Induction of basic knowledge of photography theory

Introduction: At the joint meeting of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Fine Arts held at the French Academy, the French government ordered Aragon, the curator of Paris astronomy, to announce the detailed process of Daguerre's invention of silver plate photography technology. The following is the basic knowledge of photography theory that I have compiled for you. I hope it will be useful to you.

The first strategy: photography knowledge

First, the history of photography

1. Changes in photography technology: Daguerre Edition (1839- 1850)→ Carroll Edition (184 1) British scientist Talbot's "Carroll Photography" technology laid the foundation for modern photography. ) → wet printing (185 1- 1890, 185 1 year, the British sculptor Archer invented the wet printing method. ) → Dry Printing (the embryonic form of modern photography: 65438+ In the 1970s, the British doctor maddock Jones invented dry printing. )

2. Camera changes: retractable wooden box camera (1839)→ Kodak 1 (1888)→4 and 1/2 SLR cameras → Leica I (1925)→35CM SLR camera (/)

3 1826 8-hour exposure. Photosensitive material: development of silver plate, 1839 shortens the exposure time to 2 to 3 minutes.

4. The appearance of 4.Hysmans has brought a new revolution to the history of photography. 1889, the famous inventor Edison cut the 70 mm film provided by Hysmans Company into two pieces, each with a width of 35 mm, and punched small square holes on both sides to roll the film, which is the most widely used 35 mm film in the world in the future. Daguerre telescope wooden box camera. Because of the long exposure time, the photographer needed to sit in a special seat with head support when shooting portraits at that time.

Kodak Company of the United States introduced the film with a width of 35 mm at 1934, which quickly became the most popular film and film type and has been continuously used to this day.

5. Several major changes and related people: 193 1 invented the electronic flash. 1907, Lumiere brothers invented "natural color film" transparent positive film, which is a really practical color film. 1936, Hysmans Company introduced Cowper, the first three-layer latex color film, followed by Akfa, Fuji and Yi Erfu successively introduced color positive films and negative films. 1947, American physicist rand invented an imaging photography. 1945, the Swede Hasbride designed 120 single-lens reflex camera. And established the "Hasbride Award"-the "Nobel Prize" in photography. 1959, Foctland invented the zoom lens. 1965, Leinar Nilson, a Swedish photographer, combined electron microscope with photography technology to take a photomicrograph "Miracle of Life". 198 1 year, Sony Corporation of Japan introduced the world's first digital photography (MAVICA) with charge-coupled devices (CCD) instead of traditional software (negatives).

The first color photo: 186 1 year, james clerk maxwell took three ribbons. It presents a plaid ribbon.

The first digital photo (1957) Russell Kirsch, a computer pioneer of the National Bureau of Standards, developed an image processing system, which can directly transmit the photos taken by the camera to the computer.

1880, GeorgeEastman, an American, invented a new photosensitive material-film, which evenly coated silver halide emulsion on gelatin substrate, and successfully manufactured the first Kodak camera in 1888.

Second, the genre of photography.

1. Painting photography:1It was produced in Britain in the middle of the 9th century. Photographers of this school pursue the effect of painting or the realm of "poetic" in their creation. 1857, O.G. Relander (18 13- 1875) created a Renaissance-style work composed of more than 30 negatives: Two Roads of Life marks the maturity of painting and photography.

2. Naturalistic photography: 1899, first proposed by photographer Peter Henry Emerson. Advocate photographers to return to nature and seek creative inspiration. This artistic concept is a reaction to painting, which urges people to liberate photography from the shackles of academic school and promote the full play of their own characteristics.

3. Pure photography: advocate that photography should develop its own advantages, abandon the influence of painting, and advocate using pure photography technology to obtain the unique aesthetic effect of photography.

The moon is high on the semicircle mountain. Adams (USA) Sea of Stone Steps W Evans (UK)

4. New objective photography: It happened in Germany in the mid-1920s, also known as new realistic photography. The artistic feature of this school is to seek "beauty" in ordinary things. By means of close-up, close-up and other means, the subject is "separated" from the whole, a certain detail of the subject is highlighted, and its surface structure is accurately and truly portrayed, thus achieving dazzling visual effects.

5. Documentary photography: The English name is Document Photography, which originally refers to the type of photography that plays the role of proof, evidence and literature. However, documentary photography, as a genre of photography that affects the abyss, is different from simple photography. In addition to the basic function of recording events, its theme content also has certain social significance, humanitarian spirit and historical document value. Documentary photography, whether beautiful or ugly, is to show a real world, arouse people's attention, arouse social conscience, record unique culture and leave valuable historical wealth for future generations. According to the content of photography, documentary photography can be divided into three categories: the first category is major events; The second is people's life; The third is the social pattern.

Documentary photography is a kind of photography art form in which photographers describe the relationship between people and the environment with social significance in today's world relatively comprehensively, honestly and vividly, so as to guide the audience to pay attention to and correctly understand the described objects.

