Architecture of the Future

Kuo Xiaoping: Today's topic is called Toward the Future of Architecture. It means that through our energy-saving buildings, we arrive at a journey called zero-consumption architecture, which is a rather arduous journey, but we are now beginning to explore and start to do it, and I think there will be achievements.

The buildings of 2050 will not be designed by us, they will be designed by our children, so it is important to teach our children to love architecture. This is our world, we live in this place that is both big and small, and we need to love it. More and more people are living in cities, and it is the duty of all of us to pay attention to the protection of the environment and ecological preservation. As an architect, one should always be ready to change your perception and location. 90% of buildings have no architect. For a long time, our human technology and understanding have been incorporated into buildings, but without the planning of an architect. Architecture is sometimes like a trip, an adventurous activity which will give us a lot. All of us like to live in a beautiful city, we like beautiful buildings, and we like to produce more excellent buildings in the future. Against the pioneering conception, nowadays architecture has no style, it should have responsibility, reason and tolerance, liberation is our principle. We need more modernity.

Modern styling. Stylish solutions. Every form is a new creation, and free thinking is a prerequisite and a must. This is a project we did in 2007 for the China Merchants Bank Building. It became a building through the twisted combination of four monoliths. It will become a landmark in the city.

Energy and resources. The concept of energy comes from ancient Greece and is called (energale sound). It is the concept of the power of influence. In 2003, the British Institute of Architects and Engineers did a calculation, and the results were astonishing: the lights will be out in London by 2020, and it's a very simple calculation because the current situation in the UK is that 33% of energy comes from coal. 23% comes from nuclear power, and a further 28% comes from natural gas. The EU policy is that coal will be banned in 2016, and if coal is banned and 33% of energy is not supplied, then the lights will go out in London, including workers in factories that work 4 years a week, and only the bedrooms are heated and the living rooms are not heated. There is no new solution to this situation as yet. So ultimately there is a ****ing knowledge that energy conservation is the way to go. And the best energy is energy saving. That's why we need to develop more energy-efficient buildings. The headquarters building of the Rheinland Group, a German energy company, is one of the top 500 companies in the world, ranking roughly 276th. It supplies electricity and heat to the whole of Europe. In 1992, it conducted a Europe-wide tender for an energy-efficient building, and our company participated in the tender. Its concept of energy saving is completely different from our current energy saving. Its concept of energy saving is that there are no auxiliary facilities to balance my whole. At that time, we conceptualized a double-layer glass curtain wall system, which had been used before, and it was the first time that it was used as a structure in a high-rise building. The most important feature of the double-glazed curtain wall is that it creates a space that becomes an energy-saving possibility. In this picture, you can see that each glass, which is a structure, has an air cover, which prevents heat from entering the room in the summer and prevents cold from entering the room in the winter. This is known as one of the earliest energy efficient builds, we call it the fishmouth build.

It basically solved one of our biggest problems with energy efficiency, and it's not a complicated construction, it's fine for an architect, but it's understandable for a non-architect, because the whole construction is a double-glazed fa?ade, and the most important connotation of the fishbowl is that the sunlight enters the room as much as possible. This is the outer glass curtain wall and the inner glass curtain wall, the inner glass curtain wall can be opened, after staying into our channel, and then into the interior. We know that when we are high in the sky, 120 meters high, or 180 meters high, you have no way to open the window, then there is no way to ventilate, if there is this glass curtain wall, you can open, you can absorb fresh air, which lays down our whole energy-saving system. This construction we call it called analog construction, today has developed into digital. The most important reason for this build is that there is such a ventilation channel, and between the ventilation channels there is a sunshade, which is not affected by wind pressure high in the air, and can efficiently block out the sunlight. The rest is our heating equipment, then constitutes a whole shading system.

This building is also known as a model for industrial products. Because the next picture I will talk about industrial products and architecture, in this building basically realize all the building construction in the factory processing, in the construction site to install, only in the construction site inheritance is pouring, so more environmentally friendly, more efficient new building. Inside this control panel, the first control of our lights, temperature, sunshade, call, etc., etc.. This is their chairman's office, very simple. We made a high window so that as much sunlight as possible comes in from outside and then reaches the aisle through this high window, which is the concept of energy saving in every detail. The building is a very simple building, and the materials used are very simple. Cement, aluminum handles, glass. Aluminum, very simple, very strong. This is the rooftop garden on the 32nd floor, where we paid attention to the columns, and we see that this is our window cleaner, which can clean all the surrounding glass. A conference room located on the 32nd floor, a conference room completely put together with industrial products, and the top can be opened.

