly gloomy. Fluorescent whitening agent is an organic compound close to five colors. After dyeing on the fabric, it is excited by ultraviolet rays to produce blue-purple fluorescence, which complements the reflected yellow light and increases the whiteness and brightness of the fabric, and the effect is better than blue dyeing. Fluorescent whitening can also be combined with bleaching, sizing or anti-wrinkle finishing in one bath.

2. Calendering

Calendering finishing is a process that uses the plasticity of fibers in hot and humid conditions to flatten the surface of fabrics or roll out parallel thin diagonal lines to improve the luster of fabrics. Calender consists of several hard rolls and soft rolls with smooth surfaces. Hard roller is a metal roller with a highly polished surface or dense parallel lines, often with a heating device. The soft roll is a fiber roll or a polyamide plastic roll. After the fabric is rolled by more and softer rollers, the yarn becomes flat, the surface is smooth, the luster is enhanced, and the feel is stiff, which is called flat rolling. After the fabric is combined by two soft rollers, the yarn is slightly flat, shiny and soft, and mineral B is soft calendered. By using different sodium roller combinations and changing pressure, temperature and threading mode, different glosses can be obtained. Calendering finishing is a kind of mechanical treatment, and the durability of its fabric luster effect is poor. If the fabric is soaked in the initial shrinkage of resin and pre-baked and tentered, a more lasting luster can be obtained after calendering. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

Step 3 emboss

Using the plasticity of fiber, a pair of hard, soft and concave-convex rollers engraved with a certain depth are used to press the fabric at a certain temperature to produce concave-convex pattern effect. This process is called embossing finishing, also known as embossing finishing. Dyed or printed cotton or polyester/cotton blended fabric can obtain durable embossing effect if it is impregnated with resin working solution during embossing finishing. Synthetic fiber fabrics can be directly embossed after dyeing and printing. The process of rolling fabric with copper roller engraved with concave lines as hard roller and high elastic rubber roller with flat surface as soft roller is called embossing.

Step 4 polish.

The process of grinding a short and dense layer of fluff on the surface of fabric with sand grinding roller (or belt) is called finishing.

Management, also known as sanding finishing. Sanded fabrics are thick, soft and warm, which can improve the wearability of fabrics. Suede fabric can be made by grinding textured silk or high shrinkage polyester knitted fabric or woven (woven) fabric. Using superfine synthetic fiber as raw material, the artificial suede with simulation effect can be obtained by dipping polyurethane emulsion on the base fabric and sanding. The function of sanding (or napping) finishing is similar to the principle of napping (or napping), which is to make the fabric surface produce fluff. The difference is that metal card clothing (wool spinning and thorn fruit) is generally used for pilling finishing, mainly because the weft of the fabric is pilling, and the pilling is sparse and long. Shrinking finishing can make warp and weft produce fluff at the same time, and the fluff is short and dense. It is necessary to control the decline of fabric strength in velvet finishing process, and its quality is mainly based on the density and uniformity of short wool.

Step 5 soften

In the process of dyeing and finishing, textiles are often deformed after being treated by various chemical additives and subjected to mechanical tension, which will cause stiff and rough hand feel. Soft finishing is a process to make up for this defect and make the fabric feel soft. There are two methods of soft finishing: mechanical method and chemical method. Mechanical method is to loosen the yarn or fiber by beating, so as to obtain soft effect. The chemical method is to reduce the friction coefficient between fibers through the action of softener to obtain softening effect.

Different softeners adapt to different fibers, produce different softening effects and have different effects on other properties. Chemical methods are commonly used, sometimes supplemented by mechanical methods. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

6. Sizing

The process of impregnating the fabric with slurry and drying it to obtain a thick and hard effect is a finishing method aimed at improving the feel of the fabric. It uses the slurry made of natural or synthetic high molecular substances with certain viscosity to form a film on the fabric, thus making the fabric feel smooth, stiff, thick and plump, improving its strength and wear resistance and prolonging its service life. Because the polymer used for finishing is generally called size, it is also called sizing finishing. Stiff finishing slurry is mainly made of slurry and a small amount of preservative, and softener, filler or fluorescent whitening agent can also be added. According to the sizing amount, there are light sizing and heavy sizing. The cotton fabric is impregnated with cellulose sodium zincate slurry and then treated with dilute acid to solidify cellulose on the fabric, so that the washable and stiff linen-like finishing effect can be obtained.

