Detailed introduction of peony flower

Native to the mountainous areas around the Qinling Mountains and the Daba Mountains in western China, Hanzhong is the earliest place in China where peony is cultivated artificially, and it is a deciduous sub-shrub. It is a deciduous sub-shrub. It prefers coolness to heat and dryness to humidity, and it can tolerate the low temperature of -30℃, and can grow normally in the area with an average annual relative humidity of about 45%. Light-loving, also slightly shade-tolerant. Require loose, fertile, well-drained neutral loam or sandy loam, avoid sticky soil or low temperature planting. Flowering period April-May. Cultivated by grafting, because it belongs to the same genus as peony, and peony is often used as rootstock.

I. Soil

1. Soil quality: peony is suitable for loose and fertile loamy soil with deep layers. Soil drainage must be good. Pot plants can be grown in general culture soil.

2. Soil nature: neutral or neutral slightly alkaline soil.

2. Watering

Proverb says, proverb says: "Peony should be dry rather than wet." Peony is a deep-rooted fleshy root, afraid of long-term stagnant water, usually watering should not be more, and should be properly dry.

Third, fertilization

As the proverb says, "clear peony", "cloudy peony". Cultivation of peony base fertilizer must be sufficient. Base fertilizer can be compost, cake fertilizer or manure. Usually, it is good to fertilize three times a year, i.e., half a month before blossoming, watering once with phosphorus fertilizer as the main fertilizer; half a month after blossoming, applying compound fertilizer; and applying compost once before winter to ensure the blossoming in the second year.

Four, Temperature

Peony is hardy and does not tolerate high temperature. In East and Central China, it can be overwintered in the open ground when the temperature reaches 4℃ and the flower buds begin to expand gradually. Suitable temperature: 16~20℃, no flowering below 16℃. Summer heat, the plant is semi-dormant.

V. Light

Proverb says, proverb says: "Yin camellia, Yang peony." Peony likes sunshine, but not sunshine. When planted on the ground, it is necessary to choose a higher ground facing east and sunny place, and potted plants should be placed in the sunny east balcony, such as the south balcony or the roof platform, and the west side should try to shade.

Six, common diseases

Brown spot disease, red spot disease and rust; common pests are nematodes, grubs and tigers.

(1) leaf spot disease: also known as red spot disease, this disease is a fungal infection of the genus Polytrichum. The pathogen mainly infiltrates the leaves, but also infiltrates the new branches. The onset of the initial stage is generally about 15 days after the flower, mid-July with the rise in temperature is increasingly serious. Initially, the abaxial leaf surface has grain-sized brown spots, the edge of the color is slightly darker, the formation of the outside of the dense light, irregular circular circular pattern of dead spots, and each other fused, so that the leaf scorched and withered. Petiole damage produces dark green tomentum layer; stem, stalk infection produces elevated spots; the pathogen overwintered in the stem and leaves of the diseased plant and the soil.

Prevention methods: ① early November (winter) before and after the ground in the leaf sweeping, centralized burning to eliminate the pathogen; ② before the onset of (May) spray 1: 1: 160 times the Bordeaux solution, 10 a 15 days spray until the end of July; ③ early onset of the onset of the disease, spray 500-800 times the methyltobutazin, carbendazim, sprayed once in 7-10 days, for three or four consecutive times.

(2) Purple feather disease: a fungal disease. Spread by the soil. Incidence in the root neck and roots, to the root neck is more common. Victims of purple or white cotton wool mycelium, the first yellow-brown, then black-brown, commonly known as "black pimple head". Mildly formed patchy plaques, do not produce new roots, branches withered fine, yellow leaves, scale buds deflated; heavy whole root neck and the very system rot, plant death. This disease occurs in June-August high-temperature rainy season, after September, with the lowering of temperatures and the reduction of rainfall, the spread of disease spots stop.

Prevention methods: ① choose well-drained high dry plot planting; ② rainy season in a timely manner in the plow, reduce soil moisture; ③ 4-5 years of crop rotation; ④ selection of disease-resistant varieties; ⑤ divided planting with 500 times quintozene liquid coated in the affected area and then planting, can also be used as a 5% of diclofenac ammonium 1000 times the solution poured on the roots; ⑥ around the victimized disease plants with lime or sulfur disinfection.

