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First, the origin of ancient lacquerware in China. Daily utensils, handicrafts and artworks painted on the surfaces of various utensils are generally called "lacquerware". Raw lacquer is a natural juice cut from lacquer tree, which is mainly composed of urushiol, laccase, resin and water. It has special functions such as moisture-proof, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, and can also be used to prepare paints with different colors, which is radiant. In China, the performance of lacquer has been known since the Neolithic Age, and it is used to make utensils. From the Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the lacquer craft in China has been developing continuously, reaching a fairly high level. China's gold-plated painted handicrafts have a far-reaching influence on Japanese and other places. Lacquerware is an important invention of chemical technology and arts and crafts in ancient China.

Neolithic Lacquerware: A wooden bowl unearthed from the third cultural layer of Hemudu culture in Yuyao River, Zhejiang Province, with beautiful shape, scarlet paint inside and outside, bright color and the same physical properties as lacquerware. Brown painted pottery was found in the Neolithic site in Meiyan, Wujiang, Jiangsu. After preliminary testing, the brown substance is paint. Thin-shell lacquerware unearthed from Dadianzi Tomb in Aohan Banner, Liaoning Province, dates from about 3400 to 3600 years ago.

Lacquerware of Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The impression in the middle period of Shang Dynasty was that a piece of wood was carved and painted with Zhu. Among the lacquerware fragments unearthed from Taixi site in Yicheng, Hebei Province, some of the carvings are colored and inlaid with turquoise. Qi Diao wood products found in Shang tombs in Houjiazhuang, Anyang, are also inlaid with mussels, mussels and jade. It can be seen that the lacquer craft of Shang Dynasty has reached a quite high level.

Lacquerware in the Warring States Period: The history of lacquerware in the Warring States Period is a period of great development, with a great increase in the variety and quantity of utensils, and innovations in the practice, modeling and decoration techniques of fetal bones. During the Warring States period, lacquerware was unearthed in a wide range. The paintings of monsters, dragons, snakes and dance hunting equipment unearthed from Chu Tomb in Changtaiguan, Xinyang, Yuanyang Box unearthed from Zeng Houyi Tomb in Suizhou, and small carved screens of snakes, clams, birds and animals unearthed from Chu Tomb in Jiangling are all representative works of this period.

Lacquerware in the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Lacquerware craft in the Western Han Dynasty basically inherited the style of the Warring States, but it has made new development, with larger production scale and wider distribution of producing areas. Large objects have appeared, such as plates with a diameter of more than 70 cm and clocks with a height of nearly 60 cm. At the same time, a plurality of small pieces can be skillfully assembled into a device, for example, there are 6 1 inverted ear cups in the box, the thin tire is painted with single or double layers of enamel, and there are 5, 7 or more small boxes with different sizes and shapes in the box. Emerging technologies include needle drawing gold filled with gold, and writing patterns with thick substances piled up with pigments. In particular, the top of the vessel is inlaid with metal flowers and leaves, agate or glass beads as buttons, and the mouth of the vessel is inlaid with gold, silver buttons and hoops. In the meantime, the carved figures, monsters, birds and animals are embedded in gold foil or silver foil, and painted marble is used as a foil, which is unprecedented. There are many inscriptions on lacquerware in the Western Han Dynasty, listing the names of officials and craftsmen in detail. Lacquerware unearthed in the Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is very rare compared with the previous generation, which has a certain relationship with the change of burial customs.

Lacquerware in the Tang Dynasty: Lacquerware in the Tang Dynasty reached an unprecedented level, with convex lines shaped by thick paint piled on it; Useful shells are cut into objects, carved with lines, and inlaid with patterns on the paint surface; Gold and silver strippers embedded with honeysuckle slices are available. The craft is superior to the previous generation, carved and exquisite, and combined with lacquer craft, it has become a kind of handicraft representing the style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Split sculpture is the inheritance and development of bodiless techniques since the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Red lacquerware also appeared in the Tang Dynasty.