7. Extra

Weight-increasing finishing is a process of increasing the weight of silk fabrics by chemical methods. /kloc-In Europe in the 0/8th century, in order to make up for the weight loss of real silk after scouring, the method of weighted finishing was adopted to maintain commercial profit and use value. Weight gain finishing mainly includes tin weighing method and tannin weighing method. The real silk fabric finished by tin weight method has increased specific gravity, thick, smooth and shiny hand feeling, and enhanced drape. The shrinkage rate decreases after moisture absorption. One treatment can yield 20%, and repeated treatment can yield 100%. However, the strength, elongation and wear fastness of the silk fabric after weight gain finishing have decreased, which is not conducive to storage and is more brittle after sun exposure. If the tin salt attached to the surface is removed with soap or synthetic detergent after painting, embrittlement can be reduced. Tannin weighting method is not suitable for finishing white and light silk fabrics, because tannin will turn black when it meets iron salt. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

8. Weight loss (weight loss)

Weight reduction finishing is to use polyester fibers to hydrolyze in a certain concentration of caustic solution at high temperature, so that the fibers gradually dissolve, reduce the weight of the fabric (the weight loss rate is generally controlled at 20% ~ 25%), and form a number of depressions on the surface, so that the reflected light on the fiber surface diffuses to form a soft luster, and at the same time, the gaps between fibers in the yarn increase, thus forming a silk style (appearance and feel), also known as weight reduction finishing or alkali weight reduction finishing. After finishing, the polyester filament fabric has soft luster, lightness and softness, and greatly improved drapability, and can be made into silk-like products such as georgette and crepe de chine. After finishing, the fabric interwoven with polyester staple fiber and its blended yarn and weft yarn is flat and smooth, and similar effects can be obtained.

At present, weight reduction finishing mainly refers to reducing the weight of polyester fibers in fabrics. In fact, the partial dissolution of other fiber fabrics by appropriate chemical crystals also belongs to the category of weight reduction finishing. For example, polyester blended fabric with cotton or viscose is treated with more than 65% cold sulfuric acid solution, so that cotton or viscose is completely dissolved and the product style is obviously changed. This reductive finishing is usually called acid reduction.

9. Crab catching

Scouring finishing is a process of hot water bath treatment of wool fabric under tension to make it smooth and not easy to deform in subsequent wet treatment.

Scouring is mainly used for finishing worsted fabrics after singeing or washing. In the process of textile, wool fibers are deformed by external force, and then contract after relaxation, especially after soaking. In the process of boiling in hot water bath, the molecular structure of the fiber is first destroyed and broken, and then a more stable structure is regenerated, which plays a role in shaping the fiber. Therefore, scouring finishing can make the fabric obtain good dimensional stability, avoid deformation and wrinkling during wet processing in the future, and improve the hand feel. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

10. Rinsing method

Shrinkage finishing is a process that uses the shrinkage of wool felt to make wool fabric dense and thick and form fluff on the surface.

Cheng, also known as contraction. Felting can improve the feel and appearance of fabric, and increase the warmth and feel of fabric. Felting is especially suitable for wool fabrics and other products. The felting of woven fabric is carried out on the drum felting machine, and the felting of knitted fabric can be carried out on the drum or washing machine.

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Fuzzing finishing is the process of picking up the fibers on the surface of the fabric with dense needles or thorns to form a layer of fluff.

Technology, also known as napping finishing. Mainly used for wool fabric, acrylic fabric and cotton fabric. This kind of fabric is fluffy and short when it is dry. In the wet state, the surface fibers are prone to pilling due to their large elongation. Therefore, wool fabrics can get long fluff after spraying wet and long wavy fluff after soaking. However, cotton fabrics can only be improved by drying. The nap layer after napping finishing can improve the warmth of the fabric, cover the fabric, improve the appearance, and feel plump and soft. The combination of napping and shearing technology can improve the finishing effect of fabrics.

12. Shearing wool

Shearing finishing is the process of cutting off the excess fluff on the fabric surface with a shearing machine. Its purpose is to make the texture of the fabric clear and the surface smooth, or to make the fluff and pile surface of brushed and raised fabrics neat. General wool fabric, velvet, artificial fur and other products all need shearing technology, but the requirements are different. For example, worsted fabrics require cutting off the surface fluff to make the surface smooth and weave clearly. However, the wool fabric is required to have a smooth suede and feel soft after shearing. In particular, it is necessary to cut off the uneven fluff on the fabric surface after napping or felting, and keep a certain length to make the appearance smooth. In order to improve the shearing effect, shearing and brushing techniques can be combined.