6. Surrealism photography: appeared in the 1930s. It is a genre that appeared in the field of photography during the decline of Dadaism. Surrealism in photography, like Dada photographers, uses scissors, paste and darkroom technology as the main modeling means to pile up, piece together and reorganize the scenes in the works, and combines specific details with arbitrary exaggeration, deformation, ellipsis and symbol to create a surreal "artistic realm" between reality and fantasy, concreteness and abstraction.

7. Abstract photography: a school of photography art that emerged after the First World War. Using light, or editing highlights, or intermediate exposure, or shaking the camera when shooting, the image of the subject in the negative is blurred, or it is ghosted by multiple exposures until the surface structure of the picture is changed, and the original shape and spatial structure of the subject are changed, so that the subject is transformed into an unrecognizable combination of lines, points and shapes.

Third, China photography.

Lang Jingshan, the first generation master of artistic photography in China, 1892, was born in Huaiyin, Jiangsu. He has loved photography since 14 years old. After more than 90 years, the camera never left its hand, and it created a new way of "high-light photography". 1995 April 13 died in Taipei. His works integrate China's painting art idea into photography, making the art of high-light photography perfect. Documentary photography in China can be traced back to 1976. The main feature of the 4th Five-Year Plan photography is a strong sense of realistic participation and historical consciousness. Through the "April Film Festival" in Beijing from 65438 to 0979, it is divided into two directions: realistic pursuit and formalistic exploration.

Contemporary Photography in China: China's documentary photography can be traced back to the fourth five-year documentary photography of 1976. The main feature of the 4th Five-Year Plan photography is a strong sense of realistic participation and historical consciousness. Through the "April Film Festival" in Beijing from 65438 to 0979, it is divided into two directions: realistic pursuit and formalistic exploration.

Jos (male name)

The World Photojournalism Competition, also known as the Dutch World Photojournalism Exhibition, was renamed as 1957 and sponsored by the World Photojournalism Foundation headquartered in the Netherlands. The association was founded on 1955. Since the first World Photo Contest was held in 1957, it has been held for 46 times. This competition is the most representative world photojournalism competition in the world today, which has greatly promoted the development of photojournalism all over the world.

The Pulitzer Prizes

Pulitzer Prize is an American news and cultural award, which is funded by Joseph Pulitzer, a famous American newspaper editor and publisher. Pulitzer prizes include news awards and art awards, among which news awards mainly include: public service awards, reporting awards, editing awards, cartoon awards, commentary awards, communication awards, feature awards, photojournalism awards, etc. Literary and artistic awards include novel awards, drama awards, poetry awards, American historical works awards, autobiography or biography awards and non-fiction awards; Music composition award 1. In addition, two special prizes were awarded. The Pulitzer prize in the United States is $7,500, but the report that won the public service contribution award will not be rewarded, and the winning newspaper will receive a Pulitzer Gold Award. Pulitzer initially bequeathed a fund of $500,000, and later the fund management organization raised more than $6,543,800. This award is selected once a year by the Pulitzer Prize Selection Committee composed of 16 people, including the president of Columbia University. The selection results are usually announced by the president of Columbia University in mid-April, and the awards will be presented in May.

Fourth, the basic knowledge of photography

Photography is the process of storing images into memory materials through photographic equipment by using pinhole imaging principle. It is an important tool to spread culture, art and technology, and also an effective auxiliary means often used in modern scientific research and industrial and agricultural production. Photography is painting with light, which is essentially a combination of technology and visual observation, and a combination of technology and art. Photography is not simply taking pictures. Only conscious, thoughtful, thoughtful and refined pictures can be called photography. hole

Aperture is a device used to control the amount of light entering the photosensitive surface of the fuselage through the lens, usually in the lens. We use the f value to represent the aperture size. Aperture f value = lens focal length/lens aperture diameter. As can be seen from the above formula, to achieve the same aperture f value, the aperture of a long focal length lens is larger than that of a short focal length lens. The complete series of aperture values is as follows:

It is worth mentioning here that the smaller the f value of the aperture, the more light enters in the same unit time, and the light entering amount of the upper level is exactly twice that of the lower level. For example, if the aperture is adjusted from f8 to f5.6, the amount of light entering will double. We also said that the aperture should be opened one level. For consumer digital cameras, the aperture f value is often between f2.8-f 16. In addition, many digital cameras can adjust the aperture by 1/3.

Depth of field: short for clear depth of a scene. When the lens focuses on one point, the focus gradually blurs before and after the start, and the "clear" range near the focus is the depth of field range. So the depth of the scene, that is, the background and foreground are quite blurred, and the depth of field is large, that is, the foreground and background of the photo look very clear.