(3) Insecticide. Also known as stem rot. Pathogen for the nuclear disk fungus. At the onset of the onset of watery spots on the stem near the ground, gradually expanding rot, white cotton. May also be infiltrated leaves and flower buds.

Prevention methods: choose well-drained high and dry plots of planting; find the diseased plant timely dug up and soil sterilization; 4-5 years crop rotation.

Frequently seen are also anthracnose and rust. Anthracnose occurs on the leaf surface of round or irregular light brown sunken spots, expanding the edge of the purple-brown; rust in the back of the leaf bearing yellow spore mounds, causing leaf greening, and later on the diseased leaves with columnar hairs. Prevention and control methods are the same as leaf spot disease.

Propagation and Cultivation The fresh and elegant peony is often propagated by dividing and grafting, and can also be sown and cuttings. The appropriate time for transplantation is from late September to early October, not too early or too late. It likes fertilizer and should be fertilized at least three times a year, i.e. "flower fertilizer", "bud fertilizer" and "winter fertilizer". Cultivation of 2-3 years should be pruning. On the growth potential of strong, strong branching ability of the species, only need to cut off the weak branches, retain all the strong branches, the base of the tiller should be removed in a timely manner, in order to maintain a beautiful plant shape. In addition to buds is also an extremely important work, in order to make the plant blooming and colorful, to keep the plant robust, according to the age of the tree, control the number of flowers. In the early buds, select and retain a certain number of fully developed flower buds, too many buds and weak buds removed as soon as possible. Generally 5-6 years old plants, retain 3-5 flower buds. For newly planted plants, all flower buds should be removed in the spring of the second year to prevent them from blooming, so as to concentrate the nutrients to promote the development of the plants.

Peony is a deep-rooted deciduous shrub flower, sun-loving, cold-resistant, love cool nappy environment and avoid high temperature and sultriness, suitable for growing in loose, fertile and well-drained sandy soil. Therefore, the general cultivation of peony potting soil should be mixed with sand and cake fertilizer, or fully rotted stable fertilizer, garden soil, coarse sand mixed in the proportion of 1:1:1 culture soil. If there is too much water in the cultivation soil, its fleshy roots will rot easily. Therefore, when it encounters continuous rainy weather, it should be drained in time, and its roots must not be allowed to accumulate water. Peonies do not tolerate high temperatures, so timely cooling measures should be taken when it is hot in summer. It is best to build a pergola to provide shade. Cover it with grass curtains or reeds before noon and remove it in the evening. This measure, done in time, can prevent defoliation. If it is allowed to suffer from heat and defoliation, it will seriously affect the flowering in the future. Peony is suitable for in-ground planting because of its long roots and large plants. If it is to be potted, it should be planted in large, permeable tiled pots with a depth of more than 30 centimeters. It is better to use tile pots with a depth of 60-70 centimeters. Peony flowers can be propagated by sowing, dividing and grafting.　I. Plant type

Because of different varieties, peony plants are tall or short, clumped or solitary, straight or slanted, gathered or scattered, and each is different. Generally speaking, they are divided into five types according to their shapes;

1. Upright type

Branches are upright and tall, compactly distributed, with small spreading angle, and the angle between the branches and the vertical line is mostly within 30o. Longer internodes, the annual growth of new branches in 10 to 15 cm, generally five-year plant height of 40 to 50 cm, taller than 1 meter. Such as "the first case of red", "purple two Qiao", "Yao Huang" and so on.

2, sparse type

Branches more sparse bending to the surrounding stretch, the plant width is greater than the height of the plant, the formation of low spread of the shape of the plant, the branches spread with the vertical line of the angle of more than 45o, the new branches long, softer. Such as "Zhao powder", "keep heavy red", "mountain flowers", "green dragon lying ink pool" and so on.

3, open type

Branches grow strong and sturdy, to all sides of the diagonal extension of the open, the angle of the two in between, the shape of the plant is complete and upright, moderate height, the new branches of the annual growth of 6 to 8 centimeters, the general five-year plant height of 30 to 40 centimeters. Such as the "red", "silver red clever pair", "gold and jade cross chapter" and so on.

