What historical changes did the Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen cause in modern China?

First of all, the Revolution of 1911 was a victorious democratic revolution.

This means that the revolution in 19 1 1 was a democratic revolution, a victory rather than a failure. The first reason is: "The key to the success or failure of a revolution is to look at the changes in the relationship between the revolution and its objects. If the revolution defeats her object, she will undoubtedly win; If the revolution is overthrown by her object, she will undoubtedly fail. The object of the Revolution of 1911 was the autocratic Qing Dynasty. This dynasty was not only defeated by this revolution, but also ended the autocratic monarchy system in China for more than 2,000 years. According to this, can we still say that she is a failed revolution, not a victorious revolution? "

Secondly, because the Revolution of 1911 created a brand-new * * * and national unity, it drew a clear historical boundary with the Manchu Dynasty and its authoritarian national unity; Because of the first and initial democratic constitutionalism in the Republic of China, it drew a clear political line with the constitutional monarchy pursued by the reformists. Therefore, the Revolution of 1911 was a victorious democratic revolution. The first sign of democratic constitutionalism in the Republic of China is the formulation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China. First, it was the supreme law of the Republic of China at that time and had constitutional significance; Second, it embodies the political ideal of "sovereignty belongs to the people"; Third, according to the principle of decentralization, the central system is stipulated; Fourth, it stipulated strict procedures for amending the Covenant Law.

The second symbol of democratic constitutionalism in the Republic of China is the establishment of the National Assembly and the Senate and House of Representatives.

The third symbol of democratic constitutionalism in the Republic of China is the drafting of the Constitution of the Temple of Heaven. After the failure of the second revolution, the first congress was held in April 19 13. In order to prevent Yuan's dictatorship and restore it, the Senate and the House of Representatives decided to elect an equal number of members to draft the Constitution of the Republic of China. Because the drafting committee is located in the Temple of Heaven, it is also called "the constitutional grass of the Temple of Heaven". "Tiantan" inherited the spirit of democratic nation-building in the Temporary Contract Law, and it was difficult to exclude the interference of the Yuan family. The first chapter clearly stipulates: "The Republic of China will always be a unified democratic country." Article11stipulates more specifically that the Republic of China and the democratic "state system shall not be amended".

Second, the Revolution of 1911 created a real new China.

First, the political symbol of the new China-including ideology and culture.

After 1911, even China's textbooks called it: strong democratic atmosphere, rising democratic thoughts, democratic constitutionalism in the experiment. In the first year of the Republic of China 19 12, there were 85 new political parties and 22 political organizations in China. The national system of legal coexistence, peaceful competition and separation of powers of various political parties has been basically maintained, and various legal and political schools have spread all over the country. Democratic revolutionaries represented by Song made great achievements in developing party politics and organizing party cabinets through legal struggle.

At that time, the thought of democracy and harmony was not only deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, but also became a symbol of the times, which made the whole society appear a touching political situation that "those who dare to talk about monarchy will be attacked by the people of the whole country." Later, if Yuan Shikai did not rely on the power in his hand to kidnap the soldiers who left the DPRK, murder the Song Dynasty, dissolve the Kuomintang, abolish the National Assembly, respect Confucius and worship heaven, and restore the imperial system, I believe that democratic constitutionalism can be on the right track step by step.

Obviously, the freedom of political thought will inevitably bring the freedom of "news and public opinion". 19 1 1 years later, the emergence of national private newspapers and periodicals is a big landscape for a period of time. Just before July of 19 13, there were more than 500 private newspapers. They take it as their duty to supervise the government, often discuss the gains and losses of current politics, comment on government officials, report the sufferings of the people, dare to criticize and criticize the president around the world, and can correct and help the current abuses in the future. Both national affairs and social news are under their concern and criticism. Totalitarian public opinion was instantly replaced by pluralistic democratic public opinion.

Otherwise, we can't understand that the assassination of Song not only caused public outcry in the whole country, but also persecuted the murderer, which was enough to teach Yuan Shikai what to do. Otherwise, we can't understand why the day when Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor was a "national strike". Yuan Shikai died after being emperor for 83 days. In the final analysis, it is because people have "freedom of the press and speech". Because if there is no freedom of press and speech, the anti-Yuan voice will not shock the whole country, and the initiation and victory of the war to defend the country will be even more unimaginable.

