The Artistic Features of Guangdong Han Music

Guangdong Chinese music scene has preserved more than 600 excellent traditional songs with different artistic conception, different forms and colorful playing forms. China military music and Sixian music are the main components of China music. Zhong Junban's music is folk music that plays ritual music. Before liberation, Zhong Junban artists were mostly professional or semi-professional, employed by the people and engaged in weddings, funerals and festive activities. Sometimes, different "flute halls" (Zhong Junban artists' groups) also come to Taiwan to compete, so they have a broad mass base. In this concert, we can enjoy the representative work of China's military music-"Marry a Good Lang", which is a suona and band music played by a woman when she got married. Sixian music is the most common form of folk performance. The commonly used musical instruments are Touxian, Shengsheng, Violin, dulcimer, Sanxian, chamber pot and Pipa. In this concert, we can enjoy different stringed instruments, including the best stringed instruments, China tune music called Confucian music.

Classification and Performance Forms of Guangdong Chinese Music According to the traditional performance forms, long-term evolving performance habits and different uses of Guangdong Chinese music, Guangdong Chinese music is divided into five categories. One is silk string, commonly known as chord. It is the most popular and popular performance form in Guangdong Han music. When playing, the first string (commonly known as hanging gauge) or violin is used to play with dulcimer, pipa, sanxian, flute, coconut tree and other musical instruments. There are many musical works of Sixian, including 430 by China. The second is pure music, also called Confucian music. It pursues a more elegant form of performance, which is often the activity of literati. There are few musical instruments when playing, mainly including: guzheng, pipa, coconut tree, flute and so on. Le Qing has 56 tracks. Third, China's big gongs and drums, also called octaves. It is mainly engaged in traditional Hakka festivals, such as folk games to greet the gods or Lantern Festival. Suona is mainly played, and percussion instruments are: drums, Su gongs, large cymbals, small cymbals, bowl gongs, brass gongs, golden gongs, small gongs and horse gongs (eight tones).

There are only 23 kinds of China music gongs and drums in China Music Library. Fourth, China Military Music Class: historically, it was a professional or semi-professional folk music class and club. As a ceremonial band, it is mainly used for folk weddings, funerals and festive activities. It takes suona as the main instrument, with percussion instruments and some silk strings, which is second only to silk strings in China's music repertoire, with a total of 62 pieces. Zhong Junban's music performance pays more attention to forms and occasions, so it is divided into ritual music (such as Noisy Flower Hall and Emperor Chao), sacrificial music (such as Da Le and Song Songqu), joy (such as Marrying a Good Man and Jade Beauty) and tapping board music (such as Jiangxi Tune and Acacia). Fifth, temple music, which is a percussion instrument played by monks in religious ceremonies. There are 365,438+0 pieces of such music, mainly suona, supplemented by percussion instruments and some silk strings. The performance of temple fair music pays attention to the object of doing things. If the centenarian dies, the track played is "Emperor of Korea"; People who don't live long die and play "crying for land"; When most people die, they will play the following songs: Pu 'an Mantra, Wugengfo, Dajiang, Mourning Tears, Crying for Acacia and so on. The universal repertoire of funerals is Buddhist music. 1. Melody categories and title features have always been divided into "major" and "string" and "qingqu" in Guangdong Han music. "Major" refers to music with a length of 68 boards, which belongs to the 68-board system. "Cross-tune" refers to the cut music used in China traditional opera music (Han opera) to match the plot and stage performance, and to render and contrast the stage atmosphere. The length of cross-music varies from dozens of boards to dozens of boards.

Because Guangdong Han music basically belongs to folk instrumental music with titles, in many major music, the artistic conception and emotion of music are expressed through titles, which reflect certain ideological content and interest, such as Water Lotus, Zhao Jun's Complaints, Cliff Mountain Mourning and Nostalgia. However, although some pieces of music have titles, they also express certain emotions, but they don't express specific musical images, such as "entering the palace in the south" and "entering the palace in the north". Some only explain the origin and source of music, or briefly explain some characteristics and uses of their music, such as "Single Nod" and "Random Flower Arrangement". As Qupai music, although some music is marked with the title, the emotion expressed by music is not necessarily related to the title, but only as a symbol of a tune.

