People in the Han Dynasty who had no wine and no joy (Part Two)

"Han people who have no wine and no joy (part two)"

"The material conditions for offering sacrifices are wine and meat." In the Spring and Autumn Period, the rulers of the Han Dynasty still adhered to the ruling idea that "the great event of a country lies in worshipping and governing it". Therefore, from the royal family to the ordinary people, the Han Dynasty attached great importance to offering sacrifices to gods, mountains and rivers and ancestors.

The custom of drinking at weddings and funerals.

The custom of offering wine is indispensable in offering sacrifices. Beginning of autumn, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to "worship the ancestral temple at the altar", which was a wine brewed many times. In addition to offering sacrifices to ancestral temples, the emperor also offered sacrifices to heaven and earth, to the four places, to mountains and rivers, and to wine. In order to pray for rain and blessings, officials in the Han Dynasty often offered sacrifices to famous mountains and rivers. Ming Di Ji, the book of the later Han Dynasty, records that "since the spring, the rain has not fallen, and …… there are two thousand stones for four blasphemies in five mountains", and the sacrifice is mainly to "make the wine flourish and disperse the fragrant flowers". In addition, there were official sacrificial ceremonies in the Han Dynasty, such as the official custom of offering sacrifices to the sun god in the Book of Rites of the later Han Dynasty, which stipulated that "sheep wine should be brought to the society to worship the sun two days before and after the first day of each month". In the Han Dynasty, the common people also had the custom of offering sacrifices to gods. The Three Parts on Salt and Iron records the sacrificial scenes of the rich, ordinary families and the poor in civil society.

Sacrificial wine also has strict etiquette norms. Sacrificial wine at all levels basically includes three links: wine preparation, wine offering and wine making. The wine used in major sacrificial activities needs to be brewed eight months before the ceremony, and it is in the charge of Taiguan and Tangguan, and there are strict requirements on the quality and quantity of the wine. High-quality wine that officials and people can afford. In important sacrifices, we should use the ceremony of "three sacrifices" to provide wine, that is, three times to provide wine, according to the level and family in turn. For example, in the Han Dynasty, Hanshu recorded that Guang Luxun and Tai Wei were in charge of the ceremony. Although there is no need to offer wine three times in general sacrificial activities, it is necessary to offer wine, such as "Sacrifice the Day, drink alcohol to lower your spirits" in the four-person monthly order. Sprinkling wine on the ground is the last link of sacrifice, which is carried out by venerable persons or elders. A drinker must be polite and sober. First pour the wine into the cup at three points, then spill the rest of the wine in a circular arc shape, and make a "heart" shape with the wine on the ground. The sacrificial ceremony is not completed until the drinking is over.

A grand and festive wedding with wine and customs is a festive ceremony. "Han Shu Xuandi Ji" contains "the ceremony of husband's marriage, and the person who is great is also. The meeting of wine and food, so the salute is also happy. " The wedding ceremony in the Han Dynasty basically inherited the "six rites" procedure in the pre-Qin period, that is, accepting lots, asking names, being lucky, accepting invitations and welcoming guests in person. Every procedure has a etiquette requirement of taking wine as a gift. "Historical Records Xiang Yu Ji" contains "Pei Gong's drinking all his life is related to marriage", which refers to that wine. The royal wedding is grand and luxurious, with complete etiquette; Most civilians don't stick to the "Six Rites". The most important custom of wedding drinking is drinking at the wedding banquet and drinking for the newlyweds. Wedding banquets are "inseparable from wine", and the weddings of royal aristocrats and powerful families are large in scale and expensive. Even the poor should try their best to have a good reception at the wedding. "Historical Records of the Prime Minister Chen's Family" said that "helping the poor is a fake loan, asking for money for his wife." When Chen Ping got married, her family was poor, but she still had to borrow money to organize the wedding reception. Couple wine is inherited from the pre-Qin period. "This is called' a cup of two spoonfuls'. Cutting the gourd in half and pouring wine is one of the most important ceremonies in the wedding, which symbolizes that the new couple will be United forever. In the Book of Rites, it is said that "drinking and gargling after meals is a drinking ceremony", which also refers to drinking.