Relationship between aperture and depth of field

The depth of field is proportional to the aperture series. If it is inconvenient to keep the focal length of the lens and the shooting distance of the object, the larger the aperture, the shorter the depth of field. That is to say, when the aperture changes from f/111→ f/8 → f/5.6 → f/4, the depth of field becomes shorter and shorter, and the scenes outside the depth of field become more blurred. The longer the focal length of a constant lens (such as a long lens), the larger the aperture, the closer the shooting distance and the shallower the depth of field; The shorter the focal length of the lens (such as a wide-angle lens), the smaller the aperture and the farther the shooting distance, the deeper the depth of field will be.

shutter

Shutter is a set of devices made on the camera body (some shutters of medium and large cameras are made on the lens). Used to control the exposure time of each film:11/21/41/81/301/65438. 100012000 Even the shutter value of many professional cameras is 30 ~116000.

ISO sensitivity: it is the sensitivity of CCD to record light instantly. (ISO of digital camera is an index similar to film sensitivity, which is measured by the sensitivity of traditional camera film to light. The larger the number, the more sensitive the photosensitive effect and the larger the "pixel particles". ISO 50-> landscape; ISO 100-> standard; ISO 200/400-> lacks motion, motion or light; ISO 800-> indoor performance, dim light. Generally speaking, the higher the sensitivity, the coarser the particles of the negative film, and the worse the effect after amplification.

For the subject in the dark, and the light ratio is large, the flash can be used to compensate for the exposure. You can also use a reflector to fill the light.

EV value = aperture value+speed

The relationship among shutter speed, aperture and ISO sensitivity, that is, if the shutter speed is doubled, the luminous flux of the lens will be reduced by half; With each step of aperture increase, the luminous flux will be reduced by half as when the shutter speed is doubled; ISO sensitivity is doubled, even if the luminous flux is halved, the same exposure can also be exposed.

Now most digital cameras are equipped with "exposure compensation" function. Setting the exposure compensation to+1 means that the shutter speed is slowed down by half or the aperture is doubled. In fact, when using the preset mode provided by the digital camera, the camera will adjust the aperture and shutter speed to double the luminous flux.

EF-S 17-85 mm f/4-5.6 ISUM wide-angle focal length is used to show femininity. When displaying the dynamics of a stream or waterfall, the low-speed shutter can display the trajectory of the water flow. It just often takes a few seconds for a long exposure. When using aperture priority automatic exposure for long exposure, ISO sensitivity should be fixed and aperture should be reduced. When shooting the legend, set the aperture value to the minimum aperture F22 of the lens. In order to prevent the camera from automatically improving the ISO sensitivity, the shutter speed will become higher. Set the sensitivity to the lowest sensitivity ISO 100. If you choose a fixed ISO sensitivity and set a larger aperture value like shooting a legend, you can reduce the shutter speed. Conversely, if the aperture value is set to a fixed value, increasing the ISO sensitivity can increase the shutter speed. The above table lists the shutter speed changes caused by changing ISO sensitivity when shooting the same subject at the same brightness. Therefore, even in the aperture priority automatic exposure mode, as long as the combination of aperture value and ISO sensitivity is set, the shutter speed can be controlled freely.

Lens and focal length

Focal length: refers to the distance from the optical center of the lens to the negative or CCD surface of the digital camera.

The focal length is measured in millimeters.

Standard lens: 50 mm

Wide-angle lens can enlarge the foreground and narrow it.

Telescope head can shorten the space and concentrate the distance.

white balance

White balance: White balance is a function for adjusting and correcting color temperature (hue).

Why adjust the color temperature? Because there are many different light sources in photography, such as sunlight, candlelight, fluorescent lamp, tungsten lamp, cloudy day, etc., the color temperature (hue) produced by different light sources is different, and there will be hue deviation without adjustment. How to adjust the color temperature? Common settings are as follows: automatic (for all kinds of complex light sources), sunny, cloudy, fluorescent, tungsten lamp, flash. The color temperature (if the color temperature value is known) is manually adjusted.

light source

There are natural light and artificial light, and the position of light source is very knowledgeable, such as side light, side backlight and so on. In actual lighting shooting, light can be divided into main light, auxiliary light, contour light, background light and so on. The correct light distribution method should pay attention to the sequence of light, first of all, we should focus on the position of the main light, and then use the auxiliary light to adjust the contrast formed by the main body, highlight the hierarchy and control the projection. The position of the main light can be in front or at the top, and the auxiliary light can be around or even at the bottom, depending on the position of the camera.

Intense illumination formed by aiming many intense rays at the subject will reduce the "visual weight" of each component of the subject, and will also weaken the color saturation and fade the tone.

On the contrary, the weak light illumination formed by limiting the amount of light irradiated on the subject will make the subject appear calmer and the color will become deeper and more saturated. By using auxiliary lights, reflectors and diffusers for lighting, various subtle or dramatic effects can be obtained.