Another feature of the building is that it is very well oriented. This is an elevator floor, an elevator room, located outside our building, and through this glass we can see the entire city. Our elevator is completely different from our domestic practice, completely using modern materials, no longer use the so-called stone, completely aluminum alloy, processed by the factory, more modern, more stylish. A part of the roof, which is entirely concrete, is then sprayed. This roof is called a combination roof, this concept is processed by the factory, all the functions are combined in one structure, such as strong light, weak light are combined in industrial products, this is how our future architecture is going to develop. You can see that this is a cut-off wall, cut-off wall is completely factory processed, we are now China is also the same, in this building stand 100 percent of the realization of industrialized buildings.

In 1995, we participated in the bidding of Shanghai World Trade Center International. The building was completed in 2004, but completed, and our previous planning is completely different. There were a lot of problems in the middle, when the financial crisis in '98 made the project stop, and we planned a double-glass curtain wall system at the beginning, which was also designed based on the construction of the Rheinland headquarters building. The World Trade Center International Plaza is located at the junction of Nanjing Road and Xizang Road in Shanghai, where we designed a 330-meter tower, which was an office building at the time, but is now a five-star hotel, a 49-meter-high shopping mall, and a 48-meter glass roof. Here are a few photos of the model, which is completely all-glass curtain wall. It shows the structure of the whole building. The antenna part reaches 330 meters and the roof part is 265 meters, which is currently the highest. The most important reason why we developed a building here that is suitable for the current situation in China is that the air must be very clean, however, we tested the air quality in Shanghai and found that Shanghai's temperatures and humidity are not up to a standard, that is, we developed a closed glass curtain wall, so that it creates an internal circulation, which, as usual, has an energy-saving effect, and in the center put a layer of sunshade, so that the heat can be blocked. This project, we carried out the realization, completely successful, energy saving can reach 60%. This is a part of our development of glass curtain walls. This is a picture taken last year, which is completely different. The final rendering.

Ancient and new architecture, our concept is to appreciate the architecture of the ancients, but not to copy. Because we have now solved the unsolved problems of the ancients. Use modern technology to make a fashionable building. For the old buildings before, we should try to recover them or re-plan them to create a beautiful space. While making a new building, we should think about the restoration work after 30 years. 30 years later, we can judge whether the building is designed to be slanted or not. A good architect makes a building, 30 years to give someone else to redesign it, 30 years later, we can see how good it really is. Heritage conservation building is our human wealth, we must be protected, can not be arbitrarily modified, should be warmly increased. 2002 we participated in a city bank remodeling work, this is an ancient building, an old building, not an ancient building. We carried out re-planning, re-design, before it was pure glass curtain wall, we designed a double-layer glass curtain wall, and then the two eras of the building, through a glass surface unification. This building is again a generative building. Our interior design is completely installed with factory built processing, using very simple materials, aluminum, stainless steel, glass. All the ceilings, which are called collection ceilings, are a collection of all the processes that make a good building, the less construction possible, the better. Then the necessary construction, which has to be there, has to be assembled by means of assembling and then installing it. So the architect must work with the industrial design is **** the same work. This is the scene of the atrium, and for the outside we hired a photographer to shoot it, take a lot of pictures, and then put it evenly on the glass to make it look very active.

