What are the famous cultural destruction events in the history of China?

* * * * The two versions I remember are "seven" and "ten".

Seven events that hindered China's ancient civilization.

When Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier who invaded the ancient city of Syracuse in 2 12 BC, the soldier did not know that he had personally killed the splendid ancient Greek civilization. Since then, due to religious superstition, Europe has entered a dark and ignorant Middle Ages. It was not until more than a thousand years later that scientific civilization returned to the European continent because of Copernicus and Galileo. If this accidental factor is excluded, it will develop steadily with the civilization level of ancient Greece. In the next few years, Europe may completely become the center of civilization in the feudal era, instead of China standing alone at the peak of world civilization for thousands of years.

Coincidentally, China's ancient civilization also suffered seven similar major blows. If it weren't for these huge blows, China's splendid ancient civilization might even have broken through to modern civilization at its own acceleration. At that time, European priests recorded on papyrus and sheepskin just like ancient Egyptian pharaohs thousands of years ago.

There are no ifs in history, but we can still look at how these eight events stopped the wheel of Chinese civilization and even reversed the development of civilization. Only seven times, because these times are of great significance and far-reaching influence. Things like Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising are all important events, but for China's overall civilization, it is only the peasant uprising, especially for scientific civilization, which has not played a decisive role, so we will not discuss it.

* * * The first book burning incident of Qin Shihuang.

Qin Shihuang swept away Liuhe and unified China, and made measures conducive to the development of civilization, such as abolishing enfeoffment, keeping cars on the same track, having the same characters and unified measurement. Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor: "When a stone is weighed, the car stays on track and the text remains the same." However, it didn't take long for the "book burning" incident to set civilization back. In history, Qin Shihuang said that burning books always led to cheating Confucianism. However, from a modern point of view, from the perspective of the development of civilization, it is only a common way for kings to brutally suppress political opponents in feudal society. It is said that only 460 Confucian scholars and alchemists were killed, which is far from the literary inquisition of later generations. However, the book burning incident had a great reaction to the development of ancient civilization in China.

It is said that in 2 13 AD, a Confucian scholar criticized Qin Shihuang's practice of setting up a county at a banquet, and some Confucian scholars kept talking about their dissatisfaction with Qin Shihuang's policies. Prime Minister Reese was afraid that those who opposed him would endanger the rule of the country or his position, and put forward the suggestion of burning books:

History books Except Ji Qin, the history books of the six countries were burned; Poems, Books and Hundred Words are all collected in the county except those collected by doctors and burned under the supervision of county magistrate and commandant. Books such as medicine, divination and tree planting are not prohibited;

As a result, the burning of books and slips raged all over the country, and the achievements of hundreds of theories accumulated gradually in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were destroyed, and many of them were lost.

What needs to be pointed out here is not only the loss of these academic achievements. The situation of a hundred schools of thought contending during the Warring States Period was very beneficial to the development of various theories, which was the golden age of China's ancient academic development and the premise of the emergence of modern western science in China. If it weren't for the book burning incident, a hundred schools of thought would continue to contend. It is very likely that in the near future, someone will shout out the grandiloquence that "knowledge is power" in China, leading to the emergence of philosophers like Bacon and modern experimental science in China.

Unfortunately, there has never been such a good academic research atmosphere for thousands of years. Therefore, since then, China's academic research has only been developed and consolidated on the basis of the sages, and there are few new academic ideas.

Therefore, China's science and civilization have embarked on a unique road with China characteristics.

* * * The second thing: respect Confucianism alone.

Due to the rapid collapse of the Qin Dynasty,

The replaced Han Dynasty learned the lessons of Qin State and sought a different path from Qin State.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to get rid of the influence of the former ministers and the Empress Dowager and find a way to govern the country that can integrate morality, politics, law and thought, it is necessary to seek a philosophical system to support it.

Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited talented people everywhere and sought the way to govern the country. The Six Books of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty recorded that the Prime Minister said, "Those who raise sages or treat Shen, Shang, Han Fei, Su Qin and Zhang Yi will be in chaos." You can play. "The Prime Minister's name is Wei Wan, and he is the teacher of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He said that people who use Han Fei's and Shang's theories just messed up the country and cannot use it. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty no longer used the theory of legalists. In fact, as early as the early Han Dynasty, the grass followed the learning of Huang Lao. Legalism is inevitable for governing the country. Later, China's dynasty was praised for governing the country according to law.