According to Confucian etiquette, it is forbidden to drink and eat meat during the mourning period, especially during the national mourning period, the whole country should stop entertainment and ban alcohol and meat, which is generally the case during the national mourning period of the Han emperor. However, there is still the custom of "entertaining guests with wine and meat" in folk funerals in Han Dynasty. "On Salt and Iron, Dispelling Deficiency" contains: "Nowadays, people are begging for wine and meat because of their mourning. Fortunately, they compete for sitting, singing and dancing, and even the flute is a geisha." At the same time, wine is also an important funerary object in Han Dynasty. In the Han dynasty, many people were superstitious about being waiters for the dead, and when they were buried, they "hid treasures with wealth and used them as strangers". Therefore, a large number of wine vessels, drinking vessels and fine wines appeared in the funerary objects in the Han Dynasty, and a large number of Han tombs were unearthed in Mawangdui No.1 in Changsha, Mancheng in Hebei and Shaogou in Luoyang. There are 33 pottery jars unearthed from Han tombs in Mancheng, Hebei Province, with the words "millet wine" and "rice wine" written on them, which are typical funerary wine vessels.

"The meeting of a hundred ceremonies cannot be separated from wine."

In the Han dynasty, wine was closely related to all kinds of etiquette activities, so there was a saying that "a hundred ceremonies, no wine". Representative ceremonial activities include pilgrimage, native ceremony, shooting ceremony and coronation ceremony.

Hajj is a great gift for princes, officials and princes to congratulate the emperor. "The Book of Rites" records: "In the first month of each year, for the grand ceremony ... long live the temples with more than 2,000 stones. Lift the throne before sitting. " Ban Gu's Du Dong Fu describes that "the court is full of thousands of products, aiming to drink a lot. At the scene of the worship banquet, the gold base was listed, Ban Yu was smashed ... The emperor was happy and the ministers were drunk.

The ceremony of returning to the field is a great gift for the emperor to cultivate. It was held in the Han Dynasty when Emperor Gaozu of the Western Han Dynasty began to offer sacrifices to the Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to show the emperor's attention to agriculture and urge it to cultivate. According to the Book of Rites of the Later Han Dynasty, after the emperor led his ministers to plow the fields, he gave a banquet on the big bed, which was called "Laojiu".

According to the identity and scale of the host, the shooting ceremony can be divided into four types: big shooting, guest shooting, swallow shooting and pastoral shooting. The content is that through archery competition, the winner toasts and the loser drinks wine to show humility and submission, thus achieving "civility and courtesy", which has always been valued by rulers. The emperor of the Han dynasty participated in the big shooting ceremony many times. "The History of Emperor Xiaoming in the Later Han Dynasty" says: "In March, I came to Biyong for the first shooting ceremony." In the Han Dynasty, Wang Mang said, "Mang worships the Southern Suburb God, welcomes the Eastern Suburb Spring, and performs a big shooting ceremony in Tang and Ming Dynasties." Using wine as a gift is an essential part of all kinds of shooting ceremonies, which is recorded in detail in the Book of Rites. For example, it is recorded in the rural shooting ceremony: "Those who shoot big doctors are also. You must drink it in your hometown first. "

The coronation ceremony is a ceremony for men to grow up. The Han Dynasty attached great importance to the coronation ceremony of the emperor. The Record of Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty is recorded to celebrate the coronation ceremony of Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty and grant amnesty to the world. When Zhao Di was crowned in the Chronicle of Zhao Di, he presented it to local governors and officials, saying, "If you don't accept it orally for four or five years ... make the world five days". In addition to the emperor, princes, imperial families, literati and other upper classes also attached great importance to the coronation ceremony. According to "Biography of Ma Fang in the Later Han Dynasty", Ma Ju, the grandson of Fu Bo General Ma Yuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was crowned by the emperor himself. "Su Zong relatives under the imperial chapter, Chen Ding in the crown. "The coronation ceremony is also inseparable from wine, mainly including" The Guest of Winning the Championship "and" The Guest of Winning the Championship ". For the "crowned guests", the guests attending the coronation ceremony pour wine to bless the crowned guests, and the crowned guests thank them after drinking, thus completing the coronation ceremony. After the coronation ceremony, the "North Guest" is a banquet hosted by the father or elder of the coronation person, and presents "offerings", including offering, smashing and paying once each, so that the coronation ceremony can be considered as a successful conclusion.

Entertainment at the banquet

Drinking is an important part of people's life in the Han Dynasty, but drinking is boring, so most entertainment activities are held during the banquet, from the "Farewell My Concubine" song and dance of the emperor to the guessing boxing of the civilians. The entertainment activities of binge drinking in Han dynasty are very rich, which can be roughly divided into four categories: drinking, throwing pots, six parties, singing and dancing.

Alcoholic Drinks Alcoholic Drinks is a game to persuade people to drink. There are many kinds of wine orders in Han dynasty, including couplets, poems and poems. Originally, the role of the drinkers' wager game was to assist the drinking ceremony, but in the Han Dynasty, the drinkers' wager game was mainly for entertainment. Couplets are elegant orders for literati to drink, which shows their profound knowledge and quick thinking. According to Hanshu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave a big banquet in Bailiangtai and formed the famous poem Bailiangtai. Every sentence of the poem rhymes to the end, and the couplet form in the later drinkers' wager game is mostly imitating the confession balcony poem.

