There is classical Chinese

1. All classical Chinese are divided into three areas of wisdom.

Zhao Xiangzi painted Zhi Bo's head as a wine glass. Yurang, the minister of Zhi Bo, wanted to avenge him, but he cheated as a criminal, carrying a dagger and wiping the toilet in his stomach.

Xiangzi wanted the toilet, so he won the jade. About to kill him, Xiangzi said, "Zhi Bo died without a queen, and this man wants revenge. What an upright man! I want to avoid it. "

Is to give up Yurang painted himself as a beggar, swallowed charcoal and begged in the city, but his wife didn't know it.

When he met his friend, his friend knew him and wept for him, saying, "If you are a talented son, you will be lucky if you serve Zhao Meng. Children do whatever they want, regardless of evil? Why bother? Is it difficult to seek revenge? " I let said, "no! When he was appointed minister, he asked to kill him. It was really hesitant.

What I did was extremely ugly. However, because of this, those who will be ashamed of future generations will also have two hearts. "

Xiangzi came out and Yu rang fell under the bridge. When Xiangzi got to the bridge, he was frightened by the horse, so he went to look for it, got the jade and killed it.

Xiangzi did not stand for Bolu, and there were five children who refused to fall behind. Feng Bolu's son became the acting king, died early, and made his son Huan the queen of Zhao.

Xiangzi died, and a year later his brother Huan Zi stood on his own feet. Zhao's people said, "Huan is not an idea."

It was * * * who killed his son and came to meet Huan in order to offer his son. I gave birth to my son to be fierce.

Huan Zi's grandson Weiss supported Hou Wen. Han Kang gave birth to Woods, and Woods gave birth to piety for Hou Jing.

(You Yinpei's note) In classical Chinese, there are many polysemy phenomena: the same word is a meaning in this sentence and a meaning in another sentence. Generally speaking, there is a certain connection between the meanings of polysemy.

Polysemy is formed by extension, metaphor and borrowing of the original meaning, so we should understand and master its extended meaning, figurative meaning and borrowed meaning from the original meaning. There are two understandings of the original meaning of words: a. About the origin of words, that is, the original meaning of words.

For example, the original meaning of "walking" is "leaving" and the original meaning of "soldier" is "weapon". B as far as the application of words is concerned, the common meaning is regarded as the original meaning of words, which is also called the basic meaning.

For example, the common meaning of "soldier" is "soldier" and so on. The extended meaning is developed from the basic meaning, which has similar, relative or related meanings.

For example, the original meaning of "punishment" is "criminal law", and its basic meaning also includes punishment for prisoners. Later, this meaning developed into the meaning of "punishment" (all of them were "Chen She family" who punished their long-term officials). Figurative meaning is the meaning fixed by the figurative usage of words, and some figurative meanings come from the original meaning and basic meaning of words.

For example, the original meaning and basic meaning of "nest" is "the place where birds, animals and insects live", and the metaphorical meaning derived from this meaning is "the place where bad people live". In Boyaqin, the more people who meet dogs, the more humane they meet. The dog wagged its tail first and said, "I'm good at hunting. I'll share it with you." )

"The more people like it, the more rewards.

Eat pork and be polite. The dog got a grand ceremony, and its voice became louder and louder.

Arrogance), if you kill a wild animal, you will do your best.

Or laugh at the Yue people and say, "Animals eat and drink, but dogs do. Do you treat dogs as ridicule? " The more I realize, the more self-reliant I am because I share meat. The dog got angry, bit its head, broke its collar and walked away.

A husband and his family have a dog, but he competes with the dog for food. Geometry is invincible! The passer-by met a dog on Lushui. The dog lowered its head, wagged its tail and said in human language, "I'm good at hunting. I'll share it with you." The Vietnamese people were very happy and went home with their dogs.

Feed it sorghum and meat and treat it as a human being. Dogs are treated and become more and more arrogant, and all the wild animals they hunt will be eaten.

Someone laughed at the Vietnamese and said, "You feed him, and the dog eats all the wild animals he catches. What are dogs for? " The more people wake up, the more meat they give to dogs and the more they give themselves. The dog got angry, bit his head, bit off his neck and legs, and ran away.