Lacquerware in Song and Yuan Dynasties: Song Dynasty was once considered as the time when lacquerware was of the same color, but many lacquerware with high decorative patterns were unearthed, which corrected the past understanding. The real pearl relics found in Suzhou Ruiguang Temple Tower, the precious flowers on the pedestal and the supporting staff were all removed with thick paint. Among the lacquerware in the Yuan Dynasty, Qi Diao made the highest achievement, which is characterized by thick lacquer piles and rich and round patterns carved by Tibetan front knife. The appearance is simple and elegant, the details are exquisite, and it has a special charm in texture, such as Zhang Chengzao's mast-patterned red plate in the Palace Museum, Yang Mao's early waterfall view, and Zhang Chengzao's black-lined rhinoceros box in the Anhui Provincial Museum.

Ming and Qing lacquerware: Ming and Qing lacquerware is divided into 14 categories, including monochrome lacquerware, covering lacquer, painting, tracing gold, overlapping lacquer, filling lacquer, carving and filling, mother-of-pearl, rhinoceros skin, removing red and rhinoceros, painting, gilding and embedding treasure. Monochrome lacquerware is lacquerware without any decorative patterns, which is often used in court vessels. Lacquering is to cover a layer of transparent paint on monochrome lacquerware or lacquerware with patterns. The thrones and screens in Ming and Qing palaces are often covered with golden beards. Lacquer painting includes lacquer painting and oil painting lacquerware. The most common gold painting is black paint, such as the Wanli Dragon Medicine Cabinet in the Palace Museum in Beijing. The pile of pigments is represented by the black painted Yunlong cabinet in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Touch-up paint is a method to decorate lacquerware by filling color paint, drying and smoothing. Carving and filling have been widely used since the Ming Dynasty, which refers to decorating the paint surface with colored patterns and adding gold to the patterns. This is a gorgeous lacquer ware. It is a large number of lacquerware in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Jiajing Longfangsheng Box in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Mother-of-pearl musical instruments in Ming and Qing Dynasties were thick and thin. Since the17th century, mother-of-pearl has been further developed, with more detailed and picturesque inlays, and gold and silver vessels have been used, such as the black lacquer box for baby paintings, the black lacquer book armour and the rectangular box for ichthyosaurs and seawater collected by the Palace Museum. Rhinoceros skin is painted layer by layer on the ground with uneven paint surface, without colored paint, and finally smoothed to form circles of colored paint layers. Red-picking is one of the most numerous lacquerware in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Its method is to accumulate multiple layers of red paint on fetal bones to the required thickness, and then carve them. The early Ming Dynasty inherited the plump and mellow style of the Yuan Dynasty. After Xuande, the pile of paint became thinner and the pattern became blue. In Jiajing, there were fewer grinding angles, and in Wanli, the workmanship was meticulous and restrained. After entering the Qing Dynasty, it became more and more elaborate and complicated. Rhino removal, commonly known as "cloud carving", is to regularly accumulate two or three colors on the fetal bone layer by layer, and then remove the geometric pattern. Carve the color on the paint surface to reduce the ground, and then color and decorate the large and flat paint surface. Common objects are screens and cabinets. Palace utensils are mostly gold-plated, and the square box with dragon pattern on the top found in the tomb of King Lu of the Ming Dynasty is a standard example of gold plating in the early Ming Dynasty. Jewelry inlay is made of various precious materials, such as coral, agate, amber, jade and so on. , and inlaid into colorful raised patterns. It became popular in the Ming Dynasty and reached its peak in the early Qing Dynasty.

Second, the lacquerware techniques and types of gold lacquer: on the surface of lacquerware, the decorative method of depicting patterns with gold. Gold paint is the most common on black paint ground, followed by vermilion or purple ground. Others call tracing gold as "the decorative method of tracing gold and silver paint".