2. Scale mode and characteristic tone Guangdong Chinese music can basically be divided into two scale modes. One is to use the pentatonic scale of 56 123 as the backbone tone, and add four octaves as decorative auxiliary tones to form a heptatonic tone. It is often called "hard set" or "hard line" music in Guangdong Chinese music, which is basically the same as the "light 36" sound in Chaozhou music and the "yang line" sound in Guangdong music, and is the basis of Guangdong Chinese music scale. The other is to use five tones of 57 124 as the backbone tone and two partials of 6 3 as decorative auxiliary tones to form a seven-tone tone with characteristic tones. Among them, in the trisyllabic series of 6 71and 3 4 5, the pitch of 7 4 is similar to an intermediate tone, usually called "characteristic sound" or "light tone", and 7 4 constitutes a pure fifth interval. It is often called "soft cover" or "soft cable" music in Guangdong Han music. It is basically the same as the "heavy 36" tone in Chaozhou music and the "B-mode tone" in Cantonese music, and it is a distinctive scale of Guangdong Han music tune style. Because there are two different scale combinations in Guangdong Han music, two different styles and charms of music, "soft line" and "hard line", are formed in Guangdong Han music. The melody style of "soft line" music is deep and sad, while that of "hard line" music is lively and positive. In the long-term performance practice, there is still the characteristic of mutual conversion between "soft line" and "hard line" music. In other words, six 3s in "hard wire" music are converted into seven 4s respectively, which is "soft wire" music. On the contrary, seven 4s in "soft line" music are converted into six 3s respectively, which is "hard line" music. This feature of mutual conversion through five tones is the same as the conversion of "light six" and "heavy six" tunes in Chaozhou music and "happy tone" and "bitter tone" in Shaanxi Qin opera. It is not difficult to see that Guangdong Chinese music is closely related to the traditional music of the Central Plains, whether it is modal scales or characteristic sounds.

3. The characteristics of divertimento ensemble and variation Guangdong Han music belongs to Qupai music, which is divertimento structure or Qupai couplet structure. In traditional performance, some variations from Adagio to Allegro are the same piece of music, while some variations from Adagio to Allegro are the ensemble of another piece of music, that is, the divertimento form. In addition, there are several pieces of music in the same palace system, which form the form of divertimento ensemble and form a combined structure. When playing, you should play adagio, adagio and allegro in turn, but all of them should be strictly "in the same palace" to achieve the unity of mode and tonality. Generally, the soft line is followed by the soft line music, and the hard line music is followed by the hard line music. According to the traditional playing habits, for example, Water Lotus is followed by Zhaojun Powder and Elegance as divertimento, and Jade Chain is followed by Tripping Horse Rope and Landing Money as divertimento. Because Guangdong Han music comes from the folk, it has the characteristics of improvisation. Players often play freely according to the characteristics of different musical instruments according to the "key" (that is, the score of the main theme), thus forming different styles and genres. Guangdong Hanle's stringed instruments include headstrings, kettles and coconuts. Because the musical instruments have different ranges and ranges, they have the same pitch but different chords when playing. The lead player plays with the "front finger" (5 2 strings), while other stringed instruments play with the "back finger" (15 strings or 2 6 strings), forming different modulation.

In addition, when different kinds of musical instruments form an ensemble, due to the differences in performance characteristics and techniques, not only the timbre is contrasted, but also the trend of tunes and the use of rhythm patterns are varied, thus having the variation characteristics of polyphonic factors. Traditional Musical Instruments of Guangdong Hanle The traditional musical instruments of Guangdong Hanle are mainly divided into two categories: Lewen and Wu Le.

Literature and music

(1) Headstring, alias hanging gauge. The barrel and pole are all made of wood. Use two steel wire strings, thick inside and thin outside, with a pitch difference of 4 degrees. Use a common ponytail bow. The bow is pulled horizontally, and generally only one handle is used. It is the leading instrument in ensemble performance and one of the characteristics of Guangdong folk music.