4, dwarf type

Branch growth is slow, short internodes and dense leaves, branch distribution is compact and short, the annual new branch growth of 2 to 4 cm, generally five-year plant height of 15 cm or so. Such as "beauty red", "Rohan red", "sea cloud purple" and so on as a representative.

5, the only stem type

Mostly artificial cultivation of artistic modeling, with a clear trunk, the trunk height varies, generally in 20 ~ 80 cm. The main trunk is partially born several branches, forming a crown (some without a crown), the form of elegant, cool bonsai, slow growth, the general molding period takes more than 8 years. Such as "eighteen" and so on.

Each of the above types of plants, due to different varieties, the degree of uprightness, height, slanting angle, etc. are also different; at the same time, the branches of the thick, thin, weak, stiff, straight and curved, etc. are also different degrees of difference. Such as the dwarf type "Luohan red" that belongs to the thick dwarf type, and "out of the stalk to seize the Cui" belongs to the weak dwarf type; and such as the upright type of "the first case of red" belongs to the thick upright type, "Yao Huang" belongs to the upright type, "the first case of red" belongs to the thick upright type, "Yao Huang" belongs to the strong upright type. "Yao Huang" belongs to the fine hard upright type.

Roots

The peony has a developed root system with most of the deep-rooted fleshy primary roots and lateral roots. The first root is white, gradually changing to yellow to brown, with white flesh, individual red, and the center of the flesh is lignified, commonly known as "wood heart". The fleshy part stores a lot of nutrients and water for the plant to grow. Generally speaking, plants with deep roots have luxuriant branches and leaves and are taller, while those with shallow roots have short branches and short plants. Peonies have different root types and quantities due to different varieties, but they can be roughly divided into three categories:

1. Straight-root type

This type of root is deep (the root of a four-year old peony can be more than 80 centimeters into the soil), but the root is sparse and there is no obvious main root, and there are only dozens of thick and thin uniformly thick "noodle roots", smooth and leathery, with the root being on the top. Smooth, Pi Bai, the root is rarely divided into small roots, roots (processed called "Danpi") high yield, good quality. The roots (called "Danpi" after processing) are of high yield and good quality, such as "Fengdan", "Zhao Fan", "Erqiao", "Mukui", etc. These peonies are mostly used for medicinal purposes. These peonies are mostly medicinal and ornamental varieties.

2. Slope Root Type

This kind of root varies in thickness and length, with more lateral roots, cross-growth, commonly called "chicken-claw roots", most of which are shallow in the soil and have a large slope angle. Most of them are shallow in the soil and have a big slope angle. Such as "Green Mountain through the snow", "White Jade", "Yellow Flower Sunflower" and other varieties, this kind of peony produces dandelion with lower quality and yield than the taproot type, which is not suitable for cultivation for medicinal use.

3. Intermediate type

This kind of root is moderately sparse and dense, with no obvious main root, and most of the "noodle roots" of even thickness and smooth root skin, with an average depth of 70-80 centimeters, such as "Kinds of Black", "Yao Huang", and so on, "Yao Huang", etc., both ornamental and medicinal.

Three, Buds

The buds of peony are wrapped by six to eight scales, so peony buds are also called "scale buds". Peony overwinters with scale buds.

Buds of peony are divided into four kinds according to their function and differentiation degree: flower bud, leaf bud, latent bud and indeterminate bud.

1. Flower buds

Flower buds of peony are mixed buds, which can draw branches, grow leaves and bloom. The buds bearing at the top of the branches are called "terminal buds", and the flower stems of the branches that have blossomed once will dry up and retract on their own. Flower buds that are borne in the axils of the leaves on the lower part of the dried flower stem are called "axillary flower buds" or "lateral flower buds". Flower buds are usually fat and full, peel off the scales, you can see the "flower tires" (i.e., young flower buds inside the scale buds).

2, leaf buds

Leaf buds only twigs and leaves, most of which are borne in the lower leaf axils of the flower buds, but also in the top of the branch, thinner than the flower buds, developed into branches after germination.

3, latent buds

Latent buds are born in the lower most part of the new branch, the shape of the small, such as corn, commonly known as "dog turtle". Usually do not sprout, in the flower buds, leaf buds or branches to sprout after injury, its life expectancy is longer, can be maintained for 10 to 15 years.