Freedom of politics, thought, news and speech will inevitably bring about the vigorous development of culture. China's New Culture Movement broke out after Xinhai, China's Vernacular Movement succeeded after Xinhai, and China's new literature was "self-washed" by improving literature in the late Qing Dynasty, matured after Xinhai and began to take shape. In addition to consciously shouldering the historical responsibility of ideological and cultural innovation, the fundamental reason is precisely because the Revolution of 1911 opened the era conditions of free development and hard struggle for China at that time. Looking back on the history of China's new literature, we can see that there were no works beyond Xinhai until 1930' s, and this is the inherent reason.

Second, the economic symbol of the new China

It is true that it is the success of the Revolution of 1911, the establishment of the Republic of China and the reunification of the country that completely broke the shackles and oppression of imperial politics and autocratic reform economy on the occurrence and development of free economy, thus fundamentally opening up a broad road for the development of truly free economy. Even the textbook "Modern History of China" said that after the Xinhai, China "reversed the depression of national industry and commerce before the revolution, various industrial groups were established one after another, and various private enterprises appeared in competition". On the basis of the 50-year reform of the Qing government, China's national industry not only achieved a breakthrough development, but also ushered in the first golden age.

The book also said, "From the birth of China folk industry to191year in the 40 years before Xinhai, there were only 700 factories and mines with a capital of over 10,000 yuan, with a total capital of only10.30 billion yuan. However, during the eight years from 19 12 to 19 19, more than 470 factories and mines were built with an investment of nearly 100 million yuan. Together with the expansion of the original enterprise, the newly-increased capital reached10.3 billion yuan, equivalent to the total investment of191/kloc-0 years ago. 19 12 There are about 25 companies with capital exceeding one million yuan, and the number increased to 43 in 19 19, and a number of large companies with capital exceeding12 million yuan appeared in Mao Xin, Fuxin and Shen Xin, which made China's industry backward. At that time, there appeared a national industrial tycoon known as the king of flour and the king of matches. Heavy industries such as steel, coal, transportation and electric power, light industries such as leather, paper making and cigarettes, and finance have all made significant progress. Among them, six steel plants, including Daye Iron Works, were built in 19 14, Longguan (Longyan) Iron Mine Company was built in 19 16, and Shanghai Hexing Iron and Steel Company was built in 19 17. In 19 12, 800,000 tons of coal were mined nationwide, and it increased to 3.3 million tons in19/9. 19 13 coal mining electricity consumption is about 400 to 600, 192 1 year reaches more than 2000. 19 13 was 133230 tons, and it increased to 287592 tons in19/9. 19 13 years, there were 15 banks in China, and the capital114.88 million yuan. By 19 19, the number had increased to 42, and the newly increased capital was102.76 million yuan. ..... Handicraft industry, before Xinhai, manufacturers used wood machines and iron machines to make silk fabrics. In the fourth year of the Republic of China, that is, in 19 15, Wuhua factory installed an electric loom, produced excellent products, and the business was booming ... 19 14 March/5, the All-China Chamber of Commerce was established ...

All of the above indicate the rapid development of China's ethnic and folk industries after the Xinhai, and China's modern free economic form, namely socialized mass production and free market economic system, has rapidly moved from a difficult start-up period to a preliminary formation period. As one of the symbols of the new China, this is natural.

Thirdly, the Revolution of 1911 is the standard to test the modern revolution of China and the modern history of China.

1. The Revolution of 1911 is an important revolutionary standard to test China's modern revolution.

First, judging from the nature of the revolution, the distinctive democratic nature of the Revolution of 1911 distinguishes it from the traditional peasant revolution in China and the Lenin revolution in Russia. Due to the historical essence that the traditional peasant revolution in China can only "establish a new dynasty and restore the old system", it is doomed that any victory of peasant revolution can only establish a "brand-new old China", that is, a "new dynasty" that restores the old autocratic system. At the same time, because the historical essence of the Russian revolution is to rebuild the autocratic system in the name of revolution, Russia is the return of the old tsarist autocratic Russia in the name of revolution. Therefore, as long as the revolution of 1911 is taken as the test standard, we can clearly see the historical essence of the dual restoration nature of the traditional peasant uprising and the Russian production revolution.