Lacquer filling: Eight Chapters of Respecting Saints: "Xuande has lacquered vessels, which are piled with colorful thick paint and polished as paintings", and A Brief Introduction to Jingdi, which is called this lacquering technique, uses Qi Diao flowers and birds as paintings and polishes them as paintings.

Mother-of-pearl: also known as "snail filling" and "snail point", it is a decorative technique of embedding figures, birds and animals, flowers and plants on carved or painted objects. This process originated very early and became popular in the Zhou Dynasty. Judging from the existing mother-of-pearl in the Tang Dynasty, it was of a high level at that time. Cao Zhao's On Gegu: "Mother-of-pearl vessels come from Luling County, Ji 'an Prefecture, Jiangxi Province. In the Song Dynasty, all the people in the inner government were old craftsmen, but those who used strong lacquer or embedded copper wires were very good. In the Yuan Dynasty, wealth was unlimited, and lacquer was strong and cute. "

Point snail: Point snail lacquerware is a traditional handicraft in China. 1966, a lacquer dish was unearthed from the ruins of the Yuan Dynasty in Beijing and embedded in the Guanghan Palace with screws. The Ming Dynasty was the heyday of point-screw lacquerware, and the craft level had reached a quite exquisite level. Shell, luminous snail, etc. They are all raw materials, refined into spiral slices as thin as cicada wings, and then the thin spiral slices are "spotted" on the lacquer blank, hence the name "point snail". Because it is thinner and softer than ordinary mother-of-pearl, it is also called "thin mother-of-pearl" and "soft mother-of-pearl". Now in Yangzhou and other places, there are still some snail lacquerware production.

Flattening gold and silver: thin gold and silver for a while to make various figures, birds and animals, flowers and other patterns, and stick them on the polished lacquer tire. After drying thoroughly, two or three layers are painted comprehensively, and then the gold and silver patterns are polished to make the patterns as flat as the paint base, and then polished, which becomes a beautiful flat lacquer. Fine lines can also be carved where the gold and silver lines are wide, but the gold and silver pieces cannot be carved through. This decorative method is elaborate, labor-consuming, and noble in materials, but the luster of gold, silver and lacquer color reflects each other very luxuriously, and it is a very precious lacquer. Youyang's Miscellaneous Works, An Lushan's Deeds, Taizhenzhuan, Tang Yulin, etc. Various names of flat lacquerware given to An Lushan by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty and Yang Guifei are recorded.

Stacking paint: a painting technique of making patterns with pigments different from those of unpainted gray primer. Now the pile of paint can be made of rubber, gold-plated and spray-painted, which has a wide range of meanings.

Qi Diao: The technique of carving patterns on stacked flat lacquer tires. Qi Diao in China began in the Tang Dynasty and is most famous for its history of Xitang in Jiaxing in the Yuan Dynasty. Modern main producing areas are Beijing, Yangzhou, Tianshui and Huizhou. Carving paint mostly uses red paint, so it is also called "picking red". Qi Diao is often made of wood ash and metal, which are piled with paint, ranging from 80 to 90 layers to 100 to 200 layers. This is a semi-dry painting and carving technique. Generally, brocade is used as the ground, and the pattern is hidden, which is beautiful and solemn.

Pointing paint: Pointing paint is a decorative technique of lacquer art in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, which was used as the decoration of automobiles in ancient times. This method is named after the use of more than two kinds of colored pigments, which are interlaced with each other and present various patterns, just like the markings on animals and plants. "Deputy History of the Meeting Record of Kun Ji": "Fine decoration". Yang Ming's Note: "All the ornaments listed are suitable for fine spots, including black, green, red, yellow, purple and brown, as well as the quality and color. They are six colors, two colors and three colors mixed, and the spots are the same color, which is divided into light color and dark color. " This seems to be similar to spot paint. In addition, monochrome paints are used to display different shades of marks, some of which are called spot paints.