However, what happened next made the concept of a country ruled by law no longer the theme of China people's thoughts. Nowadays, in society, we complain that the law is imperfect, and people constantly use power to cover up the law. The idea of official standard is the root of this matter.

This passage in the biography of Han Dong Zhongshu: "The strategy of the Chinese book, the prosperity of Confucius, the suppression of hundreds of schools, the establishment of school officials, and the filial piety of the county and county are all from the Chinese book." In other words, only carry forward Confucius' theory and abolish other theories. The name Dong Zhongshu should be remembered forever, that is, this man completely murdered all other great theories with his own wisdom, so that when modern people comment on China's philosophical thoughts, the first thing that comes to mind is Confucianism, or even only Confucianism. In this way, later intellectuals can only learn Confucianism, and the academic freedom that hundred schools of thought contended for in the pre-Qin period is naturally a delusion, and even the opportunity to learn other academic thoughts is gone, because only Confucianism is the correct way to learn and can be admitted to the country.

This is no different from the only formal way to acquire knowledge in medieval Europe. Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took this measure, it was beneficial to the rule of the Han Dynasty, but it paid a painful price for the future development of China's civilization. Especially in the late feudal period, after Confucianism became a factor restricting the development of civilization, the Confucianism caused by Dong Zhongshu's exclusive respect for Confucianism also created a particularly heavy yoke in China, which made China advance to modern science with difficulty.

So thousands of years of civilization in China have been summarized as Confucian civilization by many scholars, which sounds very touching.

However, because the Chinese civilization at this time was still in the rising period of feudal society, it still created a civilization climax like the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

* * * The third thing is the Jin Yuan invasion.

As the wheel of history reached the Song Dynasty,

The feudal civilization with China characteristics reached its peak, and the tax revenue in Song Dynasty was the highest in the ancient history of China, and the people's living standard was also quite high, which made Sima Guang sigh: soldiers dressed like soldiers, farmers stepped on silk. Some western scholars say that the living standard of a European monarch at that time was not as good as that of a soldier watching the city gate in the capital Tokyo. The scientific culture of the Song Dynasty also reached a climax. The philosopher Cheng Yi's thought of "learning from others" has already embodied the thought of scientific research, and the achievements of scientists such as Shen Kuo reached the most advanced level in the world at that time. At that time, even the seeds of capitalism such as factory production appeared. That was the best period of development. Due to the invasion of nomadic people in the north, this opportunity was missed. Otherwise, China may be the first country to realize the industrial revolution, and the missed opportunity led to China never meeting such a good development opportunity in feudal society.

The constant invasion of the Northern Jin and Yuan Dynasties led to the complete retrogression of the production level in northern China.

As the Jin and Yuan Dynasties belonged to nomadic people, they all plundered according to nomadic customs after entering the Central Plains, which greatly reduced the population in the north and partly migrated to the south (the only advantage is that the civilization in the south, especially in Guangdong and Guangxi, has been greatly developed). Jin and Yuan rulers also practiced primitive slavery, grazing in agricultural areas and ethnic discrimination policies in the Central Plains, which led to the retrogression of local civilization. Sadly, when the Jin descendants of Manchu ruled the Central Plains again, they also made the same mistakes, such as discriminating against Han people. Manchu did not engage in production or study, and even turned Hangzhou West Lake into a racecourse. However, because the economy and culture of the Ming Dynasty were not prominent, the cultural retrogression was not as obvious as that of the Song Dynasty.

As a result, China's feudal civilization began to decline slowly.

When nomadic people in Jin and Yuan Dynasties were gradually assimilated by the advanced civilization of the local Han nationality, hundreds of years passed and there was no chance to reach the good period of the Northern Song Dynasty. This, of course, is because the Ming Dynasty, the only Han Dynasty regime after that, was really the dynasty with the worst development of scientific and technological civilization.

It can be said that almost all failed and regressed.

Therefore, among the major events that hinder the development of China culture, the Ming Dynasty is the most relevant.

* * * The fourth thing is the ruling policy of the Ming Dynasty.

Such a joke title seems too harsh for the rulers of the Ming Dynasty, but in fact it is true. In the Ming Dynasty, except for the Wanli emperor, all the other kings were basically bad kings. Under the rule of the whole country, the whole country was backward in production, lifeless and full of spy's terror rule, which can be said to be the worst feudal period.