Raising dogs as family members, but (then) competing with dogs for food, how can we not fail! Moral: satirize those evil villains who are eloquent, secretive, insatiable, vicious and cruel: don't tolerate the wicked and evil forces. When you can't stand it, it's inevitable to ask for it.

This so-called breeding a tiger is also a problem. There is a northerner who is justifying a fault and has never seen a water chestnut since he was born.

Later, he went to the south to be an official, and (once) everyone sat on the table and ate water chestnuts. The man put his shell in his mouth. Someone reminded him: "Water chestnut should be shelled."

He tried to hide his shortcomings and said, "It's not that I don't know how to shell, but I want to use it to clear away heat!" " "People asked him," Are there any water chestnuts in the north? "He said," there is no land behind the mountain! "It is better to learn and lose yourself than not to read ten volumes, ignore the elders and despise the same column. Modesty makes people progress, while pride makes people lag behind.

Chen Bozhi's Book (Excerpt) In the late spring of March, the grass grows in the south of the Yangtze River, and the peanut trees are mixed. Seeing the flag and drum of the old country, I feel that I was born in a domain, which is not embarrassing at all! Therefore, Lian Gong's Thoughts on Zhao Jiang and Woods' Tears on the West River are also human feelings.

Is the general heartless? If you want to learn the rules early, you will be blessed. I was born in the north, but I don't know that Ling is an official in the south.

Fill the seat with diamonds and block the entrance. Or: "Ling must shell."

Someone defended his shortcomings and said, "I must know." Those who close their shells want to clear away heat. "

The questioner said, "Is there this in the north?" ? "He replied," the hill behind the hill in front, which is not land? " ? " Self-study is not as good as no scholar, and seeking benefits for the ears. When people read ten books, they are tall, arrogant and contemptuous.

People are sick as enemies and evil as owls. Learning is better than not learning well.

Wang Chong studied in Wang Chong's office, and he will learn from Shangyu people. First, he has no city in Wei County. When you are lonely, the village is called filial piety.

Later, there should be the capital, imperial academy and teachers to help Ban Biao. Be good at explaining, not following the rules.

My family is poor and there are no books. I often travel around Luoyang, reading the books I sell, and I can recite them when I see them, so I know many people's handwriting. Duke Zhuang went hunting in Qi Zhuanggong, and a bug raised its foot to fight with its wheel.

Ask Yu Yu: "What kind of bug is this?" He said: "This so-called mantis is also. It's also an ant. I don't know after I know it. I despise my enemy. "

Duke Zhuang said, "This man is brave for the world!" Get back in the car and avoid it. Wuqi met an old friend yesterday and stopped eating.

Old friend's day: "promise." Wu Qi said, "I'll wait for you to have dinner together." . "

My old friend didn't come in the evening, and Wu Qi didn't eat, waiting for him. Tomorrow is very early.

2. What can classical Chinese say?

Ancient poems: 300 Tang poems, 300 Song poems and 300 Yuan songs.

Classical Chinese: A Thousand Poems, Book of Songs, Book of Changes, Analects of Confucius, Book of Rites, Shangshu, Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Policy, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Everything is Wrong, Mencius, Mozi, Xunzi, Sun Tzu's Art of War, Thirty-six Strategies, Guiguzi. The Doctrine of the Mean, Family Instructions of Zhu Zi, Family Instructions of Yan Family, Spring and Autumn Annals of Lu Family, Songs of the South, The Sutra of Immortality, The Diamond Sutra, and Zi Tongzhi Jian.

Caigen Tan, Night Talk Around the Furnace, Tales of Small Windows, Aphorisms, Hundreds of Surnames, Travel in Qionglin, Enlightenment of Rhythm and Tamia Liu? Three Views, Hundred Battles, Long Wen Whip Shadow, * * * Language, Nightmare Shadow.

Biography, think tank, letters from Zeng Guofan, human stories, couplets, idle notes, Bitan, Suiyuan poems, Wen Xin Diao Long and Xiao Ji.

History: Historical Records, History of the Three Kingdoms, History of Han Dynasty, History of Later Han Dynasty.

Among them, Wen Xin Diao Long and Long Wen Bian Ying teach future generations how to write, which is very helpful to the study of ancient Chinese. Couplets and aphorisms are more like ancient Chinese grammar.