13. Steam blowing

Steaming finishing is a technological process that uses wool fiber to set in hot and humid conditions, stabilizes the shape of wool fabric through steaming, and improves the feel and luster. The principle of steaming and boiling is basically the same, but the treatment methods are different. Steaming is mainly used for wool fabrics and their blended products, and can also be used for fabrics such as silk and viscose fiber. The steamed fabric has stable size and shape, smooth surface, natural luster and soft and elastic hand feel.

14. Urgent

Pressing finishing is a process of flattening wool fabric and improving its luster and hand feel through mechanical pressure under hot and humid conditions, which is similar to calendering finishing of other fabrics. But worsted fabrics are usually finished by ironing. There are two pressing methods: rotary pressing (also known as ironing or hot pressing) and paperboard voltage system (also known as voltage). The former irons the fabric and gives it luster through extrusion and friction. Fabric elongation is small and productivity is high, but the effect is not lasting. And because the treated fabric has a strong luster, it is often done before steaming. The latter is mainly used in the last processing procedure of worsted fabrics, especially thin worsted fabrics. When finishing, the wool fabric is folded layer by layer, with hard cardboard and electric cardboard sandwiched between them, and then pressurized by hydraulic press under certain conditions. After voltage, the wool fabric has a smooth and crisp surface, soft luster and soft and smooth feel, which has a temporary effect, but its equipment is huge and its productivity is high.

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15. Anti-felting

The process of preventing or reducing the shrinkage deformation of wool fabric in washing and wearing and stabilizing the size of clothing is called anti-felting finishing. Felting shrinkage of wool fabric is due to the large ductility and resilience of wool scales in wet state, so it is easy to cause felting after washing and extrusion. Therefore, the principle of anti-felting finishing is to locally etch scales by chemical methods to change their surface state, or to cover their surfaces with a layer of polymer to make the interwoven points of fibers stick together, thus eliminating the basis of felting. When the anti-felting finishing fabric can reach the specified level, it is called super washable wool fabric. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

16. Liquid ammonia finishing (liquid ammonia finishing)

The process of treating cotton fabric with liquid ammonia to completely eliminate the internal stress in the fiber and improve the luster and wearability is called liquid ammonia finishing. It can reduce the shrinkage rate of fabric, increase resilience, breaking strength and hygroscopicity, and has flexible hand feeling, good elasticity, strong wrinkle resistance and stable size. At the same time, it lays a foundation for washable and abrasion-resistant finishing and shrink-resistant finishing, and is an important treatment method to improve the wearability of cotton fabrics (especially to improve the shrinkage of fabrics). ,

17. Wrinkling (wrinkling)

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The process of making the fabric form irregular folds with different shapes is called crease finishing. The method mainly comprises the following steps

There are: first, the fabric presents irregular concave-convex wrinkle appearance through mechanical pressure, such as hand wrinkle, rope wrinkle, stuffing and so on. ; The second is to wrinkle with rubbing, such as liquid dyeing and drum drying; In addition, special wrinkling equipment is used to form special wrinkling effects, such as claw and walnut. The main fabrics of crease-resistant finishing are pure cotton, polyester-cotton blended fabric and polyester filament fabric.

(3) Functional finishing process

1. Waterproof.

Treating with chemical water repellent reduces the surface tension of fiber, so that water droplets can not wet the surface, which is called water repellent finishing, also known as breathable waterproof finishing. Suitable for raincoats, travel bags and other materials. The water-repellent finishing effect of fabric is also related to fabric structure. The fabric treated with water repellent can still maintain its breathability. However, the applicability of different water-repellent finishing agents to fibers and the water-repellent effect, washing resistance, dry cleaning, friction and durability after finishing are different.

Water repellent finishing can be divided into semi-durability and durability according to the durability of water repellent effect. The former is simple and cheap, and is mainly used for cotton and linen fabrics, as well as silk and synthetic fiber fabrics. The latter is mainly used for cotton and linen fabrics. If silicone water repellent finishing agent is used, it is not only suitable for all kinds of fiber fabrics, so that the fabric has good water repellency and washing resistance, but also can increase the tearing strength of the fabric and improve the hand feel and sewing performance of the fabric. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

2. Oil repellent

The process of treating fabric with oil-repellent finishing agent to form oil-repellent surface on fiber is called oil-repellent finishing. The oil-repellent surface tension of that finis fabric is lower than that of various oil, so that the oil forms water drops on the fabric, which is not easy to penetrate, thereby produce the oil-repellent finished fabric with water repellency and good air permeability. Mainly used for high-grade raincoats and special clothing materials. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