Industrial products and architecture. Just now I talked about the Rheinland Group building, and the Lufthansa headquarters building in Frankfurt, both of which are a productized building, and our future buildings should be productized buildings, and architects have to think about how to integrate them with the product designers when they start designing them, and there are two concepts for that. All the construction is processed by the factory, so that the planning is carried out at the same time. One is the product that is designed and processed with high precision in the factory, which is more delicate and environmentally friendly, and then also ensures the construction period and time. In this way, the construction site is poured and our products are produced, so the construction period is shortened, and time is money for developers, and this is how the construction of the future will be developed. Then development, the first is to have a product system development, then factory processing, transportation, and finally assembly. Several systems like this make up the entire construction of a modern building. The Audi Arena, a venue for the automobile expositions in Frankfurt, Tokyo and Paris, is a project that we participated in the design of in 1999, and it is a fully industrialized design. It was a very simple design, we started our design in the daytime by studying the people, the flow and the curves of the whole arena. 3D drawings were made to create such a model. The important concept is very simple, we want to make an arena. The arena will help us to run the whole arena, so that the arena is easy to dismantle and easy to transport, because Frankfurt is going to participate in Paris, and also in Tokyo. The whole arc is made up of so many arcs. The aluminum, the glass, the glass is clear glass and tinted glass. This is the aluminum construction. This is the aluminum support structure, and this is the status of processing at the factory. This is the scene of installation. This is a location map of the entire glazing that we have in this building, and each glass is a different size. So each glass has to be labeled. It's labeled during installation, it's labeled during dismantling, and then it's labeled for an exhibition in another location. We can see 9099, below 1010, we participated in four expositions, and not a single piece of glass was damaged. Through different lights to express different spaces. This is an F1 arena. Sports design. This is A2, with a lot of video screens at the back. For Audi, I think we know that the best brands, Mercedes-Benz and BMW, Mercedes-Benz's arena for them, Mercedes-Benz appears as the inventor of the automobile boss, while BMW expresses itself in sports. So Audi attaches great importance to the design of the arena, so they designed such an unusual and visually stunning arena.

Air. Air is a very important part of our architecture. When we architects want to make an energy-efficient building, the main problem is to solve the ventilation problem. Be prepared for every possibility and every way to solve our problem. Another concept of architecture is appropriateness, and for each project, there is its appropriate solution.

The photo shows one of the designs for the Cologne International Airport, a building that has been described as an example of high technology. It is a concentration of architects, engineers, industry experts, and physics specialists to accomplish such a product. It's a high-rise called Munich, and we participated in the bidding in 1992 and ended the construction only in 2002. At that time, the client was a German bank, we designed a double-layer glass curtain wall system, and by the computer to control the channel, after the design was completed, in 1999, the client changed, changed to the U.S. real estate developers, they pay more attention to efficiency, they need a single-layer glass curtain wall, so we re-planning, but the concept of a single-layer glass curtain wall, not a single-layer glass curtain wall as we imagined, and has the effect of a double-layer glass curtain wall. glass curtain wall effectiveness. We then developed such a ventilated construction, the height of this building we designed three heights, one 320 meters, later designed 280 meters, and finally built 140 meters. This is because Munich does not allow tall buildings. Our ventilation structure, through a motor, controlled by a computer, opens up to the outside, and then natural ventilation, which ensures that your office receives natural air, and the air enters through the side, you do not have wind pressure. Completed our natural ventilation system, and is a single-layer glass curtain wall, which is very suitable for our Chinese buildings, because it costs a lot less than a double-glass curtain wall, the most important thing is that the architects have a good idea, with the engineers to complete this design. The whole 10 years, single-layer glass curtain wall has the effect of double-layer glass curtain wall, now the technology is more mature. It is such a construction to complete our whole ventilation, today's technology and process, there is no problem for these constructions. A scene from the Olympic Center,

Beauty. Beauty in Greek is the concept of truth. If it's wood, it should look like wood. If it's bamboo, it should look like bamboo, and that's what's real to us. The beauty of architecture, the simplicity of volume. This is one of the designs we participated in the 2002 European Airbus assembly plant, we designed a roof that is contemporary, beauty and fashion, in architecture it's a right decision, the right architecture is often beautiful, and ugly architecture is often a result of a mistake. Beauty and purity, beauty of form. This is a design of China Merchants Bank that Wuhe International participated in 2007, we designated it as NV Plaza, and this design is called gradual change with Chinese significance. We know that the new design is to distort a building, a square and put it there, this is a European practice, while we are more subtle in China. This building is like this, the bottom floor is a straight line, and gradually the top floor becomes an arc. This gradient diagram, from an arc gradually converted to a straight line form. When will feel when you turn around from the building, you will find that you look at the bottom of the straight line to the top of the arc, which is our Chinese implicit a kind of twist. You can see that the bottom is straight, to the top is converted to round, the bottom is round, to the top is converted to straight, is a simple and has the connotation of form.