In addition, the "son of Yang" in the first volume of Chinese in the fifth grade of primary school

3. Is there any translation of classical Chinese? Guan Zhong, Xiang, and No Road, the son of Xiaobai went to Ju.

The ignorant Xiang Gong and Wu are called Gong Zijiu. The people of Lu accepted it with soldiers.

Non-gram, and small white into, is for Huan Gong. Make Lu kill Gong Zi for a long time in the sinus of Lu.

Calling for sudden death, Huan Gong was established and made Premier Bao. Kindness said, "If you want to govern the country, you might as well govern my minister."

So I sent someone to invite Duke Zhuang of Lu to say, "A widowed gentleman has ministers who don't make orders. In your country, he wants to kill his minister, so please him. " Minister Zhuang will definitely make it come true.

Qi Shi accepted it and retired. In contrast, three troubles and three baths.

Huan Gong greeted him in the suburbs, but asked him how to sit. I thought it was the same.

Note: There are three annoyances that are incense annoyance. Confucius said, "Guan Zhong was a monarch, a tyrant and a conqueror, and the people were blessed from then on."

The answer is that Guan Zhong can't die. Sudden death is generally called a festival; Guan zhong is immortal, and tree work.

Gaihuan's brother also joined forces to deal with it. The son corrects, the younger brother also, improperly assists in fighting for the country.

So the sage did not blame his death, but called him meritorious. 1. About the explanation of adding words to the following sentences, the correct one is Xiaobai Ben Ju, the son of Bao Shu.

Feng: Order B. Lu people to retreat: Take C. Words: If you must govern the country, tell D. Therefore, please ask: Request 2. Compare the meanings of the words in the following two groups of sentences respectively. The correct judgment is that a. The Lu people retreat and sit and ask B. If this matter is improper, it is supplemented by fighting for the country. A: "Zhi" and "Yan" are the same, and "Zhi" is the same. He and Dang are the same. C "knowledge" and "face" are different, they are the same. D "knowing" is different from "Yan", and "harmony" is different from "being". Life and death are also bones. B. a gentleman dies as a bosom friend, and raises his sword from Yan. C. if you wait for death, the country can die. D. Guan Zhong will not die. The correct meaning of the following two sentences is 5. This answer is also A, which Zi Gong said when he answered why Guan Zhong didn't die. B. This is Zi Gong's excuse to answer why Guan Zhong can't die.

C. This is what Confucius said when answering Zi Gong's question about why Guan Zhong didn't die. D. This is an excuse for Confucius to answer Zi Gong's question about why Guan Zhong didn't die.

6. So the sage doesn't blame his death but calls it merit. A. So the sage didn't ask for a sudden death, but praised his virtue of keeping chastity. B. So the sage didn't suddenly ask Zhao why he died, but praised his role in keeping the festival.

C. So the sage did not ask Guan Zhong to die, but praised his role. D. So the sage didn't ask Guan Zhong why he didn't die, but praised his achievements.

7. The following sentences are divided into four groups. Judging from the semantic relationship of clauses, the same group is that if we must rule the country, it will be ruled by the country and destroyed by the princes, so please. (3) Huan Gong greeted him in the suburbs, but asked him how to sit.

(4) Gai Huan Gong Xiong Ye made a joint statement: A.12b.24c.13d.348. One of the following statements was completely in line with the original intention: A. Bao Bao's son fled to Ju 'an, which made Gong Sun kill Xiang Gong in ignorance and made him Duke Huan. Guan Zhong and Zhao Feng were ordered by Gong Zijiu and suddenly fled to Lu. After Zi Zheng's death, Zhao suddenly died of chastity, while Guan Zhong didn't die, and each got his place.

C. Bao Shuya thinks that he is inferior to Guan Zhong in many aspects. To govern the country well, he must be invited back, so he recommended Guan Zhong to Huan Gong. D After Guan Zhong became prime minister, he assisted Huan Gong, dominated the princes and unified the world, and the people appreciated his kindness.

1 Guanzhong homogeneous 1. C3.B4.A5.C6.D7.B8.C was politically brutal, and Bao escorted his son to Di Jun (now Junan County, Shandong Province). Gongsun Zan murdered Qi Xianggong in ignorance, and Wu He escorted Gongsun Zan to Shandong (now southwest Shandong).