4, indeterminate buds

Buds born in the rhizome is called "indeterminate buds". After coming out of the ground, it is commonly known as "earth buds" as it grows into a budding stem. Indeterminate buds sprouting force is particularly strong, is the main source of scion, update the old branch (stock) and increase the new stock. Indeterminate buds do not bloom that year, but those with vigorous growth can develop and differentiate to form flower buds at the top of the year and bloom in the following year.

The peony buds vary in shape and color depending on the species, and they have a wide range of forms and characteristics. Generally speaking, there are cone-shaped, pearl-shaped, flat-rounded, long-cone-shaped, hawk's mouth-type, etc.; there are also differences in the size, number of scales, bud quality, such as deflated and thin, and so on; the color also has the colors of greenish green, yellowish green, earthy red, earthy yellow, silvery grey, brownish brown, and purple-red to different degrees; in addition, there are also the color of the flower and the color of the mix, which is the main basis for distinguishing the varieties in the autumn. Therefore, it is difficult to identify peony varieties solely by the shape and color of buds, and it is necessary to rely on long-term patient and meticulous observation to grasp the characteristics of scale buds of each variety.

Fourth, branching

Because of the different lengths of the nodes on the branches in force in the year, the number of buds and the strength of the sprouting power of the new branches are also different, and the habits of branching also have obvious differences, but there are the following types of branching:

1. Single branching

The new branches in the current year are long in the nodes, with less buds, and the buds are born only in the basal part of 1-2 sections or the part of the 1st 3 sections, and among the new buds, there is only one new bud in that year. In the new buds, only one bud sprouted into the new branch of the year, the type of general plant high branch sparse, such as "Yao Huang" and so on.

2, thick branch type

The current year's new branches short internodes, bearing more new buds, generally 3 to 5, new buds strong branching force, each new bud in the year can be drawn out to form a short branch, branch more thick, clumped. These varieties of plants are generally shorter, densely branched. Such as "Yingluo Baozhu", "Danfeng flame", "fat red" and so on.

V. Leaves

Peony leaves are alternate, consisting of leaf blades and petioles. Leaf shape, size, color, texture, etc. can be divided into the following categories depending on varieties:

1. Large and rounded leaf type

The whole leaf is large and rounded, with a length of more than 40 centimeters and a width of more than 25 centimeters, and the leaflets are wide, round, pure and fat, broadly ovate or ovate; the edges of the side leaflets are missing, and the surface of the leaf is more spreading. Such as "Wang Hong", "Dahu Hong", "Mo Kui", "first case red" and so on.

2, large-shaped long leaf type

The size of the whole leaf is the same as the previous, but the leaflets are narrower and longer, long oval, thinner, the edge of the notch less pointed, the leaf is more sparse and spreading or drooping, such as "silver powder gold scale", "ice cream cover red stone" and so on.

3, leaflets round leaf type

The whole leaf is smaller, about 20-30 cm long, leaflets are short and thick, the edge of the notch less and round pure. For example, "Gerber Purple", "Lantianyu", "Beauty Red" and so on.

4, small-shaped long leaf type

The size of the whole leaf is the same as above, but the leaflets are narrower, the edge of the notch pointed and upward. Such as "fat red", "smoke dragon purple" and so on.

5, medium leaf type

The whole leaf is medium-sized, about 30 to 40 centimeters long, leaflets long elliptic, the edge of the notch more and more pointed and upward curls, leaves more oblique extension. Such as the "false kudzu purple", "the first red", "big brown purple" and so on.

In addition, there are special leaf shape. Such as "three odd set of Sheng", each petiole only three irregular rounded leaves, two-thirds less than the general varieties, for the two back a compound leaf; and such as "meat hibiscus", "big brown purple", each petiole bearing three rounded leaves. The leaves are two times less than the general varieties, and are two times less than the general varieties, and are two times less than the general varieties, and are two times less than the general varieties.

The color of peony leaves is mainly green and yellow-green, and the leaves of individual varieties have purple halos of different shades; some leaves are also decorated with purple or yellow spots; the back of the leaves are mostly gray-green and light gray, and the individual varieties (such as "Crane White") have especially many hairs.