There are no conventions, and new ideas are not bound by them. Architecture should make the city more attractive. Before designing a building, one must consider the result and effect after the building is finished. Then you can't reminisce about the past before it's finished, you have to make a decision beforehand. These two photos can be compared. To build or not to build. To build is the right decision, or not to build is the right decision. This is a house in Berlin. Building a new old building in Berlin, our concept is better not to build.

Zero-energy building is the premise of our future architecture. We try to have no other auxiliary equipment to make our buildings run, and that's our zero-energy building. We want to make some buildings collectors and then balance the whole energy. This is a very difficult and complex path. We should start working on it now and it should be taken seriously by all parties. （The Surgat train station is a representative of zero-energy buildings. The Surgat train station is one of the projects of the 21st century, and the whole investment is 2.5 billion euros, and the renovation of the old building is only one of the projects. The project was put out to the world bidding in 1998 and 1999, and world-famous architects were invited, and our company also participated in the project. My colleagues and I went to Sugart Park and found that park very beautiful, the Sugart government wanted to keep the garden, and most of our architects designed a horizontal hall, which spoiled the whole scenario of the palace garden. Let's tell you a fairy tale, I say we designed the Sugat railway station to be placed underground and then add a roof and get a few light eyes, this is our railway station, there is not a lot of philosophy, it's very simple, but it's very complicated to work with. This is the landscape around the Sugart train station, it's very beautiful. A 1:30 model, you can see the scene of putting the train station underground, the scene above, and through the two semi-circular glass shells, into our Sugart train station, which is the old train station. In this way we have preserved the perfection of the entire palace garden through the arrangement of the photoeye. We designed the light eye, this light eye solves several most important problems, ventilation, natural light ventilation. The most important thing about this project is that it has a very complex structural system and one that we have never encountered before. The structural part of our structure is a world famous structural guru, he is the director of Sugart Clean Institute, he made a model with soap end in 1993, it is very simple, structurally it is like this. A single stand supporting a membrane assembly that has to pass through a hole to make it work, and we passed this diagram on to him and he said I've done this before, it's feasible for you guys, and if it's feasible for you guys, go to work. There was a lot of experimental research and experimentation that went into this project, especially with the structure. This is the first network diagram of the structure. The study of forces through a tennis racket. The study of forces. The study of membranes. This is the photoeye that we finally finished. Through a 1:30 model, we finally found that the light directly entering the photoeye is 5% to 15%, and in the daytime, the light shining through the photoeye to the underground train station is enough, so we can say that this energy can become a zero-energy building. Various optimistic experiments. This is a modeling experiment of light irradiation at noon, including a wind direction experiment. One of the most important aspects of energy saving in a building is the use of natural light. In many of our offices in Beijing, we now use lights instead of natural light. Many of our offices in Beijing now use lights instead of natural light, because our shading technology has not been able to break through this problem. The most important aspects of energy saving are ventilation, shading and the use of natural light. The use of natural light in Sugart train station is very obvious. At night we feel a peculiar landscape through the light next to the platform, which is reflected on the curved roof. In winter, the ventilation windows would have blocked the cold from entering the room, and because the building was 6 meters below ground, it had the effect that the temperature would never go below freezing in winter, while it never exceeded 20 degrees in summer. That's why this building is called our zero energy building. Here are a couple of renderings. A perfect scenario of a palace garden. Thank you all for your attention.

People can ask any questions they may have.

Host: Thank you very much Mr. Guo Xiaoping for your presentation. We say that the city is the carrier of the building ground architecture is the soul of the city, I believe that after listening to Mr. Guo's speech, they have a new understanding of the new building, new technology, everyone if you have some questions on what Mr. Guo just said, or you are interested in the topic can ask questions.

Question: Having just looked at Sugart's train station, I think the Beijing South Railway Station, I'd like to ask if there is any comparison between the initial investment and the adoption of natural light itself, in this case just now.

Guo Xiaoping: Sugart train station is a 21st century Sugart item, so the investment itself is very large. For the city government, it is an industrial city, so there is no problem in terms of funding. In the bidding, never raised questions about funding. For our project, we went to tender in 1999, won the tender in 2000, the planning really started in 2005, then it was only in 2009 that the planning was completed. It's under construction now and it won't be finished until 2013, until 2014. So the City has not asked us questions about that cost. But what is the most important thing? The question of energy for the Germans, for the Europeans. We just talked about how in Germany, in the UK, basically coal accounts for about 30% of the electricity. By 2016, this coal will be abolished, and after 2020, our nuclear power plants will be abolished, so energy is very important. So developers and architects in Europe are trying to do energy efficient buildings.