Second, judging from the content of the revolution, any revolution that took place in China after the Xinhai Revolution is undoubtedly a democratic revolution as long as it advocates democracy, realizes civil rights, advocates free economy, eliminates power economy, opposes autocracy and dictatorship in any name, and defends and develops the great democratic achievements of the Xinhai Revolution. On the contrary, any "revolution" that denies, opposes, destroys or even overturns the democratic achievements of the Revolution of 1911 is fundamentally the opposite of the democratic revolution.

Thirdly, from the revolutionary task, the historical task of China's democratic revolution before Xinhai was to persist in the democratic revolution and oppose autocratic reform, aiming at creating a democratic republic. 19 1 1 years later, the historical task of China's democratic revolution is to persist in democratic founding and oppose the restoration of autocracy, so that the new China, which is in harmony with * * * *, will not be castrated and subverted by various restoration forces at home and abroad. Therefore, resolutely opposing autocratic reform before the success of the revolution and stubbornly opposing the restoration of autocracy after the success of the revolution is another "express" of the Revolution of 1911 as an important revolutionary test standard. This is of great significance for the people of Chinese mainland to pursue democracy and rebuild harmony.

Therefore, if we lose the test standard of the Revolution of 1911, we will lose the touchstone to test whether various revolutions in China's modern history are democratic or not. If this standard is denied, it is very likely to confuse the different nature of various revolutions, thus causing great confusion in the direction, theory, mode, strength and even the revolutionary process itself of the democratic revolution.

Second, the Revolution of 1911 is an important political standard to test China's modern history.

Because the Revolution of 1911 was a revolution that promoted great historical progress, all social forces and political party groups after the Revolution of 1911 were progressive and revolutionary as long as they protected or developed the great democratic achievements of the Revolution of 1911 and promoted the democratic transition process in China from the victory of the Revolution of 1911. On the other hand, no matter what kind of revolutionary truth it believes in, what kind of revolutionary passion it has, what kind of revolutionary magic weapon it has, and what kind of revolutionary success it has, as long as it denies democracy, forcibly tyrannizes, and even restores our motherland to a more authoritarian and corrupt position than the Manchu dynasty, it can only be a real retrogression. Obviously, it is on such a fundamental issue as "whoever makes progress will go backwards" that the Revolution of 1911 became an important political standard to test the development of China's modern history.

It must be pointed out that the Revolution of 1911 drew a clear historical boundary between old and new China and opened a new era of China's historical development. Therefore, the Revolution of 1911 will inevitably become a "watershed" to divide China's modern history and modern history.

Today, we reflect on the modern history of China, and take the glorious191year when the Revolution of 1911 broke out and won as the starting point of our modern history, which is not only an academic clarification of history, but also related to our historical pursuit of the future of the motherland. Therefore, this is a major historical issue that we must take seriously.

Fourthly, the Revolution of 1911 explained the historical responsibility of "protecting the country and protecting the law"

Although the Revolution of 1911 was the successful result of Sun Yat-sen's long-term struggle to launch the national revolution in China, it admitted the historical responsibility of "protecting the country and protecting the law". The so-called national protection is to protect the new China-the new national unity of the Republic of China from subversion; The so-called protector is to protect the new China-the Republic of China's * * * and legal system, not castration. The so-called defense against Yuan is to oppose Yuan Shikai's subversion of the restoration of monarchy in the Republic of China. The so-called anti-Beiyang protection means opposing Beiyang warlords to castrate the Republic of China and the legal system under the new national reunification of the Republic of China; The so-called "exterminating the rebellion of the old and new warlords is the continuation of protecting the law" means that after the success of the Northern Expedition and the reunification of the Republic of China, the essence of the rebellion of the old and new warlords is to continue to castrate the Republic of China and the legal system;

Therefore, protecting or opposing the country, protecting or opposing the law, defending and building China, or castrating and subverting China have become two extremely important historical tasks explained by the Revolution of 1911. It can be said that the history of more than 80 years since 1911 is not only the history of various international and domestic forces aimed at subverting China's brand-new national unity and legal system, but also the triumph, failure, difficulty and even tragic course of China people's ambition to defend China's brand-new national unity and legal system. Moreover, the great and arduous historical task of protecting the country and protecting the law is not only before the people of China, but also unavoidable for everyone in China.