What are the traditional folk cultures of Fujian Quyi?

Abstract: Quyi is the general name of all kinds of rap arts of the Chinese nation. It is a unique art form formed by the long-term development and evolution of folk oral literature and singing art, and drama is a wonderful flower in Quyi Garden. So what are the traditional folk arts in Fujian, a region with a long history and culture? Besides the well-known Fujian Opera, do you know other traditional folk arts in Fujian? This article will introduce the famous traditional folk art and folk culture in Fujian. Let's take a look! 1. Fujian Puxian Opera

Puxian Opera, formerly known as Xinghua Opera, is one of the oldest existing operas in China. During the Southern Song Dynasty, under the influence of Song Zaju, Xinghua Zaju, which integrates singing, dancing, chanting and acting stories, appeared in Putian and Xianyou, Fujian. In the early Ming Dynasty, Xinghua Zaju absorbed artistic factors from Kunshan, Yiyang, Yuyao, Haiyan and other places, formed and performed Xinghua Opera. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, this form of opera further developed. 1954, Xinghua Opera was officially renamed Puxian Opera. Puxian Opera is mainly popular in Putian and Xianyou, Fujian, and also in Xinghua dialect area in south-central Fujian.

There are more than 5,000 kinds of traditional operas in Puxian Opera, among which Wang Kui, Zhang Xiezhuangyuan, Liu Zhiyuan, Cai Bojie and other operas retain the artistic characteristics of Nanxi Opera to some extent, and the Mulian Opera, which has been performed for seven days, obviously retains the original performance form of China Opera.

In the performance system of Puxian Opera, there are some procedural movements with distinctive local colors, such as holding snakes, jumping birds, sweeping skirts, touching snails, and slipping seven times. Some actions will also leave traces of puppet performances. The vocal structure of Puxian Opera belongs to Qupai style, with more than 1000 kinds of music Qupai and more than 300 kinds of gongs and drums classics.

Puxian Opera has a long history, extensive and profound, rooted in folk soil, and accumulated a large number of dramatic artistic factors and conveyed rich information in various historical periods from Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. It is a "living fossil" to study the art forms of China ancient operas. In addition, Puxian Opera has also influenced the folk customs, language, social psychology, living habits, culture and art in Putian and Xianyou areas.

Since the beginning of the new century, due to various reasons, there has been a serious brain drain in Puxian Opera, and there are few successors. Traditional performing arts are on the verge of extinction. Facebook, costumes and musical voices are being assimilated by foreign operas and other art forms, and the uniqueness of art is weakening. Puxian Opera, an ancient drama, is in a state of self-destruction, and effective measures are urgently needed to support and protect it.

2. Liyuan Opera in Fujian

Liyuan Opera originated in Quanzhou in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and together with the Southern Opera in Zhejiang, it is called the "Voice of Fujian and Zhejiang". It has a history of more than 800 years and is known as the "living fossil of ancient Southern Opera". Liyuan Opera is widely spread in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen, Chaozhou, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asian countries.

Liyuan Opera retains many repertoires, aria and performance rules of Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties. It is divided into three schools: Xiao Liyuan (Class 7) and Da Liyuan's On the Road and Going South. Each school has its own repertoire, called "Eighteen Pengtou", which retains 25 southern operas such as Zhu Wen, Liu, Cai Boyi and Wang Kui. Liyuan opera still exists on the stage, basically retaining the original ecological drama style. It has a set of strict and standardized performance forms, and the basic action is called "eighteen steps", which all walks of life must abide by; The music of Liyuan Opera retains the form of drum, flute and string accompaniment of Nanxi Opera. Its singing originated from the ancient music of Jin and Tang Dynasties, and it was sung in Quanzhou tune, which is a multi-word music style. It still uses the names of ancient musical styles, such as Mokedoule and colorful feathers. The pipa used in Liyuan Opera is Nanpa, which plays horizontally, similar to that of the Tang Dynasty. Winding is the last work of Qin in Jin Dynasty. Dong Xiao was the shakuhachi of the Tang Dynasty; Percussion is dominated by the southern drum (foot drum) and has a unique playing style.

"Shed" is the traditional performance venue of Liyuan Opera. Before the performance, it is necessary to hold a "shed offering" ceremony to commemorate the founder of the play, Marshal Tian Du, and then he began to play a role and entered a formal position. Different from one table and two chairs on the stage of traditional Chinese opera, only long chairs are arranged right behind the shed; Eye drops acid, the end of the Southern Song Dynasty drama, can still be seen in the performance of Jiechouye in Liyuan Opera.

Liyuan Opera preserves the literature and living materials of dramas in Song and Yuan Dynasties, from which we can observe the important characteristics of southern opera culture and southern Fujian regional culture. In the sense of history and culture, Liyuan Opera is an intangible comprehensive art treasure house. Due to the change of the times, the audience of Liyuan Opera is decreasing day by day, which makes the existence of Liyuan Opera fall into a serious crisis.