Since the Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang took over the world, in order to restore the animal husbandry forced by the Yuan Dynasty to agriculture, a large amount of land was distributed to farmers, which restored and developed the social economy. However, this development during the founding of the People's Republic of China was, to a considerable extent, a rebound after the Yuan Dynasty's long-term suppression of productive forces. If it was ruled by any previous regime, it could also achieve the development during the founding of the People's Republic of China. Because the rulers of the Ming Dynasty paid special attention to tradition under the oppression of Mongolian rule, Neo-Confucianism developed into a theory of managing all aspects of the country and people's lives with Confucian ethics at this time. This theory advocates abstinence rather than development, as long as the original agricultural natural economy is maintained, which is in line with the simple moral style. The production of this self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy completely returned to the early form of feudal society, so in the later period, the food supply could not keep up with the population growth.

Under such a policy of governing the country, although the seeds of capitalism appeared again in the middle and late period, it was still difficult to break out the industrial revolution even without the invasion of the Manchu Dynasty.

In this way, scholars have completely divorced from the original intention of pursuing the truth between heaven and earth when Neo-Confucianism was founded in Song and Ming Dynasties, and have become completely rigid, becoming tools of the ruling class and imprisoning people's thoughts at the same time. However, the emergence of stereotyped writing makes the whole intellectual class rigid and makes scientific civilization stop again.

* * * The fifth thing is stereotyped writing in the Ming Dynasty.

Zhu Yuanzhang once listened to a performance in the court. The director of punishments wrote a million words to explain current events. Zhu looked at it for a long time and didn't know what to say. He was furious and hit Ru. Later, I asked people to continue reading, and I didn't get to the point until the end. The suggestions put forward are also feasible. While apologizing to Ru, he ordered the grandiose writing to be corrected. The format of recitation is also determined by Qin, which consists of eight parts, namely, "breaking the topic, receiving the topic, opening the lecture, starting, starting, middle, late and binding", collectively referred to as "eight-part essay". It is also stipulated that in the imperial examination, candidates should also write an article according to the eight-part essay, and later even the number of words was limited. This style is rigid in form and empty in content, which binds people's thinking. However, in order to gain fame, scholars have to study stereotyped writing. Many people don't even read books, but only study how to write stereotyped writing. So many intellectuals developed in this way have no thoughts, which shows how destructive stereotyped writing has been to the development of civilization. Therefore, Gu, a great scholar in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, once said, "Stereotyped writing is more harmful than burning books."

When the Ming and Qing literati began to indulge in eight-part essay, the development of science, technology and culture in the whole country came to a standstill.

However, due to the existence of one person, China may still become a leading power in modern history, and that is Zheng He, who started sailing 92 years earlier than Columbus. There is even evidence that Zheng He's fleet (led by his deputy) discovered America and Australia. We all know Zheng He's achievements. It can be said that it was the only time to become the world hegemon and establish the Chinese empire. At that time, China was indeed the leading maritime power in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The treasure ship of Zheng He is a huge ship with 65,438+0,500 tons. A hundred years later, the largest ship used by Columbus was only 1000 tons. As long as Zheng He's great cause can continue, it will be the people of China who will build a huge colonial empire in the United States, Australia and many other parts of the world. However, due to the Neo-Confucianism concept of the Ming Dynasty and the events mentioned below, we missed the best opportunity to expand our territory on the earth.

* * * The sixth thing is the prohibition of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and the extreme stupidity of Liu Daxia.

Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Ocean were a great success, and the information and navigation technology gained during the voyage also made China the absolute overlord at that time.

However, some people say that the policy of governing the country in the Ming Dynasty is very conservative and self-sufficient, and there is nothing wrong with developing production in the Ming Dynasty, because it violates the simple virtue. Therefore, Emperor Yongle and his ministers at that time did not associate huge commercial interests with Zheng He's description. Of course, since China was still the richest and most powerful country in the world at that time, these princes and grandchildren naturally had no incentive to go overseas to make money. On the contrary, at that time, the monarchs of European countries dreamed of opening up new eastern routes, bringing a lot of wealth and supporting navigation very much. However, the residents in the southeast coast of China have always had the tradition of going to sea, and the folk maritime trade was also quite prosperous at that time. Therefore, if China people can support the marine cause, it is entirely possible to establish American colonies.