Sixth, petiole

The petiole of peony is also divided into thickness, hardness, softness and length, with the long one up to 40 centimeters and the short one not more than 10 centimeters; and the concave part of the petiole is mostly in different colors, such as dark purple, purplish-red, grey-brown, and yellowish-green, etc. The length of petiole is especially important in the case of "Crane's White". The length of the petiole, especially the size of the petiole and the angle of the branch varies greatly depending on the species, and also has a greater impact on the ornamental value of the flowers, the petiole and the branch angle is large, the foliage is spreading or drooping, and the leaves are also sparse, such as the "Mo Kui", the flowers are born in the leaf clusters on top of the formation of the flowers and beautiful leaves, complement each other's ornamental value; on the contrary, the petiole shorter On the other hand, the petiole is shorter, the angle between the petiole and the branch is smaller, because the branch is close, the flowers are often hidden in the leaf clusters, resulting in the phenomenon of "hiding flowers in the leaves", greatly reducing the ornamental value.

VII. Flowers

Peonies have large and colorful flowers and many varieties. Some varieties have complete flower organs, sepals, stamens and pistils with normal development, such as "Lotus-like Lotus" and "Fengdan White", etc. However, some varieties have petalization or degeneration of stamens and pistils, resulting in the formation of multi-shaped and beautiful flower patterns and colorful flowers.

Based on the number of petal levels, the flower is traditionally divided into: single petal (layer) class, heavy petal (layer) class, thousands of petals (layer) class. In these three categories, depending on the morphological characteristics of the flowers are divided into: sunflower type, lotus type, rose type, hemisphere type, crown type, hydrangea type (traditionally known as the crown type and hydrangea type of building) six types of flowers. This categorization method is more intuitive to reflect the various variations of the flower form.

In recent years, relevant peony experts and scholars, together with scientific researchers in the producing areas, combined with the traditional classification method, and after many years of field observation and research and anatomical observation of peony flowers, figured out the evolution law of the flower type and the composition of the flowers and put forward a new classification of the flower type,

1.Monopetalous

Petals of 2-3 whorls of 10-15 slices, wide and spreading, 200-300 stamens, 4-300 pistils, 4-300 pistils and 4-300 pistils. This type of flower type to "opium purple", "pomegranate red", "SaiZhuPan", "FengDanWhite" and other varieties as representatives of the

2.

2, lotus type

Petals 4-5 rounds, 20-25 pieces, wide petals, shape and size similar, clearly arranged, pistil development is basically normal, fruiting ability, but individual varieties of occasional stamens or pistil stigma petalization. This type of flower type to "like lotus", "Jin Yunhong", "snow lotus", "white" and other varieties as a representative.

3, chrysanthemum type

Petals more than 6 rounds, petals similar in shape, neatly arranged, hierarchical, from the outside to the inside gradually smaller, normal or reduced stamens smaller, and occasional petalization, pistil 5 to 11, normal growth or degradation of smaller. Some varieties of stigma petalization phenomenon, knot strength is poor, this type of flower type to "rose red", "smile in the bush", "silver and red coquettish pairs", "Jin Gao Red

4, rose-type

petals round, petals from outside to inside gradually become smaller, stamens partially petalized into normal petals, pistil degradation smaller or petalized, knot strength is poor. This type of flower type to "purple two Qiao", "Wu Hua Yaohui", "red Xia scramble glory" and other varieties as representatives.

5, Togui type

Exterior petals 2 to 5 rounds, wide and neat, part of the stamens petalized into elongated petals, petal Rui often residual anthers or anther traces, petals are mixed with normal stamens, arranged irregularly and sparsely, the pistil is normal or a little bit of petalized, with the strength of the knot. This type of flower type to "lady's dress", "red", "E", "three varieties of Saiyu" and other varieties as a representative.

6, golden ring type

Outer petals 2 to 3 rounds, wide spreading, flower center has part of the stamens petalized into a narrow upright large petals, the center of the petals and the outer rounds of petals between the circle of normal stamens in the form of a golden ring, the pistil is normal or a little bit of petalization, knot strength is poor. This type of flower type is very few, to "white swan", "handsome red" varieties as a representative.

7, crown type

Outer petals 2 to 5 rounds, wide spreading, arranged in a regular manner, most or all of the stamens petalized into a fine or curved wrinkled petals, petal group dense shrugged, shaped like a crown. Inside the petal arrangement is irregular, between the petals are often mixed with normal stamens or degeneration in the stamens, the petal end is often residual anthers; pistil degradation or petalization, and occasionally fruiting. This type of flower type to "Lantianyu", "Hu Hong", "Yao Huang", "the first case of red" and other varieties as a representative.