(2) carry a pot. The external structure is similar to that of Gao Hu, Guangdong, with a slightly larger tube and a slightly longer rod. Tune 5-2 with 2 steel wire strings, G. There is a flat pull between the knees, and a long bow is used when playing; When you are fast, you should use a long bow to close your fingers, or combine the long and short bows without breaking the bow. The timbre is delicate and vigorous. Generally speaking, there are three or four handles in a teapot, which has a wide range and strong expressive force and can be cited or solo.

(3) Coconut Hu, also called Hu Xian, also called Fu Xian. The tube is made of coconut shell inlaid with fine wood, and the rod is made of wood. No hardwood, 80 cm long. The second chord, made of beef tendon, is slightly thicker than the first chord. The fixed chord is opposite to the first chord. G is set to 1-5 or 2-6, and some are set to 3-6. Coconut is the auxiliary string.

④ Bass whiskers, wood. The cylinder surface is 30 cm wide, about 25 cm high and 27 cm long. 2 beef tendon strings with ponytail bow. The tuning is 3-4 degrees lower than that of coconut trees, and the G key is 5-2. In combination performance, words are cut without flowers, the tonic is highlighted, and the bass notes are emphasized.

(5) The flute, also called "horizontal product", is made of bamboo. It is the main wind instrument, usually as a lead singer or solo. In the combination performance, it is required to be round and coherent, not to spit out sounds, and rarely to use fingering, so as to strive for overall harmony. When it is fast, it can be lowered or played according to the tone, and the processing is flexible.

(6) Dong Xiao is made of bamboo. The difference from the flute is that, on the one hand, it doesn't need bamboo membrane, and on the other hand, it plays directly through bamboo holes, with deep and vigorous pronunciation. Often with pipa and guzheng ensemble, or solo.

(7) Suona (called "flute" by Hakkas) is the main instrument of folk percussion instruments. It is divided into three parts: nozzle, tube and sound wave. The nozzle is made of copper, and the reed whistle enters the pipe end; The tube is made of wood and the sound wave is made of copper. There are three kinds of traditional suona, and the largest one is called "WuGuan", which is made of "Duck Foot Tree" or "No Tree in Sha Tong". 2-3 degrees lower than China suona without sound waves, used as bass melody accompaniment; The middle one is the middle suona, the most commonly used suona played with reed flute, with bright and generous pronunciation and pleasant jade quality; The little one is the little suona, also called Haidi, commonly known as "Mao Di". It is one-third shorter than China suona, with the same shape, using straw whistle, and the pronunciation is crisp. The full flat blowing is 3-4 degrees higher than China suona. The middle suona and the small suona belong to the lead and solo wind instruments.

(8) Moon strings, wood. The plate is round, with a diameter of about 30 cm and a chord and axis length of about 25 cm. There are three chord axes, two identical chords are used for the outer chord, and 1 chord is used for the inner chord. Before using dulcimer, the position of the moon string is very important, which is called piano gall. After the dulcimer was adopted, the moon string took a back seat.

(9) Sanxian. Traditionally, it is a small three-stringed instrument. The Qin drum is 8 cm wide, 14 cm long and 6 cm thick. Its surface and bottom are all wrapped in snake skin, forming an ellipse outside. The total length of chords is 60-70 cm, and there are three chords: large, medium and small. It is characterized by clear voice and strong penetration.

(10) dulcimer, also known as dulcimer. It was used at the end of 19. In the past, the end of the mallet bamboo used was thin, soft and elastic, and it was called "soft mallet bamboo". Use "hard mallet bamboo" more. Dulcimer plays an important role in the performance of Guangdong Chinese music group.

(1 1) In the 1960s, the traditional four-phase twelve-tone pipa began to change to twelve-tone rhythm, and the strings were also changed from silk strings to metal strings. Fingering is mainly to play, pick, hook, rub, wheel and roll. Pipa plays an important role in combination performance, with strong timbre and expressive force, but its volume is not as good as that of dulcimer.