3. Antistatic (antistatic)

Fiber, yarn or fabric is charged with static electricity due to friction during processing or use, which brings difficulties and troubles to the next working procedure and clothing wearing. Anti-static finishing is a process of applying chemicals to the fiber surface to increase its hydrophilicity and prevent static electricity from accumulating on the fiber. Electrostatic accumulation of fiber is related to its hygroscopicity. For example, synthetic fibers have low hygroscopicity, high surface resistance and easy accumulation of static electricity. In order to change this situation, hydrophilic substances can be used to improve the hygroscopicity of fiber surface and reduce the surface specific resistance. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

4. Easy decontamination (decontamination)

Decontamination finishing is a process that makes the dirt on the fabric surface easy to be removed by general washing methods, and makes the washed dirt not return to dirt in the washing process. In the process of wearing fabric, dirt is formed due to the adsorption and pollution of dust and human excrement in the air. In particular, synthetic fibers and their blended fabrics are prone to electrostatic adsorption of dirt, and because of poor surface hydrophilicity, washing water is not easy to penetrate into fiber gaps and dirt is difficult to remove. Because the fabric surface is lipophilic, the suspended dirt in the washing liquid is easy to re-stain the fiber surface, causing secondary pollution. The basic principle of improving the detergency of synthetic fiber and its blended fabric is to increase the hydrophilicity of fiber surface and reduce the surface tension between fiber and water by chemical methods. It is best that the hydrophilic layer on the surface can expand after wetting, so as to generate mechanical force and make the dirt leave automatically. Its method is to dip and roll a layer of hydrophilic polymer material on the surface of fabric. After easy decontamination finishing, it can also increase the antistatic performance of the fabric, making it comfortable to wear and soft to the touch, but the tearing strength of the fabric decreases. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

5. Rot and rot.

In the hot and humid climate, when textiles contain substances such as pulp and fat, microorganisms are easy to multiply, and enzymes secreted by bacteria, Actinobacillus and molds will decompose fibers into their food, causing fiber damage. Mildew-proof and anti-corrosion finishing is generally to apply chemical mildew inhibitor on cellulose fiber fabric to kill or prevent microbial growth. In order to prevent textile crystals from mildew during storage, salicylic acid and other mildew inhibitors can be used. These mildew inhibitors have no significant effect on the color and dyeing fastness of products and are safe for human health. For cellulose fiber textile crystals used in the open air, copper naphthenate mildew inhibitor with washing resistance and leaching resistance can be used for padding treatment. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

6. moth prevention

Wool fabrics are easily eaten by insects, and moth larvae feed on wool fibers during their growth. The earliest mothproof method is to release camphor or naphthalene when storing wool fabrics, and use the gas generated by its sublimation to drive away moths. Mothproof effect is not high, not lasting. The most commonly used moth-proof finishing in dyeing and finishing is chemical treatment of wool fabric to poison moths or change the structure of wool fiber so that it is no longer the food of moths, thus achieving the purpose of moth-proof. At present, some chlorine-containing organic compounds are often used as moth-proofing agents. Its advantages are five colors, no peculiar smell, pertinence to wool fabric, washability, convenient use and safety to human body.

7. Flame retardant

After some chemical crystal treatment, textiles are not easy to burn in case of fire or go out immediately after burning. This treatment process is called flame retardant finishing. The combustion of textiles is a very complicated process, and its flammability is not only related to the chemical composition of fibers, but also related to the fabric structure and the properties of dyes and other substances on the fabric. Flame retardants are usually compounds containing phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, antimony, boron and other elements. Its main function is to change the reaction process of fiber when it is on fire, and to generate substances with strong dehydration under combustion conditions, so as to carbonize the fiber and prevent the flame from spreading. The flame retardant decomposes to produce incombustible gas, dilute combustible gas, shield air or inhibit flame combustion. The flame retardant or its decomposition products melt and cover the fiber, so that the fiber is not easy to burn or prevent the carbonized fiber from further oxidation. Welcome to exchange textile issues QQ: 5577349.

8. Coating

The process of coating or bonding a layer of polymer material on the fabric surface to make it have a unique appearance or function is called coating finishing. Coated fabrics often give people the feeling of new materials in texture and performance. The coated polymer is called coating agent (or slurry), while the bonded polymer is called film. The representative fabrics of coating finishing are down-proof, waterproof, moisture permeable, shading, heat insulation, flame retardant, conductive, leather-like and other fabrics.