Why most of the countries in Europe with Protestantism as their state religion are in the high latitudes

Countries where Protestantism has an absolute advantage over Catholicism or Orthodoxy:

UK, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia

UK (total 6100W population): 30-40% of inhabitants follow Christianity (this Christianity includes Protestant, Orthodox, and Catholicism, and Christianity mentioned below is the same), with the majority of them being Protestantism closer to the Catholic denominations ---- Anglicanism. About 20% of Christian believers in Britain are Catholic. The inhabitants of Scotland are mostly Calvinists.

Finland (520W), Iceland (40W), Latvia (240W): 30-40% Christian, with Protestant Lutheranism in the majority.

Denmark (540W): Christian believers make up 20-30% of the population, with Protestant Lutheranism being overwhelmingly dominant.

Sweden (880W), Norway (470W): Christian believers make up 10-20% of the population, with Protestant Lutherans overwhelmingly dominant.

Countries with similar Protestant and Catholic populations:

Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland

Germany (total 8200W): 40%-50% of the population is Christian, with Protestants and Catholics roughly evenly split, with Lutheran Protestants concentrated in the former East German states, and in West Germany's Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, due to the fact that these regions were historically free cities. Historically, the above regions belonged to small monarchies or principalities with weak free cities, and modern Lutheranism is mainly supported by princes and nobles. The Calvinist Protestants (in fact the Puritans were also Calvinists), were mainly concentrated in the cities along the North Sea coast and on the banks of the Rhine, including the current German states of Hesse, Hamburg, Bremen, etc., and the Calvinists were mainly supported by the citizens or the free peasants in modern times. In the former West Germany, with the exception of Bavaria, where the Catholics were overwhelmingly dominant, a situation of equal rivalry between Calvinists and Catholics developed in many of the former West German states.

The Netherlands (total population of 1640W): 20-30% of the inhabitants profess Christianity, and the only states in the Netherlands where Catholics predominate are in the southeast around Limburg and Eindhoven, and most of the provinces where Calvinists predominate, but the Protestant provinces of the Netherlands have a very low proportion of believers to the total population, which results in a situation where the Catholic population in the Netherlands is slightly larger than the Protestant population.

Switzerland (total 730W population): 40-50% of the inhabitants are Christian, and again Switzerland has a slightly larger Catholic population than Protestant, with the Protestant population concentrated in the western French-speaking cantons and the Catholic population in the eastern German-speaking cantons.

Also.

France, despite the fact that it produced a Calvin in the 16th century, has always been a situation of overwhelming Catholic dominance since the Nantes amnesty. Currently

France (total 6300W population): 20-30% of the inhabitants are Christian, with over 80% Catholic, and the Protestant population is 10% of the Christian faithful, which is less than the percentage of Muslims in France.

In Central and Eastern Europe,

Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary are largely Catholic, with Protestants making up about 30% of the Christian population.

By and large, a high percentage of the population of traditionally Catholic countries in Europe remain Catholic to this day, such as Poland, Italy, and Portugal, with Spain, Ireland, and Austria also having a high proportion of Catholic believers. The only exceptions may be the cases of France and Belgium.

Traditionally Protestant countries, on the other hand, have a low proportion of religious believers. Such as the Nordic countries, Britain, Germany and the Netherlands. All are less than 1 1/2.

Orthodox Christianity, traditionally the first Orthodox power Russia, and the situation in northern Europe is similar, the proportion of believers is very low, Orthodox countries in the conservative mainly Romania and Greece.

As shown in the graph: purple is the highest percentage (over 90%), blue is slightly lower, basically the closer the graph is to the warmer colors, the lower the percentage of Christian (including Orthodox, Catholic and Protestant) believers in the country's population.