Lu sent troops to collect Gong Zijiu. (Lu people escorted Gong Zi back to the throne of Qi for a long time) Before he arrived, his son Xiaobai first returned to the throne of Qi, and this person was Qi Huangong.

Let Lu kill Miyako in Shengdu (place name). Zhao suddenly died for Gong Zijiu (Gong Zijiu also died). After Huan Gong ascended the throne, Bao Bao was appointed Prime Minister.

Bao declined and said, "If we have to govern the country well, we must appoint Guan Yiwu as the prime minister. I can't compare with Guan Yiwu in five places. "

So Qi Huangong sent someone to ask Duke Zhuang of Lu: "Our monarch has a rebellious minister. Now in your country, our monarch wants to put him to death as a warning to his ministers, and hereby requests (to return Guan Yiwu to Qi). " Duke Zhuang of Lu sent someone to guard the Yi people, tie them up and give them to the messenger of Qi.

The emissary of Qi received Guan Yiwu and returned to Qi. At the end of Qi Dynasty, Qi Huangong fasted for three days and bathed for three days.

Qi Huangong personally went to the suburbs to meet Guan Yiwu, sat in a car with him and asked him (the law of governing the country). So he was appointed Prime Minister.

The note reads: three troubles, and wearing spices all over the body is called "trouble." Confucius said: "Guan Zhong is the prime minister of Qi Huangong, who ruled the vassal states and once ruled the world. The people still enjoy the benefits he brings. "

This is what Confucius said when answering Zi Gong's question about why Guan Zhong was not executed. The monster called sudden death for chastity; Guan zhong is immortal to build meritorious service.

Qi Huangong is an elder brother, so he should be made king. As a younger brother, Miyako should help his brother, not fight for the throne.

So the sage praised his contribution instead of condemning why he didn't die heroically.

4. What are the classical Chinese?

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1. Classical Chinese is wonderful. There is no doubt about it. Classical Chinese is an important part of China traditional culture. This shows that the history of modern civilization in China is still very short, and it is necessary to deconstruct or interpret the traditional culture, because the inheritance of traditional wisdom is based on the correct interpretation of classical Chinese.

2. Classical Chinese is knowledge. This is right, because classical Chinese is no longer a language, it is purely a kind of writing. But classical Chinese is knowledge, and so is Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Why not learn from Oracle Bone Inscriptions? By the way, it is precisely because Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively primitive writing, so classical Chinese is the basis for further study of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and other traditional advanced writing (learning).

3. Classical Chinese is also a skill. The expression, description, combination, transformation, metaphor, comparison and deduction of Chinese fully bear the style of Chinese civilization in ideological expression. Mastering the physical structure of classical Chinese has a profound understanding of modern Chinese, and there are "laws" to follow in the construction of new Chinese.

4. "Classical Chinese" is the antonym of "vernacular Chinese". The structure of this word is as follows: classical Chinese-Chinese. The first "text" is "writing" and "speech" is language. "Classical Chinese" refers to "written language". It explains two meanings: first, it points out that classical Chinese is a language; Secondly, the language was written later. "Written" language also has two meanings: one is a culture that can have language without words, for example, most ethnic minorities only have language without words; Secondly, the function of language quits life and becomes history in the form of words.

The literal meaning of "classical Chinese" should be: the written language style. The latter's "text" refers to style.

So does classical Chinese have a "future" besides archaeological research? In other words, what life application value will it have? I think there is. When the traditional life style fades out of modern society, people just ignore the social life in some marginal fields, which leads to the suspicion or neglect of classical Chinese in modern application. For example, in religious buildings, some inscriptions will still be written in classical Chinese, or in calligraphy and engraved with tools. The application of seal script is also mostly the same.

The word "classical Chinese" can also include the relationship between language and writing in cultural history. In a certain form, once a language, including dialects, is "literate" and written, its language charm will be reduced and its writing function will be doubled. Because language is usually passed down orally and closely related to life, language has not yet entered the cultural state. It is the retention of life experience, without the expansion of words.

In the process of reading classical Chinese, we will inevitably have an illusion: did the ancients say so? I think this can be "felt" through the differences in the expression of written and spoken languages in the present tense, and there is not much difference in the structural rules between them. It can also be speculated that the ancient people's speech is just more casual, albino and popular than classical Chinese, and "three words and two beats" can also be used as a reference. As for reading classical Chinese now, of course, it does not mean repeating the words of the ancients, but reciting or silently reading a style.

