Production and operation history of the factory?

As a discipline, production and operation management has experienced nearly a hundred years' history, and it is still a relatively new field, but the production system has existed since ancient times, and the development process is indeed tortuous. The modern factory system in the true sense appeared during the industrial revolution. In the history of more than 200 years, many theorists and practitioners have made great contributions to the development of production and management. The development history of production operation management can be divided into three stages according to different systems, namely, laissez-faire management stage, scientific management stage and modern management stage, and these three stages can be called the initial stage, systematic stage and modernization stage of production operation management according to different time.

(A) the initial development of production and operation management

This stage started from the second half of18th century and ended at the end of19th century, which was the initial stage of the first industrial revolution in the west. At that time, handicraft industry developed from individual production to manual workshop, and machines were introduced into production, so management appeared. During this period, Adam Smith, El Whitney and Charlie Babbage made outstanding contributions to the production and management. Adam Smith was the first classical economist to study production economics. 1776, he systematically expounded the theory of division of labor in his classic book The Wealth of Nations. After analyzing a large number of survey data, he pointed out that division of labor can greatly improve labor productivity. He put forward several advantages of division of labor:

1 division of labor can make workers repeat individual operations, thus improving the proficiency of labor and gradually improving labor efficiency;

Division of labor can reduce the time lost by exchanging jobs;

Division of labor can simplify labor, make workers focus on a specific object, and is conducive to the creation of new tools and the improvement of equipment.

Adam Smith's theory of division of labor laid the main theoretical foundation for the formation of production management.

El Whitney pioneered the standardization and effective quality management of parts and contributed to the early popularization of interchangeable parts. Charles Babbage developed Adam Smith's theory in On Machine Economy and Manufacturing. He agrees with Adam Smith's theory that division of labor can improve labor productivity, and points out that among the three benefits of division of labor put forward by Adam Smith, the benefit that division of labor can reduce wages is ignored. In addition, he also put forward the system of salary plus profit sharing, and expounded in detail the specialized division of labor, the use of machines and tools, time research, mass production, balanced production and cost recording. Although the theory of production operation management at this stage is not comprehensive enough to form a special subject, it is very important to promote production.

And it has a far-reaching impact on the emergence and development of scientific management theory in the future. List of production, operation and management matters in this period177617901832.

Symbolic Event Division of Labor Parts Interchangeability Adams Mill Whitney Charles Babbage, founder of Mechanical and Manufacturing Economics.

(B) the systematic development of production and operation management

By the end of 19, due to the improvement of production technology, the development of raw tea scale and the increasing expansion of capital, the management function of enterprises was gradually separated from the ownership of capital, and the management function was entrusted by capitalists to a special management organization composed of various managers. Since then, special management courses have appeared, and management has become a subject that some people specialize in. This period lasted from the end of 19 to the 1940s, with Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. Gilbress, Gant and Ford as the representatives. Frederick taylor is one of the most outstanding historical figures in the history of production management. He published the book Principles of Scientific Management in 19 1 1, which was the earliest book to systematically study operation management. He put forward three main points in this book.

The first point is put forward in the introduction of the book On Scientific Management. "The main goal of management should be to maximize the wealth of employers and maximize the wealth of each employee."

The second point is that the important means to achieve the highest efficiency is to replace the old experience management with scientific management methods. In this book, he put forward three reasons for low labor productivity:

1 It has been widely spread among workers since prehistoric times: in business, if the output of each person or machine increases, a large number of workers will eventually lose their jobs.

Usually, the imperfect management system is implemented, which makes every worker have to "muddle along" in order to safeguard his best interests.

The low productivity method of acting only by experience has caused our workers to waste a lot of labor.

Third, the core issue of implementing scientific management is to require both managers and workers to make a thorough change in spirit and thought. To solve these problems, Taylor put forward four new tasks that managers should undertake:

1 puts forward a scientific method for workers to operate every movement to replace the method that was done only by experience in the past.

Choose workers scientifically, educate them and make them grow into talents, instead of letting workers choose their own jobs and cultivate themselves as much as possible, as in the past.

Work closely with workers to ensure that all work is carried out in accordance with established scientific principles. The work and responsibilities of managers and workers are equally distributed.

Taylor's reform constitutes the basic component of scientific management theory. Practice has proved that this reform has achieved good results and the production efficiency has been generally improved. During this period, there was a famous French management master, Henri henri fayol, whose research focused on the rationalization of organizational structure and management principles. He pointed out six functions of enterprise management, namely, technical function, management function, financial function, safety function, accounting function and management function. At the same time, it also puts forward fourteen principles that managers need to solve, namely, division of labor, power and responsibility, discipline, unified command and leadership, individual employees should obey the whole, personnel remuneration should be fair, centralized, equal chain, order, equality, personnel stability, initiative and collective spirit. Fa Yueer's contribution is brand-new in the whole management field, and his theory also laid the foundation for the development of management theory in the future.

(C) the modernization of production and management

From the 1940s to the present, especially in the 1950s and 1970s, great changes have taken place in the world economy and politics, science and technology have developed rapidly, and the scale of enterprises has gradually expanded, which has accelerated the process of internationalization of enterprise management. Due to the development of science and technology and the improvement of production automation, management

The work is gradually refined. These changes determine the necessity for enterprises to adopt more advanced management means and methods in the field of production management. 2/kloc-0 At the beginning of the century, the world has also entered a new stage of development, that is, the era of knowledge economy. It can be said that the production, operation and management of this period has made unprecedented development.

During this period, American management experts W·E· Deming and J·M· Zhu Lan made outstanding contributions to the development of operation management. They spread the idea of statistical quality control technology and workers' participation in quality management improvement to Japan. On this basis, Japanese enterprises have created a total quality management system (TQC). At the same time, during this period, with the application of computers, the production management information system was gradually upgraded to "computer integrated manufacturing", which is of epoch-making significance in the development of production operation management.

With the application of computers and the development trend of globalization, the famous American management scientist R. schoenberg has created a world-class manufacturing model, which has four main characteristics:

1, defect-free total quality management;

2.JIT production mode;

3. Fully authorize workers to manage independently;

4. A highly flexible creative system that meets the requirements of society and consumers.

Second, the development status and trend of production and operation management

As a discipline, production operation management is developing continuously. In the above development process, several obvious changes have taken place in production operation management. Today, with the continuous development of economy and society, production, operation and management are constantly facing new challenges and opportunities. Facing the new development trend, we should firmly grasp the skills and always ensure the good and latest development of production and operation.

(A) the changes in modern production and management experience are as follows

1, the transition from cost efficiency to value creation;

2. The transition from mass manufacturing to agile customized production;

3. In order to improve performance, functional specialization has changed to systematic development;

(B) the new environment faced by modern production and operation management

1, product upgrading is accelerated;

2. User needs tend to be diversified;

3. The market competition is increasingly fierce;

(C) the development trend of modern production and operation management

1. The research scope of production operation management has expanded from traditional manufacturing to non-manufacturing.

2. The content of production operation management is not limited to the traditional manufacturing process, but extends to the formulation of production strategy, the selection and design of production system, and the whole process of product development, manufacturing and service.

3. Pay attention to improving the flexibility of the production system to meet the requirements of multi-variety small and medium-sized batch production.

4. Mathematical methods, statistical methods, computer simulation and other modern management science are widely used.

5, the use of computer integrated system, production and operation, marketing, financial management and other economic activities closely linked to achieve the integration of production and operation, improve the overall efficiency of enterprises.