8, hydrangea type

Stamens fully petalized, inner and outer petals of similar shape and size, crowded and bulging spherical or ellipsoid; pistil basically or all degraded or petalized, no fruit-bearing ability. This type of flower type like "bean green", "green ball", "snow" and other varieties represented.

9, the thousand layers of the Taiwan Pavilion type

Below the petals more than 4 rounds, the petals are arranged more neatly, the shape is similar, between the petals are not mixed with stamens and degradation of the stamens. Stamens normal and small, or occasionally petalized, pistil degeneration into small or petalized; above the amount of petals less, spreading or upright, stamens less and smaller, pistil degeneration into small or petalized. This type of flower type to "diamond flower Zhanlu", "fat red", "Shouxing red" and other varieties as representatives.

10, Lou Zidaige type

Below the flower stamens petalized more fully, and the shape of the normal petals similar to the gynoecium petalized into normal petals or color petals; above the flower petals are slightly larger, the number of larger, the stamens are basically all petalized or degraded; gynoecium petalized into normal petals or color petals, some varieties degraded and disappeared. This type of flower type to "red dragon color", "Sheng Danfeng", "Yu Lou point Cui", "purple heavy building" and other varieties as a representative of represent.

In the process of evolution of flower types of peony, some varieties of peony often bloom 2-3 flower types or more flower types on the same plant and branch. For example, "Zhao Pink", "Green Fragrant White", "White Crane Reclining in Snow", "Mountain Flower Rotten Firm", etc., the same plant can open "Crown", "Crown", "Crown", "Crown", "Crown", "Crown", "Crown", "Crown" and so on. The same plant can open "Crown", "Togui", "single petal type" and other flower types. So when determining the flower type of a particular species, the evolution of the species should reach the highest flower type as a standard.

Eight, fruit seeds

Single-valved flowers bear bone fruit pentagonal, each corner of the fruit 7-13 seeds, seed class round. Exocarp is green, hairy, crab yellow at maturity, the seeds are yellow-green, overripe fruit angle cracking, the seeds are black-brown, each kilogram can be weighed dry seeds 2400-3000. Heavy petal flowers usually bear 1-5 horns, but the seeds are only partially fruitful, or completely insubstantial; thousand-petal flowers do not bear fruit and seeds. Values and Uses The peony is known as the "King of Peonies". Peonies can be used to establish specialized gardens in parks and scenic areas; they can be planted in classical gardens and residential courtyards; and they can be naturally planted alone, in clusters, or in patches in green areas of gardens. Self-existing enzyme hydrolysis, become peony phenol (C15H20O8) and a part of L arabinose. Root skin pharyngitis caused by itchy throat, dry throat, irritating cough, etc., the effect is good. Peony Flower Language Peony: richness, consummation, strong love

Autumn Peony: life, expectation, light love. Major Peony Producing Areas in China 1. Luoyang, Henan Province, is known as the "Peony Capital of China" in the ancient poem "Peony of Luoyang is the best in the world".

2. Heze, Shandong Province, known as the "Peony Township", was named "China Peony City" in 2006.

3. purple-spotted peony in Gansu

4. Tongling in Anhui

5. a thousand-year-old peony in Bashan, Hebei

6. a peony garden in Hanzhong, Shaanxi

7. a thousand-year-old peony in Yinping Mountain, Chaohu, Anhui

8. a thousand-year-old peony in Yinping Mountain, Chaohu, Anhui

9. the peony in the peony garden in Hanzhong is the most famous peony in the world.

Cultivable Centers or Important Cultivation Places

Luoyang, Hangzhou, Mudanjiang, Chengdu, Hangzhou, Chenzhou, Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Wuxian, Chengdu, Hangzhou Jiangyin, Beijing, Chengdu, Nanjing, Guanyang, Beijing, Shanghai, Jiaxing, Ningguo, Chengdu, Linxia, Lanzhou.

Because peony is a deep-rooted flower, it has strict requirements on soil depth and fertility, so it is generally not easy to bloom in small pots.