Reading classical Chinese is a very clear way of thinking, just like reading the works of western philosophers occasionally, it is very solemn.

Translation formula of ancient Chinese

Classical Chinese translation has its own order, so you can read the whole article first and grasp the main idea.

Understand the theme first, collect information, from paragraphs to sentences, from clauses to words,

Understand all, be clear, and be careful when dealing with difficult sentences.

Take care of the previous paragraph, connect with the next sentence, think carefully and try to figure out the tone.

Strive to be reasonable, reasonable and closely related.

If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.

Names and place names, without translation, names, as usual,

I and Yu are mine, and Er and You are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.

Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence.

After translation, you must carefully compare the sentences and understand the tone.

The sentence was fluent, and then I stopped writing.

5. What do you know about classical Chinese? Learning aid >; Problem page

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Types of classical Chinese

According to the stylistic classification, there are: set, Ming, saying, table and narration.

Example:

Reporter: Zou Ji satirizes Kehar, the King of Qi in the Western Han Dynasty, the Peach Blossom Garden in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Three Gorges in the Northern Wei Dynasty, Xiaoshitang in the Tang Dynasty, Yueyang Tower in the Northern Song Dynasty 1046, Zuiwengting Pavilion 1084, and a night tour in Chengtian Temple.

Ming dynasty: the humble room inscription of Tang dynasty

Debate over the Spring and Autumn Period The Analects of Confucius during the Warring States Period after the Spring and Autumn Period, I want what I want, born in sorrow and died in happiness, said Ma Shuo in the Tang Dynasty and Ailian in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Table: The Teacher's Table of Shu Kingdom in the Three Kingdoms

Preface: "Preface to Send Dongyang Ming".

Zhangfa

6. What does classical Chinese mean? In fact, we were bored to death at school. I really didn't like classical Chinese in junior high school and high school. I thought it was just diaries, essays and poems written by the ancients. This is indeed a normal process, but then I read some novels in ancient Chinese. For example, after the story of A Dream of Red Mansions was circulated by scholars, I found the original ancient prose very interesting. First of all, it gives people a feeling of being very sophisticated and knowledgeable. Very deep. There are not many ancient rhetoric, so the moral of a sentence is a world. In the Buddhist language, a flower and a world are so mysterious. Later, I started reading Zhuangzi and Laozi, which was amazing. I think the ancient culture of our country is really profound and wonderful. It is understandable to recall that I didn't like what the teacher said at that time. Teachers always give you boring translations and then tell you some paragraphs and sentences. I guess even optimists don't like listening to ancient Chinese. So I don't suggest that you listen to the ancient prose that the teacher is talking about now. It's meaningless, just a waste of time. At this time, it is better to buy an ancient Chinese book, such as Shui Jing, Lao Zi's Tao Te Ching, and Zhuangzi's autumn water reading, and experience the poetic ink world by yourself.

7. How do you say "you" in classical Chinese? The classical Chinese words that mean "you" and "you" are:

Yes: isn't it a pleasure to have friends coming from afar? -The Analects of Confucius

There is no meat in the bag, only bones. -"Wolf"

How difficult is it in the world? -"For learning"

The art of war consists of twelve volumes, which contain the names of lords. -"Mulan Poetry"

Hold (oneself): Qin Xiaogong holds the land of Yongzhou according to the letter of solid grain. -"On Qin"

With millions of people. -The Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang Biography

Have: Each has its own modality. -"Nuclear Ship"

The pavilion was completed, but the victory of Xishan began to take shape. Wuchang Jiuqu Pavilion

The king's lackeys are ready. -"The lobbyist remonstrates with warlord Wang Dou" satirizes the King of Qi. "

Rich (rich, rich): the family is rich, lazy and tired, and the son is easy to ride. An old frontiersman loses his horse—a blessing in disguise

Rich knowledge

Read a lot and be knowledgeable.

Extremely gifted (rich: completely owned)

Hold (own, occupy): hold the land of Yongzhou. -"On Qin"

Cao Cao has a million troops today. -"Longzhong Dui"