However, as Japanese pirates began to harass the coastal areas of China, people were forbidden to go to sea in the Ming Dynasty, and Ming Taizu also issued a sea ban many times. In the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1), it was announced that "offshore people are still prohibited from going to sea privately". In the 14th year of Hongwu, he announced that "Lin Shi shows that people in coastal areas are having an affair with other countries". In the first month of the seventeenth year of Hongwu, people were forbidden to fish in the sea. In October of the 23rd year of Hongwu, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development was ordered to "prohibit traffic outside". In the first month of the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu, he even ordered that "people should not use incense and goods". Ming Taizu has enacted laws to severely punish violators and health officers and soldiers of the coastal army, and it is strictly forbidden to enter without permission. Since the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, Ming Taizu's maritime ban has dealt a heavy blow to overseas trade. During the Yongle period, Ming Chengzu announced: "Coastal soldiers and civilians are not allowed to travel abroad privately, and it is forbidden to follow the example of Hongwu." It is unprecedented in the history of China and even the world that a little pirate made the so-called most powerful Ming Empire sign such an order. From this, we can see that the Ming Dynasty was extremely conservative.

In this way, due to the national maritime ban, China was still the most advanced marine industry at that time, and the Chinese empire that never set was a bubble. The more important problem is that people were forbidden to go to sea in Ming and Qing Dynasties, but at that time they did not communicate well with western countries like Han and Tang Dynasties, so they closed their doors on land and at sea, forming a closed-door state. At that time, due to the gradual start of modern science in Europe, China's complacency lost the opportunity to acquire the latest scientific and technological knowledge in time, and the loss was very great until it was opened by gunfire.

After Zheng He's death, even the country's navigation stopped, and what happened afterwards was heinous and harmed the national interests.

Officials, mainly Liu Daxia, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, stopped sailing on the grounds that sailing was too expensive and the burden on the people was too heavy. Because Zheng He's voyage to the West was not for economic benefit, but to show China's dignity to other countries, it cost a lot. However, they didn't see the possible economic benefits of sailing. On the contrary, Zhao Gou in the Southern Song Dynasty did a good job. He is the most supportive emperor in the history of maritime trade, because there are too many ancient coins to be given to Xu Jin every year, so he must try to make more money. In this article, Liu Daxia's deeper meaning is actually to prevent the eunuch's power from becoming bigger, but starting with a rare eunuch like Zheng He, we can see that these people are short-sighted. Liu Daxia is said to be a very serious official, and he is also very concerned about the sufferings of the people. However, this person is really stereotyped writing poisoning and short-sighted. He actually did something that made people angry. He stole the technical data accumulated by Zheng He for decades from the palace and burned them all. This extremely stupid practice can be compared with Qin Shihuang's burning books and burying Confucianism, which has set back Ming's navigation technology for decades. Because this is the key decades of the era of great European navigation, Liu Daxia's approach can be said to have changed history. Ironically, when he did this, he must think it was a good thing for the people. It can be said that it is no exaggeration to get an iron statue of this man to kneel in front of the statue of Zheng He and put it in front of maritime museum, China.

Please forgive me for gnashing my teeth and saying so much about this person. It is unfair to accuse him personally. At that time, the military attache ministers of the Ming Dynasty were a group of ordinary people, with little knowledge, and only knew how to abuse power for personal gain. That's why there is such a saying as "paper old clay sculpture six ministers". In the final analysis, it is Neo-Confucianism and stereotyped Party writing's conservative thoughts that have poisoned China's intellectual class, and even knowledgeable people cannot escape this limitation.

It's a pity that the Qing government continued the "sea ban" policy, and even after recovering Taiwan Province Province, it was once intended to give up and bring all the people to the mainland, which was really sighing. We can see that in a conservative and backward society, it is impossible for scientific and technological civilization to make great progress.

Therefore, China's dream of becoming a maritime hegemon in ancient times is only a dream after all.

China's ancient civilization suffered so many great blows, and by the middle and late Qing Dynasty, China's scientific and technological civilization had gradually fallen behind the western powers. However, in order to maintain the rule of its ethnic minorities, the Qing Dynasty adopted a more conservative and authoritarian rule than the previous dynasty.

Although there were more promising emperors in the Qing Dynasty than in the Ming Dynasty, the conservatism in the ideological field made progress a sin of "non-ancestral system", so the gap between the Qing Dynasty and the progressive western powers was getting bigger and bigger.

However, before the Opium War, the Qing Empire was still the richest country in the world. Therefore, although it has been opened to the outside world by western countries and signed a series of unequal treaties, it is still possible for us to catch up and lead again. Therefore, after suffering from the backwardness of the country, the Westernization School headed by Li Hongzhang began to learn from the western powers.