(12) According to historical records, the Zheng has a history of more than 2,300 years, so it is often called "Guzheng". Zheng is a musical instrument with one string, one column, many strings and many columns. The body of the Zheng is long, the face plate is curved, the bottom plate is straight, and there are two sound holes. The bottom plate of the face plate is made of paulownia wood. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, 16 string was used. Nowadays, 18 string, 2 1 string or even 25 strings are mostly used. Tune the strings in pentatonic steps. The traditional fingering is that the right hand refers to playing the string with fake nails and the left hand presses the tone. Zheng is an elegant musical instrument in Guangdong Han music. It is often played alone or in ensemble with pipa, coconut tree and flute. Others such as sheng, trumpet, guqin, etc. Either it has been lost, or it is no longer used or rarely used.

Wu Le class

(1) front plate ① structure: pear wood, rectangular, about 16 cm long, about 8 cm wide and about 4 cm high; The interior is hollow and has an opening near the upper side; Put it flat on the left side of the drum stand and hit it with a small drumstick to pronounce "each", also called "each board" The other piece is a pear board with a length of 24 cm and a width of 6 cm. Two pieces are slightly thin and tight, and the other piece is slightly thick. Both of them are loosely tied to one side with red ribbon (cloth), and they are called "three boards" or "rocking boards". They are held in the left hand, and the palms and fingers are separated, shaking and knocking. (2) Tone: "Ge" and "Shell" are old and wide. ③ Usage: Fall on the strong racket and hit it evenly.

(2) Auxiliary plates and drums. ① Structure: The auxiliary board has the same structure as "each board", slightly smaller, and lies flat on the right side of the main board. Drum is round, with big feet and small top, hard wood, hollow inside and leather appearance; There are also ordinary people. (2) Sound: "De" or "Da", pronounced "La Da Da" continuously, is sharper and clearer than the pronunciation. Usage: The auxiliary board plays the same role as the drum, and falls on the weak beat, which is called "eye". Strike at will, which can be used as a boundary.

3 drums, also known as war drums. ① Structure: wooden body, round and hollow, with upper and lower leather. The top surface diameter is 12 cm, the bottom surface diameter is about 9 cm, and the body is slightly convex and oval. ② Sound: "Du", and read "Lu" repeatedly. Usage: The music in China military class is versatile, and the front and rear boards can be replaced.

(4) Drum and drum. ① Structure: The structure of the big drum is ten times as big as that of the small drum. The surface of the drum is 70 to 100 cm. The diameter of the drum surface is about 30 cm, and the bottom of the drum surface is the same, with different shapes such as flat or oval. ② Sound: "Knock, knock" and repeat "Knock, knock" continuously. Usage: Folk gongs and drums are commonly used, and China military music is also commonly used, which is mostly used for lively scenes with strong atmosphere.

(5) Stefanie. ① Structure: made of copper, if it is small cup-shaped, the bottom tip is round, high and wide, with a diameter of about 3 cm; There are ears at the bottom, which are hung on a small bamboo pole of 10 cm and hit with a small iron column. ② Sound: "Ding", clear, with lingering sound. Usage: Sixian music is multi-purpose, and it can add color when it falls on the strong beat.

(6) cymbal ① structure: copper, round, with the center protruding outward as an ear. The diameter is about 16 cm. ***2 pieces, touching each other. ② Sound: "Seven" and "Qi". When touching, it is a crisp sound, and if it is not separated or half-separated, it is a bad sound, a dull sound, depending on the plot. ③ Usage: It usually falls on the board (the strongest beat in each bar). Small gongs, cymbals, copper and gold make up a set of gongs and drums.

(7) cymbals. ① Structure: made of copper, with the same shape as cymbal, but more than twice as large as cymbal, with a diameter of about 33 cm. (2) Sound: "Hairpin" (clear sound) and "Ze" (harsh sound, low voice). Usage: it falls on the strong beat, sometimes both the strong beat and the weak beat are played, and the sound vibrates when playing. The cymbals and gongs form a set of gongs and drums, which are indispensable main percussion instruments.

