How to understand the nature, position and development trend of rural central community in rural governance

The situation and development of rural communities are of great significance to the social and economic development of China. However, compared with the traditional rural community, the rural community we are discussing today has undergone great changes in its connotation. Our definition of rural community today is to reflect the basic functions of rural communities, to reveal the differences and connections between urban and rural communities, and to reflect the requirements of rural urbanization and industrialization under the conditions of market economy. Therefore, the rural community should be defined as a certain type of community with a small town as the center and its own hinterland, which has a certain interactive relationship and cultural cohesion and carries out social activities. This is more in line with the reality of rural communities in China. However, it is worth noting that the rural communities in China at this stage have the following characteristics besides the general community characteristics, that is, the rural communities in China are basically opposed to administrative institutions, and there are few natural communities. Administrative community is the main type of agricultural community, which is conducive to the coordinated implementation of a national policy by various government actions and can mobilize the forces of all sectors of society. However, weak autonomy, weak cohesion, residents' identity psychology, weak concept of rights and obligations, traditional morality and customs are the main means of social control, which are the insurmountable weaknesses of rural communities in China.

The so-called rural community development means that rural community residents and government agencies work together to improve the economic, social, cultural, educational and welfare conditions of the community, and gradually realize the rational allocation of population, resources and various production factors within the community, thus promoting the sustainable development and all-round progress of the rural community. After the reform and opening up, China has gradually changed from a planned economy system to a market economy system, which has made rural communities full of vitality and presented some new characteristics and functions in community development.

1. The community structure system is moving from closed to open. Before the reform and opening-up, rural communities were linked by blood relationship and had a simple social structure. The combination of consanguinity is the center of rural relations. Socialization and class differentiation are low, so there are few classes and many primary groups, and the structural relationship between social organizations is relatively loose. Unlike urban communities with high differentiation, secondary groups are the mainstream of social groups. The concrete manifestations are as follows: first, there are no bureaucratic organizations everywhere in urban communities in rural communities, and the units engaged in agricultural production activities are mainly families; Second, the occupational structure is relatively simple, most of them are mainly agriculture, and only a few people are engaged in handicrafts, commerce, service industries and so on; Third, the social relations in rural communities are more community-based than community-based. The traditional dual social structure of urban and rural areas in China restricts the adjustment of rural community structure. After the rural economic reform, the wave of market economy has impacted the social relations based on blood relationship and small-scale peasant economy formed for thousands of years. The traditional closed rural society has changed to a modern industrial society, and the community structure of pastoral farming villages has begun to differentiate. In the rural areas with rapid economic development, a unique industrial structure with complete industries, agriculture, commerce, construction, transportation and service industries and a unique open community structure have been formed.

2. Working population groups are often different due to homogenization. Before the reform and opening up, rural community residents tended to be homogeneous in both internal psychology and external performance, while urban residents tended to be heterogeneous. In addition, the rural economy is backward, the educational resources are scarce, and the educational opportunities of community residents and urban residents are unequal, which leads to the cultural quality of rural community residents is generally lower than that of urban residents. After the reform and opening up, the establishment of market economy system promoted the formation and development of rural household management system, which made great changes in community labor organizations, farmers' means of production, distribution of labor products, community residents' ideas, cultural quality, family functions and industrial structure. As a result, farmers began to divide and diversified occupational types appeared. For a long time, with the changes of rural society in China, the homogeneous working population in rural communities has gradually differentiated into heterogeneous working population in all walks of life. With the mobility and differentiation of the working population, many farmers have become relatively free social mobile groups that are not attached to the land, thus changing the original rigid social relationship structure, making the rural society characterized by diversity and complexity, which is conducive to the adjustment of the whole social structure.

3. Community economic activities tend to change from simple to complex. Rural reform has brought two direct results. One is the great development of rural community productivity, which is embodied in the substantial growth of agricultural products such as grain, cotton and oil. One is that the rural community population has got rid of the dependence on land for thousands of years, and the agricultural labor force has been liberated unprecedentedly, which is manifested in the emergence of a large number of surplus agricultural labor forces and the relatively free flow of labor factors, which has accelerated the transfer of farmers to urban and rural secondary and tertiary industries. Commodity economy has gradually replaced the traditional natural economy, brought about the non-agricultural trend of rural economy and the development of township enterprises, and broke through the closed production pattern of the old rural economy. In the market economy, social division of labor is the basis of the rapid development of commodity economy, and the production of each product needs to be completed by a special department. The finer the division of labor, the higher the socialization of production, the more it can reflect the scale benefits of products, and the more frequent economic ties inside and outside the community. The urban development of township enterprises, private enterprises and individual businesses provides new carriers for farmers who leave the land, thus liberating farmers from simple planting economic activities and moving towards a broader production and living space of agriculture, industry and commerce.

4. Community organizations tend to benefit from administrative ownership. Under the condition of market economy, the economic, political and social organizations under the original planned economy, driven by interests, are increasingly differentiated and specialized in functions, and begin to reorganize the structural relationship with administrative organizations, including changes in rural organizations, that is, the importance of primary relationships (such as blood ties or geographical groups) is declining, while the importance of secondary relationships (such as formal organizations, government agencies and commercial companies with the same interests) is gradually increasing. Community organizations are not completely attached to the administrative departments. Because of the differentiation and concretization of interests, a network of interest relations between different organizations and levels has been formed. The position and role of villagers' autonomy in the management and development of rural communities are becoming more and more obvious. Social relations tend to be oriented from rural areas to cities, and the movement of social organizations from simple administrative subordination to complex interest attribution has become the basic trend of rural community organizations.

At present, it is worth noting that small towns, as special communities between urban communities and rural communities, play an irreplaceable role in the urbanization process of the transition from traditional agricultural society to modern industrial society. The so-called small town community refers to a population gathering area with township industry, commerce and handicraft production as its main social activities in a certain geographical position. In terms of regional structure, population distribution, organizational form, mode of production and lifestyle, it is different from the existing mode of rural communities and urban communities, and has the characteristics of keeping close contact with surrounding rural areas and cities. As a link and bridge between urban and rural communities, small town communities are of great significance to the development of urban and rural communities and the integration of urban and rural areas in China.