* * * The seventh thing is the failure of the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898.

As we all know, the Westernization Movement ended in the failure of the Sino-Japanese War in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, but it laid the foundation for China's modernization, especially the introduction of modern western scientific ideas and the initial establishment of modern industries in China. However, the Westernization Movement failed. It failed to free China from the colonial rule of western powers, while at the same time, Japan's wise reform succeeded in making Japan a powerful country.

Therefore, we must review why the Westernization Movement did not succeed and the wise reform succeeded.

Many historians have discussed this issue, and Chiang Kai-shek has also commented on it. I agree with him very much. He believes that the key is that the leaders of the two sides have different understandings. Ito's blog focuses on issues related to the long-term scale of People's Republic of China (PRC)-politics, constitutionalism, economic and social organization, military system, scientific spirit and methods. Because Ito Bowen knows that "the first to stand is far away", Japan's founding and army building focused on the basic spirit from the beginning, so its reform foundation is quite deep. On the contrary, Li Hongzhang was deeply influenced by the concept of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" in China (Qing court). He only knows that in western countries, "China is far behind in the fineness of artillery, the exquisiteness of bullets, the distinctiveness of equipment and the superiority of teams", thinking that "China is different from artillery and ships, and westerners can stop". However, the general policy of building the country and the army, the fundamental map of science and culture, especially the basic spirit of science, have been ignored. "Therefore, he presided over the Westernization for decades, and only stopped at hiring consultants, training foreign guns, collecting tariffs, and setting up machinery manufacturing bureaus, shipyards, China merchants bureaus, and mining bureaus in order to' build a strong ship'." As a result, the navy was destroyed in the Yellow Sea War between China and Japan, the army was defeated in the Battle of China, Japan and South Korea, and the tariff sovereignty fell into the hands of outsiders, causing domestic troubles and foreign invasion. "The pros and cons of Li Hongzhang and Ito Bowen are completely different here!

In fact, this can't completely blame Li Hongzhang's short-sightedness. He was educated by China's eight-part essay mentioned earlier. How can his thoughts not be rigid? Moreover, the idea that China is a big country has been circulating in China for thousands of years. At that time, intellectuals didn't think so all the way to ordinary people.

When China is indeed the most advanced and civilized country, it is proud to think so, but when the country has fallen behind, it is only arrogance to continue to think so. Unfortunately, because of the above-mentioned behind closed doors, no one knows that the country is backward. So until the Westernization Movement began, some people were still saying such stupid things, such as "foreigners won by force, and China won by courtesy" and "relying on the dimension of courtesy, justice and shame in China for thousands of years", which is really a side effect of China's thousands of years of culture. On the other hand, since Japan never reached the leading position in culture in the past, it has been learning from China since the modernization of Japan in the Tang Dynasty. After discovering advanced western countries, it turned to learn from western powers. Compared with China, it has less cultural losses and is more accustomed to it, so it can learn thoroughly and master the basic spirit of the West. However, it is difficult to get rid of China's arrogance for thousands of years, so it is difficult to be modest even when you start studying.

It is precisely because of the above reasons that the more thorough reforms that Emperor Guangxu, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others later tried to carry out were blocked by conservatives and westernization groups after only a short hundred days, so they were called the Reform Movement of 1898.

It may be inevitable that the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Westernization Movement failed in the social environment at that time, but it is still necessary to say that if China's feudal history is not so long and has become so conservative, this reform may be successful, then China may be able to completely erase too much humiliation in modern history. If the first few of these six incidents had not happened, the next tragedy might not have happened. Our history will develop more actively.

But after all, there are no ifs in history, and there are so many ifs. China's history has suffered so many great blows, and it is worthy of our pride that it can still stand. After all, Chinese civilization is the only one among the four ancient civilizations that has not been broken. In18th century BC, the ancient Indian civilization was replaced by Aryans, and in 1600 BC, the Hittites invaded and Babylon perished. In the 6th century BC, ancient Egypt was destroyed by Persia. While other civilizations and even the whole race were extinct, Chinese civilization survived with its strong vitality. Even though it was once ruled by nomadic people, it still integrated into the whole Chinese civilization with strong assimilation.

Therefore, we have reason to be proud of our civilization and nation, and we also have reason to believe that as long as we can learn from the lessons of the previous generation, reduce or even stop such incidents that damage the nation and civilization, and turn them into motivation, it is entirely possible for Chinese civilization to stand on the top of the world again.