3. Fujian Fujian Opera

Fujian Opera, also known as Fuzhou Opera, is the only existing opera that is sung and recited in Fuzhou dialect. Popular in central Fujian, eastern Fujian and northern Fujian, and spread to Taiwan Province Province and Southeast Asia. Yiyang dialect was introduced into central Fujian in the late Ming Dynasty, and gradually merged with local dialects and minor tunes to form Jianghu tune. Then Jianghu class sang Jianghu tune, and Pingjiang class sang Jianghu harmony songs. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Pinghua class merged with the old class that sang Kunqu Opera, Huizhou Opera and other foreign accents, as well as the Confucian class that sang Confucianism in Fuzhou, and finally formed Fujian Opera. After the Revolution of 1911, Fujian Opera entered a prosperous period, and many class clubs such as Zheng, Zeng, Xue and Ma Difan emerged, which was known as Mei Lanfang of Fujian Opera.

There are more than 1000 kinds of traditional operas in Fujian opera, most of which are based on folklore, historical romance or ancient legends and zaju. Some of them originated from Confucianism, some from Jianghu class, some from Pingjiang class and some from Huizhou class. Common representative plays include Lian Yin, Peach Litchi, Ziyuchai, Skeleton of Female Runner, Kaifeng House, etc.

The musical aria of Fujian Opera consists of foreign accent, Jianghu accent, funny accent and minor. Both men and women use their own voices when singing, which are characterized by high-pitched, vigorous, simple, rough, delicate and gentle. The singing method of Fujian opera emphasizes simplicity, naturalness and neatness. At the same time, pay attention to the proper use of the alternation of throat cavity, nasal cavity, abdominal cavity and chest cavity to enhance the effect. Most of the folk songs of Fujian Opera evolved from Yiyang tune, Siping tune, Huizhou tune and Kunqu opera, and many vocals still retain the characteristics of Yiyang tune, which can help to "roll". The main accompaniment instruments are flute, suona, head pipe, erhu, coconut tree, green drum, war drum, gong and so on.

The foot color of early Fujian opera only has three lines: health, Dan and ugliness. Later, it absorbed the business systems of Huiban and Jingban, and gradually developed "twelve-foot colors" such as Xiaosheng, Old Student, Wusheng, Tsing Yi, Hua Dan, Lao Dan, Dahua, Erhua, Sanhua, Paste, Tail and Miscellaneous. Actors attach importance to the use of basic procedures such as hands, eyes, body, movements and steps in their performances, and strive to show a beautiful figure through the appearance of the characters and reflect their inner world. Fujian opera ranks first among the five major operas in Fujian with a history of more than 400 years. It is an important link that cannot be ignored in studying the evolution history of traditional Chinese opera tune and the development history of Fuzhou local culture. At present, under the impact of modern social and economic waves, Fujian opera is gradually approaching an endangered state, and it is in urgent need of rescue and protection.

4. Fujian Gaojia Opera

Gaojia Opera, also known as Yijia Opera, Jiujiao Opera, Taipan Opera and Tuban Opera, is one of the local operas in southern Fujian. Popular in the Minnan-speaking areas of Fujian Province and Taiwan Province Province, as well as overseas Chinese in Southeast Asian countries. Gaojia Opera was conceived in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. In the early days, it was just an impromptu costume performance accompanied by folk music. Later, it developed into a professional troupe, mainly playing the story of Song Jiang, known as Song Jiang Opera. In the mid-Qing Dynasty, Sung River Opera absorbed the performance forms of other art categories and developed into a kind of harmonious drama with civil and military integration. In the late Qing Dynasty, it absorbed the artistic factors of Huizhou Opera, Kunqu Opera, Yiyang Opera and Peking Opera, and formed a unique local opera in southern Fujian-Gaojia Opera.

The repertoire of Gaojia Opera can be divided into three categories: atmospheric drama, embroidered room drama and ugly drama, with martial arts drama, ugly drama and case-solving drama being the majority. It has more than 600 kinds of traditional plays, including making a scene in the greenhouse, sleeping in Hedong, cutting the yellow robe, Lin Wensheng telling Imperial Form, Guan Fusong, Xing Si Yuan Chai, Fan Ponong, Tang Erbie, and Liantai Opera The Three Kingdoms and Yue Chuan. The music discs of Gaojia Opera belong to Nanyin, mostly from Nanyin and puppet shows, but the rhythm and melody have changed. When an actor sings, he uses his own voice, which is rich and high-pitched, and there is no lack of clear and delicate rhyme. There are two kinds of musical instruments used in Gaojia Opera: Zifen Music and Wushu Music. The instruments are mainly suona, supplemented by Pinxiao, Dong Xiao, Erxian, Sanxian and Pipa. Wu Le includes hundreds of kinds of drums, drums, gongs, cymbals, bells and small calls, showing strong local characteristics.