(8) Bowl gongs. Also called gong. ① Structure: made of copper. If the small bowl is large and flat, there are two small holes on the side lip to string the ear band, hold it in the palm of the left hand, and pronounce it with a hard bamboo board with a length of 10 cm or more. ② Sound: "Dang", clear and charming. Usage: it is mostly used for playing music, and it is more flexible to type according to phrases.

(9) when the key. ① Structure: copper, the size of a bowl gong, slightly thin, with a flat lip outside and four small holes on the lip, which are used to hang it on a wooden frame in series to make it hang. Tap with Miao bamboo sticks (such as chopsticks) whose ends are bent into a semi-D shape. 2 sounds: "point". ③ Usage: Apply to acupoints and eyes, stroke by stroke, and pat evenly. Dangdian is a special percussion instrument for military music in China, and it is also a unique feature of military music in China, such as "tapping the board".

(10) Rome. ① Structure: made of copper, ten times as large as a bowl gong, with a diameter of about 40 cm and a hammer length of 16 cm. 2 voice: "Kuang" is rough and lively. Usage: it is mostly used for folk gongs and drums, which is convenient for parades.

(1 1) Xiao Gong. ① Structure: shaped like a bowl gong, with a slightly shorter side ratio and a slightly convex surface, with a diameter of about18cm; Hit with a 16 cm long hard bamboo board, or hit in the air with your hands. ② Sound: "heap", "throw" and "thunder". Read "Thunder Team" continuously. Usage: The gongs and drums of the two systems, the small gong cymbals and the big gong cymbals, all use the small gong, and the small gong is the representative of the drum board.

(12) copper and gold. Also known as milk gong. ① Structure: copper, round, slightly smaller than a horse gong, with a raised center, and struck with a mallet (wrapped with cloth or white cotton belt). (2) Sound: "steel", with a long lingering sound, like water waves throwing stones at a pond. Usage: It is mostly used in gongs and drums with small gongs and cymbals. It falls on a powerful beat, like a big gong.

(13) big gong. Also known as the great Su Gong. ① Structure: made of copper. It is shaped like a small gong with a diameter of 90 to 100 cm. Hang it on a frame and hit it with wood (wrapped in white cloth) with a length of 18 cm. ② Sound: "hole" and "condition". Wen Ya's voice is honest and beautiful. This is the characteristic of percussion instruments of Guangdong Han music and Han opera music. Usage: Sometimes the cymbals are struck at the same time, sometimes they are relatively interchangeable, and sometimes the cymbals are double gongs or single gongs, which is an important percussion instrument.

Song title

Guangdong is rich in China music. According to the compiled and published Music Collection of China in Guangdong Province, * * has 6 12 tracks, including 430 Sixian, 56 Qingqu, 23 China music gongs and drums, 62 China military music and 3 1 first temple music. Representative tracks include string music A Little Tail, Jade Mountain Slope, Four Clothes, Suona Music, Putian Music and Yu Lian, while temple music includes A Book and Fish in the Water. Some of the music comes from the court music of the Central Plains and ancient music, and retains the court music method of the Tang Dynasty, such as China military music "Da Le" and Sixian music "South Entering the Palace". Guangdong's Chinese music is very popular with hundreds of schools. For example, Yuqiao Q&A is evolved or imitated from guqin music, while flower arrangement is transformed from folk songs. Victory Order is a drama.

1. Sixian: Chunle, Baijiachun, Chunxian, Entering the Palace in the South, Entering the Palace in the North, Pipa Ci, Nostalgia, Jade Boat, Pinghu.

2. Le Qing: Lotus Out of the Water, The West Chamber, Your Legend, Night Rain and Banana Window, Hirayama Qu, Pick the Curtain, High Mountain and Running Water.

3. China Music Drum: Lantern Festival, Opening the Door, icing on the cake, Welcome, Victory Order, He Taiping.

4. Music category: Flower Court, Marrying a Good Lang, Jade Beauty, Flower Watching, selling groceries, Hua Gutiao, After-dinner and Double Boat.

5. Temple music: worshiping the emperor, crying for heaven, five views of Buddha, the holy city of Buddhism, Pu 'an mantra, weeping for tears, crying for acacia, and great rivers.