"10 black in the history of China" "

1 Qin Shihuang burned books to bury Confucian philosophers: It is true that to destroy a nation, it is necessary to destroy its culture. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, talented people came forth in large numbers, and various ideas complemented each other, which was the most brilliant moment of culture in history. However, with the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the cultures of other vassal states were wiped out. In order to carry out the policy of ignorance (for fear of intellectuals criticizing and guiding the people to resist), countless scholars and cultural classics were killed. This is the most tragic moment in the cultural history of China, and it is basically the first literary inquisition in all dynasties. However, the policy of obscurantism was proved to be stupid in the end. Liu and Xiang, who eventually overthrew the State of Qin, were people who didn't read much.

With the establishment of the Han Dynasty, economy and culture began to develop again. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in order to consolidate centralization and unify intellectuals' thoughts, Dong Zhongshu, the master of Confucianism, was reused, and "one hundred schools were ousted and Confucianism was the only one", which hit the hungry living space of other schools. The enlightened political system moves towards autocracy, active ideas are stifled, and the developing primary market is destroyed. This is discussed in detail in Salt and Iron Theory. Whether salt and iron are run by the government or allowed to run by the private sector, whether to compete for profits with the people, whether to imprison people's thoughts or whether to allow people's thoughts to talk to the court, there is a heated debate. But in the end, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty stopped Sang Hongyang and the government operated the salt and iron business. China missed an opportunity to move towards political openness/academic freedom/market prosperity. In fact, Liang Wudi made great efforts to transfer soldiers, and the treasury was tight, and the bane of the Han Dynasty was also buried here.

The Debate on Banning the Party in the Han Dynasty, the Change of the Yellow Scarf and the War of the Three Kingdoms First of all, the Debate on Banning the Party in the Eastern Han Dynasty ended with the victory of the eunuch group, and the scholar-bureaucrat group suffered an unprecedented blow and almost recovered. Then the eunuch monopolized the power, and the central government was sidelined. The change of the yellow turban insurrectionary intensified the destruction of social economy and culture, which reached its acme in the Three Kingdoms period, and the historical development of China went backwards for hundreds of years. Imagine that if Battle of Red Cliffs ended in the victory of Cao Wei Group, China might be reunified decades earlier. What would be the result? But history cannot assume.

The rise of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties was led by Cheng and Zhu. Neo-Confucianism rose in the name of Confucianism and became a national study in the Song Dynasty. Although the moral articles of these masters are good, they can't demand the world with a standard. Neo-Confucianism is a great blow to China's humanistic thought, and its dominant position also indicates that humanistic enlightenment cannot rise rapidly in China. The subsequent Yuan Dynasty came and went in a hurry, which made the development of China stagnate.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang's innovation failed, and the seeds of capitalism in Suzhou were stifled. At first, I was not clear about Zheng He's voyage to the West in the early Ming Dynasty, but he failed to return. Since then, with the help of China's technology, China's voyages to the Western Seas have made unprecedented progress, followed by the failure of Zhang Bian's innovation, the failure of Suzhou's handicraft capitalization, and China's continued feudalism. At this time, the West was in the era of great navigation and Renaissance, and China was gradually left behind.

The Qing army entered the customs. The Qing army entered the customs by bloody means. Almost every economically developed place has been swept away. The conquest of advanced culture by cultural backwardness is a tragedy.

The Opium War and the Taiping Rebellion The Opium War built a capitalist mountain on China's head, but the Taiping Rebellion made it worse, and the Qing Dynasty could not put innovation on the agenda at all.

The Reform Movement of 1898 failed, the Westernization Movement failed, the Zhi Ming Reform of neighboring Japan and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 stimulated the intellectuals and rulers of China, and the Reform Movement of 1898 finally failed. What if we hypothesize again? However, the Reform Movement of 1898 initiated the modern political reform in China.

The September 18th Incident between China and Japan led to the tragedy of the two countries. So far, the scars of the two countries still can't be erased and they don't trust each other. More crucially, after the victory, China did not achieve peace. Imagine what would happen if the Sino-US peace talks were successful. History still cannot be assumed.

10 political catastrophe, cultural catastrophe and economic catastrophe during the Cultural Revolution. Intellectuals' thoughts have become weak, their sense of social responsibility has declined, and the spirit of scholar-officials who dare to speak out has gradually disappeared.