In the past, there were only three businesses in the foot color business of Gaojia opera: raw, Dan and ugly. Later, it gradually increased the net, paste, foreign, end, north (net) and miscellaneous. Among these lines, ugliness is the most prominent. Ugliness can be divided into male ugliness and female ugliness, and male ugliness is penniless ugliness. Wen Chou has a long gown and a short blouse, while Wu Chou has a tout and a bound body. There are dozens of ugly women, including ugly wives, ugly matchmakers, ugly daughters-in-law and ugly maids. Ugly performance art is rich and varied. Artists extract materials from life and create and design performance types such as ugly sons, ugly rags and ugly puppets. They imitate the typical behaviors of different characters or puppet shows and animal movements as a means to express their personalities. They are relaxed and humorous, full of fun, exaggerated but not inaccurate, and have a strong flavor of life. The martial arts of Gaojia Opera absorbed the skills of marionette and folk lion dance, and formed such actions as "cold frying pan", "big collision" and "phoenix wagging its tail", which were unique. Gaojia Opera is a unique kind of traditional opera in China and a typical representative of local culture in southern Fujian, which has great influence at home and abroad.

5. Pingping Opera in Pingnan, Fujian

Pingnan Pingshuo Opera is a high-pitched opera that sings in Fujian Han dialect. It is a local opera unique to Fujian. Originated in Pingnan and spread in Ningde and Fuzhou. It can be said that it is one of the predecessors of Fujian opera. Pingstorytelling plays absorb local folk slang and show love, marriage and work life, which is very popular among the masses. In June 2008, Pingnan Pingshuo Opera was selected into the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. Pingnan Pingshuo Opera is one of the forerunners of Fujian Opera, which evolved from the "Tuo Story" (also known as "Shoulder Shed") popular in eastern Fujian in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. It was formed in the early Qing Dynasty and flourished in Xianfeng and Tongzhi years of Qing Dynasty. Originated in Pingnan, Fujian, it is popular in northeast Fujian and Fuzhou. It sings in the local dialect, as plain as speaking, hence its name. According to the survey, since the early Qing Dynasty, there have been 1 15 villages in pingnan county that have held flower-viewing dramas. Judging from the development of Pingtang Opera in Pingnan, the birthplace of Pingtang Opera in Fujian is Pingnan. Longjiping lecture class was founded in the Kangxi period, and its predecessor was gradually developed from the "Jianghu class" introduced by Wang Gengjun, the king of Jingnan, who was guarding Fujian, and Longgang Village, Pingnan, who advocated the plan to fight against the Qing Dynasty and restore the sight. In the late Ming Dynasty, the famous Pingping opera Zhang Dan Shen Zhi became famous at the age of 20 and at the age of 30. He was called "Pingping Opera Master" by later generations and made his debut in Longjiping lecture class.

1984 In the home of an old artist named Lu in Long Yuan Village, Tangkou Town, Pingnan, two boxes of costumes left over by Long Yuanping during his lectures in the village during Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty were found, including 3/kloc-0 pieces of dresses, headscarves, hats and helmets worn by the living, Dan, Jing and Zi, which were exquisitely embroidered for more than 100 years. This is the largest number of ancient costumes with clear age records found in Fujian since the founding of New China.

"Dongshan Hill, Banping, Houmen Mountain built a stage, husband went to the stage, and woman took care of Tian Shan. They played on June 4 and August 3. " It can be seen from the ballads circulated by the local Han people that Pingping Opera in Pingnan is in its heyday. From the end of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty to the beginning of the Republic of China, Pingshuo Opera began to combine with Confucianism and Jianghu Opera, commonly known as "Sanhe Opera", which formed the embryonic form of today's Fujian Opera.

Pingnan Pingshuo is a 400-year-old Han opera. As the predecessor of Fujian Opera, Pingnan Pingshuo Opera's main feature is that all Daobai songs are in Fuzhou dialect, sung at the front desk and helped in the background, which is a very old form of Han folk singing, just like folk songs and yangko.

Pingnan Pingshuo Opera's aria originated from the Han folk songs in northeast Fujian, and was composed of "Chai School" and "Su School". It belongs to a cavity, "one person sings, and everyone is harmonious." Generally, the structure of the upper and lower sentences is repeated, which is suitable for narration, lyricism, crying and pleading. The melody of aria is pentatonic, with feather mode being the most, followed by emblem and Shang. The board type is a glance board, and the scattered board is beat with a "sheath board", which is multi-word and multi-help. Jianghu tune has evolved from the folk in northeast Fujian, and it combines Siping, Huizhou, Luantan and _ _, which is suitable for large-scale narrative. Han folk songs, including local folk songs and exotic folk songs dominated by dialects, have beautiful melodies and are mostly used in song and dance scenes. Other zazas are composed of foreign opera tunes, such as random play and bangzi. When singing, the front desk sings alone, and everyone in the background helps. There are two or three exclamations with "alas" in the middle of each sentence, and the last three words are mostly assisted by backstage actors.

Pingnan Pingshuo opera music belongs to the high-pitched system, which consists of Yiyang high-pitched tune, random play and folk minor. Singing is divided into Pingshuo, Jianghu, minor and other miscellaneous songs. Singing in northeast Fujian or Fuzhou dialect is plain and easy to understand, which is very distinctive.