Country is a simple and interesting wine order in Han dynasty, also known as guessing movies, guessing fists and hiding hooks. The rule is to hold small things like melon seeds and chess pieces in your hand or buckle them with bowls, so that the other party can guess a single pair or black and white, and if they can't guess, order the drinker to drink.

Pan-throwing evolved from the ancient shooting ceremony and was popular in the Spring and Autumn Period. It was a very popular drinking and entertainment activity in the Han Dynasty. "History of the East View in Hanshu" says: "If you are a general, you should choose a scholar with Confucianism; if you entertain guests with wine, you should sing a song and throw a pot." The rule of throwing the pot is to put the arrow into the pot, that is, let the arrow enter the pot first, recite the "throwing words" in or after throwing the pot, and those who fail to vote should drink alcohol. There were many masters of throwing pots in the Han Dynasty, such as "When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power, Mrs. Guo was good at throwing pots". Because the pot slamming originated from the shooting ceremony, there are also certain etiquette norms. "Book of Rites Throwing Pots" contains "the ceremony of throwing pots, the master takes the arrow and shoots it with great obedience, making people hold the pot".

Liubo Liubo is a game played at a banquet, including game boxes, game boards, chips, dice, chess pieces and so on. It is a very common entertainment activity in the Han Dynasty, and it has been recorded in many documents of the Han Dynasty.

Music and Dance In the Han Dynasty, princes, dignitaries and dignitaries in the palace drank, sang and danced. There are special dances in the palace and aristocratic homes to promote geisha. When the wine is warm, guests and friends often sing and dance. Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, gave a banquet in Pei. "When the wine was warm and the ears were hot, Gaozu attacked the building. He wrote a poem saying:' The wind is flying, and Jia Wei returned to his hometown in the sea, safe and fearless!' "... Gao Zu danced, was generous and sad, and wept for a few lines".

Banquet, music and dance were very common in the upper class of Han Dynasty. Drinking and singing and dancing have become one integrated mass, and this trend has also affected civilians. "On Salt and Iron, San Que" contains: "In the past, folk cocktail parties had their own customs, but they just played harps and drums, and there was no strange sound, and feathers were flying."

The custom of using wine as medicine

"Hanshu Food History" contains: "Wine is the best medicine." It shows that people in the Han Dynasty thought that wine was the essence of five grains and realized the health care and therapeutic effects of wine.

Drinking health-care custom wine has the effect of promoting blood circulation and activating collaterals, and it was recognized in the Han Dynasty that wine has the health-care function of eliminating dampness and dispelling cold. Biography of Historical Records of Yuan Ang says that "the south is low and humid, so it is nothing", which shows that people in the Han Dynasty realized that wine can enhance the body's ability to resist moisture. In many letters of the Han Dynasty, many relatives told each other to drink alcohol in winter and spring to drive away the cold, which shows that drinking alcohol to drive away the cold has become common sense in people's lives in the Han Dynasty. Records of Eating Goods in Hanshu recorded that wine can "support the old and support the sick", and Taiping Jing recorded that "if there is an old disease at home, medicinal liquor can be used", which shows that people in the Han Dynasty believed that wine had a health-preserving effect on the elderly and patients.

The original intention of ancient artificial brewing was not to drink, but to treat diseases. Wine itself is not only medicine, but also medicine. Medicinal liquor has been very common in Han dynasty, and it has three uses: external use, internal use and internal and external use. There are four main methods for external use in Han Dynasty: rubbing, applying, washing and smoking. According to medical books, the meridians can be dredged with wine, the glue can be boiled with sake, the wind can be cured by applying it to the affected area, the dog bite can be detoxified and the pain can be relieved by washing the dog bite with wine, and the fumigation with heated wine can also cure the disease. In the Han dynasty, there were wine decoctions, wine-washed herbal decoctions, wine-soaked medicines, wine-boiled ointment pills and so on. The prescription for treating Ji Chun's joint pain recorded in Huangdi Neijing Lingshu is a typical example of using wine as an auxiliary medicine for internal and external use. In a word, wine was widely used in medicine and medical treatment in the Han Dynasty, and its usage and dosage were very mature, so it was worthy of being the "master of all kinds of medicines".

Drinking custom is an important part of various etiquette customs in Han Dynasty. The drinking link has profound implications and clear norms, which embodies traditional cultural connotations such as orderly drinking, respecting the old and valuing the virtuous, remembering the past and praying for blessings. The mature customs and drinking customs formed in the Han Dynasty were also passed down by later generations.

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