Dapu county participated in the 2005 Guangdong International Tourism and Culture Festival-Lingnan Folk Art Exhibition and won the gold and silver awards.

Dapu county Cultural Center organized two folk art performances, Guangdong Hanle and Garland Dragon. A group of 69 people went to Guangzhou to participate in the "2005 Guangdong International Tourism and Culture Festival-Lingnan Folk Art Exhibition" on October 25th, 2005, and stayed in Guangzhou for three days from October 26th to 28th, 2005. Selected by the expert group organized by the Organizing Committee of Guangdong International Tourism and Culture Festival, dapu county's performances: Guangdong Hanle Spring Festival won the gold medal, and the garland dragon performance won the silver prize.

Relevant leaders of the Ministry of Culture, the provincial party committee and the provincial government watched the performance on the spot. Forty-eight Chinese and foreign news media reported live. The award ceremony was held in Guangzhou Pearl River Hotel.

Genetic pedigree

The inheritance of Guangdong Han music is based on musical instrument performance skills, and most musicians can play a variety of musical instruments. Therefore, the inheritance of Guangdong Han music has diversity, that is, family inheritance, mentoring inheritance and social inheritance blend with each other. Due to the long history of Guangdong Han music activities in Tai Po, it is difficult to verify the inheritance before the Qing Dynasty. Now, according to the data we obtained through the census, as well as the documents and local chronicles we searched, we comprehensively analyzed and verified its inheritance pedigree as follows.

(a) Directing succession

1, Lantian (Suona) generation name, gender, date of birth, mode of inheritance of education, time of study, place of residence, 1 to 6 generations, unknown male, unknown male, 7th generation, Shuangxi Town, 1890, no famous teacher biography, etc. The name, gender, date of birth, mode of inheritance of educational level, time of study, address of residence of Jayang Rao Tuosheng (Touxian, Guzheng, Sanxian, Flute and dulcimer), the first generation of Rao Tuosheng male 1884, and the second generation of Luo Jiuxiang male 190 1 year. 9265438 Detailed Teacher Biography 1922 Luonan of Chayang Town 1920 Unknown Teacher Biography 194 1 Year College Teacher Biography 1947 Guangdong Xinghai Conservatory of Music Luo Zengliang Male 1936 High School Teacher Biography/Kloc-936 6 years Liu Chuan 4th generation Guangdong Xinghai Conservatory of Music male biography junior high school 1959, 1979 town 3, Luo Niande (suona) generation name, sex, date of birth, education level inheritance way, learning time, place of residence address 1st generation Luo Niande male 1890 No famous teacher biography 2nd generation Yu Dunchang male 1 920 primary school teacher biography of the third generation Yang Nan in Wumingma Town 654385438+0979 Changzhi Town 4. Name and gender of Chayangrao (mentioning household) generation, date of birth, mode of education inheritance, time of study, place of residence and address of the first generation Rao Nan 1905 Unknown teacher biography of the second generation Luo Liannan in Chayang Town19 Middle school teacher biography of Unknown Town No. 1989 second biography in junior high school 1979 Julio town 5. Qing Xi Fan Sixiang (Gu Si) generation name, gender, date of birth, mode of inheritance of educational level, study time and residence address. The first generation of Fan Nan is unknown. Fan Sixiang, the second generation in Qingxi Town, is unknown. Primary school father unknown. Fan Shenghua, the third generation of Qingxi Town, is unknown. At the beginning of 1945, the biography of junior high school was 65438+.

1, hemp Yu (suona) generation name, sex, date of birth, education level, school time and address, the first generation Yu Nan 1895, unknown, unknown, unknown, the second generation Yu Dunchang, male 1920, the third generation Yu Nan 1965, the father of high school, the childhood marijuana town, 2, Feng Wei. Time of study and place of residence First generation Luo Diaomo male 190 1 year unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Town Second generation Luo Zengyou male 1942 Secondary school father inherits childhood town Third generation Xiao male 19 1 year college father inherits childhood town.