How did the political power of the British monarch and the House of Lords evolve?

Constitutional monarchy is a political system in which capitalist countries use the constitution to limit the power of monarchs. Everything must be decided by the law. The monarch has no real power and he has to act according to the law.

Parliamentary constitutional monarchy, the monarch does not directly dominate the state power, the cabinet holds the executive power and is responsible to the parliament. For example, in Britain, from the legal point of view, the king of England is "the source of all power" and "the embodiment of the country", but in fact, the power of the king of England is superficial, and the power entrusted to the king of England by law is exercised by the cabinet and parliament. In modern Britain, the king is only a nominal head of state and a symbol of power to safeguard bourgeois rule.

Features: ① Under the constitutional monarchy, the king is the head of state, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the United Kingdom and the hereditary leader of the Anglican Church. The monarch is in the position of "unification but not cure", and its position as a national symbol is more prominent. The center of state power lies in parliament, which is the highest legislative body of the country. The cabinet holds the executive power and is responsible to the parliament. The power conferred on the king by law is exercised by the cabinet and the parliament.

Function: The constitutional monarchy established by the British bourgeois revolution greatly weakened the power of the king, and the parliament and the government gradually mastered the power to govern the country. Although this political system has its historical limitations, it ended Britain's feudal autocracy and made Britain embark on the road of bourgeois political democratization, which is conducive to the development of capitalism. It represents the trend of historical development and is a great progress in history. Britain is the first country in the world to establish a constitutional monarchy. The establishment and continuous improvement of this system not only played a great role in consolidating the rule of the British bourgeoisie, but also had a great impact on the establishment of new systems by the bourgeoisie in other countries.

History: the background of revolution: the rise and development of British capitalism is the fundamental reason of revolution; The formation of bourgeois new noble is the leading force of revolution; The reform of Tudor dynasty not only strengthened Britain's strength, but also promoted the development of British capitalist economy and the growth of bourgeois forces. The autocratic rule of Stuart dynasty led to the intensification of social contradictions and directly led to the outbreak of bourgeois revolution.

Revolutionary process: Parliament was convened in 1640, and the king demanded a new tax, and the parliament demanded the restriction of the royal power, and the contradiction between the king and the parliament was openly intensified and a revolution broke out; 1642, the king crusaded against parliament and launched a civil war. Cromwell led the parliamentary army to defeat the Wang Party, executed the king in 1649, established a republic, developed industry and commerce, and protected the Puritans. The revolution is on the rise. After Cromwell came to power, he conquered Ireland, competed with the Netherlands for hegemony, dissolved parliament and became the protector of the country. After his death, the dynasty was restored and the revolution regressed. 1688, Whigs and Tories joined hands to invite William to be in power in Britain. The bourgeoisie and new noble finally compromised with the feudal forces and completed the British bourgeois revolution.

Britain is the first country in the world to establish a constitutional monarchy, which was established after the "glorious revolution" in Britain. Around the middle of13rd century, the nobles won the battle with Henry III, the king of England, and established a parliament. After 13, the parliament was held frequently. Members are composed of nobles, citizens and knights. Because of the different interests of different classes, they often don't meet together. 14, the parliament gradually divided into upper and lower houses. Since then, the power of the lower house has been expanding. By the end of 15, the lower house has the power to introduce financial bills and legal bills. However, during this period, parliament was still a representative institution of feudal hierarchy. Before and after the British bourgeois revolution, Parliament became the political center of the struggle between the bourgeoisie and the Stuart dynasty, which represented the feudal forces. After the glorious revolution, Parliament passed the Bill of Rights and the Law of Succession to the Throne, which legally confirmed the principle of "parliamentary sovereignty" and further restricted the royal power. Without the consent of the parliament, the king may not approve, abolish or suspend the implementation of the law without authorization; It also stipulates that the king must believe in the Anglican church, and Catholics or people who marry Catholics may not inherit the throne. The British constitutional monarchy was initially established.

Traditional Marxism holds that constitutional monarchy is superior to absolute monarchy, but the harmonious system is superior to constitutional monarchy. Britain retains the monarchy and implements a constitutional monarchy, which is a strong manifestation of feudal remnants-but now many scholars have different views on this.

For example, the constitutional monarchy established by the British bourgeois revolution greatly weakened the power of the king, and the parliament and the government gradually mastered the power of governing the country, ending the feudal autocracy in Britain, which made Britain embark on the road of bourgeois political democratization and was conducive to the development of capitalism. It represents the trend of historical development and is a great progress in history. It not only played a great role in consolidating the rule of the British bourgeoisie, but also had a great influence on the establishment of new systems by the bourgeoisie in other countries.