Q: What about the zero-energy train stations that you were talking about, if you're talking about nighttime lighting?

Guo Xiaoping: We put solar receptive panels around the building to assist with its lighting. Because heating and lighting, heating, ventilation and cooling are not needed. Just a lighting. There is no problem with the technology now. Now in the planning of a zero-energy city, about 50,000 yuan, we call it all-zero-energy city, the main technology from the United States of America General Electric's technology, very simple, in fact, is not complicated. Solar energy, wind energy, but the most important thing about the building is to make sure that your building saves 50% of the energy, and the other 50% is done by the solar energy receiving office, wind power, geothermal.

Question: Which direction do you think China's future energy-saving buildings should go? In addition, if you as a designer of energy-saving buildings in China, what measures will you take?

Guo Xiaoping: This is a very good question. As an architect, civil buildings and industrial buildings are two different systems, civil buildings, individual buildings and group buildings are different systems, we have to do, office buildings and public **** building is to use high-tech techniques, civil buildings rely on sustainable development, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal, in fact, these technologies are very mature, just the use of the problem. Solar energy in Europe is already commonly used, but the key issue is the policy, because solar energy has a system, a system is to create thermal energy, another is to create electricity, but electricity, if you make a single family, you have no way to use this electricity, you must inject it into the region, or there is a storage, this storage is very expensive, in Europe is this way, you want to create a degree of electricity, the state to give you a lot of money, you can use it to create a degree of electricity. You have to manufacture one degree of electricity, the state gives you the price of three degrees of electricity, China does not have it now, I think the policy will gradually change, and civilian power generation is gradually developing. A few young people in the UK have developed wind power, and they can put a wind turbine in their house. Now this technology has been purchased by the Rheinland Group, which is now producing generators that can be installed in every house. And new energy sources are developing very fast in Germany.

Question: We often mention people-oriented, the most comfortable temperature is between 20 degrees and 23 degrees, we just saw that building, including some of the so-called energy-saving buildings in China, I think that zero energy is not able to achieve, because from the current study of energy, is to promote the other kind of energy through a kind of energy, this kind of technology, or, some of the energy needed, I think that the zero energy is just a gimmick, how can this be done? I think zero energy is just a gimmick, how to understand this?

Guo Xiaoping: We are pushing the issue of technology and development, a lot of developers will be cost, implementability, technology to talk about, this is not a problem. The key is whether we are willing to do an energy-saving building, the current situation, China did not feel the energy crisis, we only feel the increase in the price of automobile fuel, electricity in Europe every year, if we power and then raise the words of our development will be urgent, that way so that there will be a need for energy-saving buildings. Speaking of technology just now, Germany, Europe has cleaner air than we do. They have no problem opening the windows, we have a very simple technology, if it's a double-glazed curtain wall, you can convert the hot air into cold air through a conversion. Technology will do everything, just like the geothermal now, geothermal through a pump, take out the groundwater, through the conversion, this groundwater may only 20 degrees, 30 degrees, but through the conversion is the temperature you need. And we are now China's process, there is no problem can be done in Europe such a thing. It's just that because of the time problem and the cost problem, it's not possible for every developer to do these buildings in Europe. Rheinland Group is a Fortune 500 company, Lufthansa Group is also a Fortune 500 company, what Audi, they are all very big companies. China is developing and I think it can be realized very soon.

Q: We know that in China now Vanke is doing the residential piece of product, and there has been a more conventional development. But in the field of public ****, such as the office building this piece, in fact, the productization is very, very low, almost nothing. For example, our project designer said, lobby, for example, in the lobby, in fact, to find a lot of corresponding, from the foreign piece, may find the information is relatively small, I would like to understand, for example, on the Rheinland Group Building, it's lobby, or you understand the productization of the higher, it is now done to a what degree? Can it be processed in the factory? I'll just talk a little bit, what kind of situation is there in the lobby?

