What are the main ideas of representatives from universities?

1. Confucius (55 1-479), Mingqiu, Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was born. The main contents of Confucius' moral education are "courtesy" and "benevolence". In terms of moral cultivation, he put forward methods such as determination, self-denial, practice, introspection and courage to reform. Confucius' disciples compiled the dialogues and questions and answers between him and his disciples into The Analects.

2. Mencius (372-289 BC) was born in Zou, a native of Shandong in the middle of the Warring States Period. Mencius inherited and developed Confucius' thought of ruling by virtue, and developed it into the theory of benevolent governance, which became the core of his political thought. Mencius' political theory is king with benevolent governance as its content, and its essence is to serve the feudal ruling class.

He applied the principles of "pro" and "long" to politics, eased class contradictions and safeguarded the long-term interests of the feudal ruling class. A disciple of Confucius' grandson Zisi expounded his political views and worked in Qi State. In his later years, he retired to write books and handed down seven pieces of Mencius. He was a representative of Confucianism in the middle of the Warring States Period.

Mencius' thought originated from Confucius. Mencius developed Confucius' "benevolence" into the theory of "benevolent government". He believes that to implement "benevolent government", it is necessary to "control the people's permanent production" and let every farmer have a hundred acres of land, five acres of houses and the minimum means of production. Ensure that farmers have time to work; Make people have the lowest material living conditions; Strengthen moral education to make people understand the truth of "filial piety and faith".

Third, Zhuangzi (about 369 BC-about 286 BC), the core of Laozi's theory is "Tao". He believes that "Tao" means "nothing". This "Tao" is born, has no will, has no specific shape, and is silent. Tao is the origin of all things in the universe. Lao Tzu guessed that everything has its pros and cons, and the pros and cons are interdependent and complementary.

The opposites of things will transform each other. He not only ignored the necessary conditions for the transformation of opposites, but also regarded the transformation of things into opposites as a cycle, not an upward development. Laozi's theory had a great influence on the later development of China's philosophy, and materialism and idealism absorbed his thoughts from different angles.

Fourth, Han Fei (about 280-233), Han Fei pays attention to the study of history and thinks that history is constantly developing and progressing. He thinks that if today's world is still praising "Yao, Shun and Tang Five Daoism". Therefore, he advocated that "we should not take it by surprise to repair the ancient times", "things are different when the world is different" and "things are different when things are different" (everything is wrong), and policies should be formulated according to today's reality.

His view of history provided a theoretical basis for the reform of the landlord class at that time. Han Fei inherited and summarized the thoughts and practices of legalists in the Warring States period, and put forward the theory of absolute monarchy and centralization. He stressed that when a "law" is enacted, it must be strictly enforced, and no one is an exception. He also believes that only by imposing severe punishment can people obey, society be stable and feudal rule be consolidated.

These propositions of Han Fei reflect the interests and demands of the emerging feudal landlord class and provide a theoretical basis. After Qin Shihuang unified China, many political measures were the application and development of Han Fei's theory. From the perspective of universal love, Mozi also put forward the ideas of "saving money", "saving burial", "being unhappy" and "not attacking", opposing the extravagant and wasteful life of rulers and bullying the small with the big.

5. Xunzi (about 365438 BC+03 ~ 238 BC) was a thinker and educator at the end of the Warring States Period. Name, Zhao Guoren. He criticized and summarized the academic thoughts since the pre-Qin period and developed materialism. It is believed that the law of natural operation is independent of human will. Put forward the view that man can conquer nature. Advocate the theory of evil nature and attach importance to the influence of environment and education on people.

Sixth, grandson (? ~ BC 1 105), Sun Wu, a strategist and thinker of Wu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Sun Wu emphasized that the outcome of the war does not depend on ghosts and gods, but on political clarity, economic development, diplomatic efforts, military strength and natural conditions. Predicting the outcome of the war is mainly to analyze these conditions.

Sun Wu not only thinks that the world exists objectively, but also thinks that everything in the world is constantly moving and changing. He emphasizes that we should actively create conditions in the war, give play to people's subjective initiative, and promote the transformation of opposition to our own advantage.

Extended information 1. Mozi evaluation:

Judging from Mozi's complete works, Mozi had more activities in Song State, the closest relationship with Song State, and the deepest feelings for Song State, which can be seen from the event of Mozi's "stopping Chu from attacking Song State". In addition, the book Mozi obviously has the characteristics of the local dialect in the Song Dynasty, and there is no Luchu dialect, which is also a strong evidence of what Mozi Song people said.

Moreover, Mozi is a scholar who travels around the world with his heart in his heart. As the saying goes, "Confucius' stove is not dark and Mozi's bench is not warm", that is, he often travels back and forth between Song, Lu, Qi, Wei and Chu. From this point of view, it is far-fetched for Liang Qichao to deny that Mozi was a poet in the Song Dynasty.

"Returning to the Song Dynasty" only proves that Mozi did not live in the Song State at that time, but it does not prove that he was not a Song person. Ge Hong, a writer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has made a clear record in The Legend of Immortals.

Second, the artistic features of Mencius:

Mencius' language is clear, plain and simple, and at the same time it is refined and accurate. As an essay, Mencius is good at argument, more artistic and expressive, and has the nature of literary prose. Among them, the argumentative essay skillfully uses the method of logical reasoning. Mencius skillfully used analogical reasoning, often playing hard to get, repeatedly heckling each other and winding them into his own preset conclusions.

Momentum is an important style feature of Mencius' prose. This style stems from the strength of Mencius' personality cultivation. People with this lofty spirit can overwhelm each other mentally, despise political power, despise material greed, have extraordinary spirit, be upright, selfless and fearless. Rhetorical devices such as even sentences and overlapping sentences are widely used in Mencius.

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