Guo Xiaoping: Our design is like this, after we won the bid, our company is such a system, at that time there are 150 people, there is a product design department, the design department eight product designers, we have architects to do the leadership, and then they come to cooperate with us to do, in the meantime, we give the task to our product designers, our product designers design, then After our product designers design the building, we give the task to our product designers, and then we give it to the factory and Siemens to do it. So it is very simple in Germany, as soon as we start to make the product, we have product designers to enter our team to do it and all the construction of the Rheinland Group headquarters is processed in the workshop, and there is only on-site cement pouring, which is a problem that can be solved without any problem in China, except that the system is not set up yet. After the architectural design, it is handed over to the interior design, then the factory starts to do the ceiling.

Question: Is it possible to understand that a company like Siemens, which is in Germany, also has some standardized models in the architectural design, can be referred to, so that the actual production of molds or also, has formed a long-term cooperation?

Guo Xiaoping: Yes. Our product designers and our architects are different, product designers, pay more attention to the product process, they know the process, process very well. They make something, they can put it directly into production, and we architects, we develop the process, we have to go through the development of the glass curtain wall, the glass curtain wall company is a medium between the architects and factories, after we design, after they develop, they will tell us this can be done, but not take responsibility. The responsibility is on the architect. It's the architect's problem if this build doesn't run. In Germany, product designers are very mature, and for the architectural firms that come in, it's not just about building design, it's about the whole product design. And it is a perfect industrialized product design. My design office in Germany has prepared some furniture, through their long-term partners, like Siemens, and then to the market, as an architect only take the design fee can be.

Question: Including things like lighting design, is it enough to finish it in the factory?

Guo Xiaoping: Yes. In the future it could be two things, which is either picking a matching product with the developer, or the design is done in the factory processing.

Q: Just now you mentioned a combination of ceiling several times, such a combination of ceiling, most of the combination of which functions?

Kuo Xiaoping: Both systems, in our Rheinland Group building, or the Lufthansa headquarters in Frankfurt, combine what is needed in the room, such as sprinklers, strong lights, weak lights, and then these lights that are combined are displayed in a display panel, which is controlled by our analog control panels. And in our buildings, the fewer these collections the better, and we architects are the ones who simplify these systems and then combine them and install them in one panel.

Question: If you have a sprinkler, for example, it's bound to have piping, and there's a difference between this combination ceiling and the other combination ceiling because the piping is different and there's a difference, and it's not possible to factory produce this combination.

Guo Xiaoping: also factory production, there is a unified design, and then equipped with product designers to complete, there is no other problem.

Question: It's that heating pipe.

Question: The energy system piece, you don't particularly understand it, do you?

Kuo Xiaoping: yes. These two systems are like this, including the construction of buildings, an architect is not enough to cooperate with other engineers, if you want to make a simple building, the current Chinese building needs the architect's vision, to make a good building, like the Sugart train station, or like the one in Munich, that must be realized by the energy company to help you, and your choice of the appropriate products, to General Electric to buy a cooling roof installed on it. But the most important thing is to have a system design.

Question: Mr. Guo, towards the future of architecture, the future of architecture, then, a little too far away. I'm more concerned about the current architecture in China. Mr. Guo, can you talk about what you think about the current architecture in China? What are the problems with it?

Guo Xiaoping: As an architect, China's architecture has done a lot of excellent buildings, and I think a lot of the buildings in Beijing, is a right decision. For example, like the Bird's Nest, the Water Cube, the Opera House. It was definitely a right decision. Other than that as an architect, I'm not a critic so it's hard for me to go into depth on these issues.

Question: Since there are some projects, or buildings, in China that use some high technology, or energy-saving specifics, what do you think of the current use of this energy-saving technology in Chinese buildings, and what are your views? You talk about double-glazed curtain walls, and there are projects that have used them. Is there any technical difference between the double-glazed curtain wall they used and the double-glazed curtain wall you mentioned? It's also designed to be energy efficient, do you think it's this kind of energy efficient design, how do you think about some of these designs?

Guo Xiaoping: Fengshang certainly do very well, and it has done a good building in the energy-saving building, the current level of energy-saving buildings in China, there are some do more mature, but less. In fact, energy-saving buildings in Europe is just a few years, the technology is not mature. The earliest energy-saving buildings from 95 years, to the development of more than ten years now. There are some architects, including many architects in Europe, they do not do very well, our distance and the distance of Europe, is not very big.